<P> The brutal wars and other problems of this era, many of which come from the effects of rapid change, and the connected loss of strength of traditional religious and ethical norms, have led to many reactions against modern development . Optimism and belief in constant progress has been most recently criticized by postmodernism while the dominance of Western Europe and Anglo - America over other continents has been criticized by postcolonial theory . </P> <P> One common conception of modernity is the condition of Western history since the mid-15th century, or roughly the European development of movable type and the printing press . In this context the "modern" society is said to develop over many periods, and to be influenced by important events that represent breaks in the continuity . </P> <P> The modern era includes the early period, called the early modern period, which lasted from c. 1500 to around c. 1800 (most often 1815). Particular facets of early modernity include: </P> <Ul> <Li> The Renaissance </Li> <Li> The Reformation and Counter Reformation . </Li> <Li> The Age of Discovery </Li> <Li> The Rise of capitalism </Li> <Li> The Golden Age of Piracy </Li> </Ul>

When did the modern era begin in modern world history
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