<P> The largest of the 350 islands in the Canarreos Archipelago (Archipiélago de los Canarreos), the island has an estimated population of 100,000 . The capital and largest city is Nueva Gerona in the north, and the second - largest and oldest city is Santa Fe in the interior . Other communities include Columbia, La Demajagua (formerly Santa Bárbara), Mac Kinley, Cuchilla Alta, Punta del Este, Sierra de Caballos and Sierra de Casas . </P> <P> Little is known of the pre-Columbian history of the island, though a cave complex near the Punta del Este beach preserves 235 ancient drawings made by the native population . The island first became known to Europeans in 1494 during Christopher Columbus's second voyage to the New World . Columbus named the island La Evangelista and claimed it for Spain . The island was also known as Isla de Cotorras (Isle of Parrots) and Isla de Tesoros (Treasure Island) at various points in its history . </P> <P> Pirate activity in and around the area left its trace in English literature . Both Treasure Island by Robert Louis Stevenson and Peter Pan by J.M. Barrie draw on accounts of the island and its native and pirate inhabitants, as well as the long dugout canoes that both pirates and the indigenous peoples used and the American crocodile (Crocodylus acutus). </P> <P> Following its defeat in the Spanish--American War and the Cuban War of Independence, Spain dropped all claims to Cuba under the terms of the 1898 Treaty of Paris . The Platt Amendment of 1901, which defined Cuba's boundaries for the purposes of U.S. authorities, left the U.S. position on sovereignty over Isla de la Juventud undetermined . This led to competing claims to the island by the United States and Cuba . In 1907, the U.S. Supreme Court decided, in Pearcy v. Stranahan, that control of the island was a political decision, not a judicial one . In 1916, a pamphlet titled "Isle of Pines: American or What?" called for the U.S. to annex or purchase the island to settle the issue . </P>

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