<P> Puritans were blocked from changing the established church from within, and were severely restricted in England by laws controlling the practice of religion . Their beliefs, however, were transported by the emigration of congregations to the Netherlands (and later to New England), and by evangelical clergy to Ireland (and later into Wales), and were spread into lay society and parts of the educational system, particularly certain colleges of the University of Cambridge . They took on distinctive beliefs about clerical dress and in opposition to the episcopal system, particularly after the 1619 conclusions of the Synod of Dort they were resisted by the English bishops . They largely adopted Sabbatarianism in the 17th century, and were influenced by millennialism . </P> <P> They formed, and identified with various religious groups advocating greater purity of worship and doctrine, as well as personal and group piety . Puritans adopted a Reformed theology, but they also took note of radical criticisms of Zwingli in Zurich and Calvin in Geneva . In church polity, some advocated for separation from all other Christians, in favor of autonomous gathered churches . These separatist and independent strands of Puritanism became prominent in the 1640s, when the supporters of a Presbyterian polity in the Westminster Assembly were unable to forge a new English national church . </P> <P> Nonconforming Protestants along with the Protestant refugees from continental Europe were the primary founders of the United States of America . </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> John Cotton, who sparked the Antinomian Controversy with his free grace theology . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Pilgrim Fathers landing at Plymouth Rock in 1620 . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Built in 1681, the Old Ship Church in Hingham, Massachusetts is the oldest church in America in continuous ecclesiastical use . </P> </Li> </Ul>

Identify the religious movement/new religious ideas of the medieval period