<P> A very good example of a region which passed through all the three waves of democratization is the Middle East . During the 15th century it was a part of the Ottoman Empire . In the 19th century, "when the empire finally collapsed (...) towards the end of the First World War, the Western armies finally moved in and occupied the region". This was an act of both European expansion and state - building in order to democratize the region . However, what Posusney and Angrist argue is that, "the ethnic divisions (...) are (those that are) complicating the U.S. effort to democratize Iraq". This raises interesting questions about the role of combined foreign and domestic factors in the process of democratization . In addition, Edward Said labels as' orientalist' the predominantly Western perception of "intrinsic incompatibility between democratic values and Islam". Moreover, he states that "the Middle East and North Africa lack the prerequisites of democratization". </P> <P> Fareed Zakaria has examined the security interests benefited from democracy promotion, pointing out the link between levels of democracy in a country and of terrorist activity . Though it is accepted that poverty in the Muslim world has been a leading contributor to the rise of terrorism, Zakaria has noted that the primary terrorists involved in the 9 / 11 attacks were among the upper and upper - middle classes . Zakaria has suggested that the society in which Al - Qaeda terrorists lived provided easy money, and therefore there existed little incentive to modernize economically or politically . With little opportunity to express themselves in the political sphere, scores of young Arab men were "invited to participate" through another avenue: the culture of Islamic fundamentalism . The rise of Islamic fundamentalism and its violent expression on September 11, 2001 illustrates an inherent need to express oneself politically, and a democratic government or one with democratic aspects (such as political openness) is quite necessary to provide a forum for political expression . </P> <P> Larry Pardy observed that governments are motivated by political power, which is generated by two factors: legitimacy and means . The legitimacy of a democratic government is achieved through the consent of the population through fair and open elections while its financial means are derived from a healthy tax base generated by a vibrant economy . Economic success is based on a free market economy with the following elements: property rights, a fair and independent judiciary, security, and the rule of law . The core elements that support economic freedom convey the same basic rights onto individuals . Conversely, there can be no rule of law for investors when governments crack down on political opponents and no property rights for industry when personal wealth can be arbitrarily seized . </P> <P> According to Clark, Golder, and Golder, an application of Albert O. Hirschman's exit, voice, and loyalty model is that if individuals have plausible exit options, then a government may be more likely to democratize . James C. Scott argues that governments may find it difficult to claim a sovereignty over a population when that population is in motion . Scott additionally asserts that exit may not solely include physical exit from the territory of a coercive state, but can include a number of adaptive responses to coercion that make it more difficult for states to claim sovereignty over a population . These responses can include planting crops that are more difficult for states to count, or tending livestock that are more mobile . In fact, the entire political arrangement of a state is a result of individuals adapting to the environment, and making a choice as to whether or not to stay in a territory . If people are free to move, then the exit, voice, and loyalty model predicts that a state will have to be of that population representative, and appease the populous in order to prevent them from leaving . If individuals have plausible exit options then they are better able to constrain a government's arbitrary behaviour through threat of exit . For instance, Alex Tabarrok argues that the reverse of this occurred in Ferguson, Missouri; those who could left the township, but ultimately the local government abused its power as people could not exit in part due to a string of excessive fines which forced them to stay . </P>

Which of the following best exemplifies the third wave of democratization