<P> Human interface devices, for the efficient interaction with a GUI include a computer keyboard, especially used together with keyboard shortcuts, pointing devices for the cursor (or rather pointer) control: mouse, pointing stick, touchpad, trackball, joystick, virtual keyboards, and head - up displays (translucent information devices at the eye level). </P> <P> There are also actions performed by programs that affect the GUI . For example, there are components like inotify or D - Bus to facilitate communication between computer programs . </P> <P> Ivan Sutherland developed Sketchpad in 1963, widely held as the first graphical computer - aided design program . It used a light pen to create and manipulate objects in engineering drawings in realtime with coordinated graphics . In the late 1960s, researchers at the Stanford Research Institute, led by Douglas Engelbart, developed the On - Line System (NLS), which used text - based hyperlinks manipulated with a then new device: the mouse . In the 1970s, Engelbart's ideas were further refined and extended to graphics by researchers at Xerox PARC and specifically Alan Kay, who went beyond text - based hyperlinks and used a GUI as the main interface for the Xerox Alto computer, released in 1973 . Most modern general - purpose GUIs are derived from this system . </P> <P> The Xerox PARC user interface consisted of graphical elements such as windows, menus, radio buttons, and check boxes . The concept of icons was later introduced by David Canfield Smith, who had written a thesis on the subject under the guidance of Kay . The PARC user interface employs a pointing device along with a keyboard . These aspects can be emphasized by using the alternative term and acronym for windows, icons, menus, pointing device (WIMP). This effort culminated in the 1973 Xerox Alto, the first computer with a GUI, though the system never reached commercial production . </P>

Before guis were developed the most common interface was a(n) ____ interface
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