<Li> In 2008, researchers at HP Labs announced a working memristor, a fourth basic passive circuit element whose existence only had been theorized previously . The memristor's unique properties permit the creation of smaller and better - performing electronic devices . </Li> <Li> In 2014, bioengineers at Stanford University developed a circuit modeled on the human brain . Sixteen "Neurocore" chips simulate one million neurons and billions of synaptic connections, claimed to be 9,000 times faster as well as more energy efficient than a typical PC . </Li> <Li> In 2015, Intel and Micron announced 3D XPoint, a non-volatile memory claimed to be significantly faster with similar density compared to NAND . Production is scheduled to begin in 2016 . </Li> <P> The vast majority of current transistors on ICs are composed principally of doped silicon and its alloys . As silicon is fabricated into single nanometer transistors, short - channel effects adversely change desired material properties of silicon as a functional transistor . Below are several non-silicon substitutes in the fabrication of small nanometer transistors . </P>

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