<P> Before the council, in 1854 Pope Pius IX with the support of the overwhelming majority of Catholic Bishops, whom he had consulted between 1851--1853, proclaimed the dogma of the Immaculate Conception . Eight years earlier, in 1846, the Pope had granted the unanimous wish of the bishops from the United States, and declared the Immaculata the patron of the USA . </P> <P> During First Vatican Council, some 108 council fathers requested to add the words "Immaculate Virgin" to the Hail Mary . Some fathers requested, the dogma of the Immaculate Conception to be included in the Creed of the Church, which was opposed by Pius IX Many French Catholics wished the dogmatization of Papal infallibility and the assumption of Mary by the ecumenical council . During Vatican One, nine mariological petitions favoured a possible assumption dogma, which however was strongly opposed by some council fathers, especially from Germany . In 1870, the First Vatican Council affirmed the doctrine of papal infallibility when exercised in specifically defined pronouncements . Controversy over this and other issues resulted in a very small breakaway movement called the Old Catholic Church . </P> <P> The Industrial Revolution brought many concerns about the deteriorating working and living conditions of urban workers . Influenced by the German Bishop Wilhelm Emmanuel Freiherr von Ketteler, in 1891 Pope Leo XIII published the encyclical Rerum novarum, which set in context Catholic social teaching in terms that rejected socialism but advocated the regulation of working conditions . Rerum novarum argued for the establishment of a living wage and the right of workers to form trade unions . </P> <P> Quadragesimo anno was issued by Pope Pius XI, on 15 May 1931, 40 years after Rerum novarum . Unlike Leo, who addressed mainly the condition of workers, Pius XI concentrated on the ethical implications of the social and economic order . He called for the reconstruction of the social order based on the principle of solidarity and subsidiarity . He noted major dangers for human freedom and dignity, arising from unrestrained capitalism and totalitarian communism . </P>

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