<P> However, since blacks felt the sting of the depression's wrath even more severely than whites they welcomed any help . Until 1936 almost all African Americans (and many whites) shifted from the "Party of Lincoln" to the Democratic Party . This was a sharp realignment from 1932, when most African Americans voted the Republican ticket . New Deal policies helped establish a political alliance between blacks and the Democratic Party that survives into the 21st century . </P> <P> There was no attempt whatsoever to end segregation, or to increase black rights in the South . Roosevelt appointed an unprecedented number of blacks to second - level positions in his administration--these appointees were collectively called the Black Cabinet . </P> <P> The wartime Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC) executive orders that forbade job discrimination against African Americans, women and ethnic groups was a major breakthrough that brought better jobs and pay to millions of minority Americans . Historians usually treat FEPC as part of the war effort and not part of the New Deal itself . </P> <P> The New Deal was racially segregated as blacks and whites rarely worked alongside each other in New Deal programs . The largest relief program by far was the WPA--it operated segregated units, as did its youth affiliate the NYA . Blacks were hired by the WPA as supervisors in the North, but of 10,000 WPA supervisors in the South only 11 were black . Historian Anthony Badger argues that "New Deal programs in the South routinely discriminated against blacks and perpetuated segregation". In its first few weeks of operation, CCC camps in the North were integrated . By July 1935, practically all the camps in the United States were segregated, and blacks were strictly limited in the supervisory roles they were assigned . Kinker and Smith argue that "even the most prominent racial liberals in the New Deal did not dare to criticize Jim Crow". </P>

Whose theories influenced many of the new deal policies