<P> Hiroshima was subsequently struck by Typhoon Ida on September 17, 1945 . More than half the bridges were destroyed, and the roads and railroads were damaged, further devastating the city . The population increased from 83,000 soon after the bombing to 146,000 in February 1946 . The city was rebuilt after the war, with help from the national government through the Hiroshima Peace Memorial City Construction Law passed in 1949 . It provided financial assistance for reconstruction, along with land donated that was previously owned by the national government and used for military purposes . In 1949, a design was selected for the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park . Hiroshima Prefectural Industrial Promotion Hall, the closest surviving building to the location of the bomb's detonation, was designated the Hiroshima Peace Memorial . The Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum was opened in 1955 in the Peace Park . Hiroshima also contains a Peace Pagoda, built in 1966 by Nipponzan - Myōhōji . </P> <P> Nagasaki was also rebuilt after the war, but was dramatically changed in the process . The pace of reconstruction was initially slow, and the first simple emergency dwellings were not provided until 1946 . The focus on redevelopment was the replacement of war industries with foreign trade, shipbuilding and fishing . This was formally declared when the Nagasaki International Culture City Reconstruction Law was passed in May 1949 . New temples were built, as well as new churches owing to an increase in the presence of Christianity . Some of the rubble was left as a memorial, such as a torii at Sannō Shrine, and an arch near ground zero . New structures were also raised as memorials, such as the Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Museum, which was opened in the mid-1990s . </P> <P> The role of the bombings in Japan's surrender, and the ethical, legal, and military controversies surrounding the United States' justification for them have been the subject of scholarly and popular debate . On one hand, it has been argued, that the bombings caused the Japanese surrender, thereby preventing casualties that an invasion of Japan would have involved . Stimson talked of saving one million casualties . The naval blockade might have starved the Japanese into submission without an invasion, but this would also have resulted in many more Japanese deaths . It has also been pointed out that the conventional bombing of Japan caused just as much destruction as the atomic bombs, if not more so . Indeed, Operation Meetinghouse, known as the Great Tokyo Air Raid in Japan, was the single most devastating air raid of the war, with a higher death toll than either of the two atomic bombings . </P> <P> Japanese historian Tsuyoshi Hasegawa argued that the entry of the Soviet Union into the war against Japan "played a much greater role than the atomic bombs in inducing Japan to surrender because it dashed any hope that Japan could terminate the war through Moscow's mediation". A view among critics of the bombings, that was popularized by American historian Gar Alperovitz in 1965, is the idea of atomic diplomacy: that the United States used nuclear weapons in order to intimidate the Soviet Union in the early stages of the Cold War . Although not accepted by mainstream historians, this became the position in Japanese school history textbooks . </P>

9. which of these was not an atomic bomb dropped on either hiroshima or nagasaki