<P> One noteworthy event is the Feb 1997 riots in Yining, a county between Kazakhstan and Xinjiang, during which 12 independence movement leaders were executed and 27 were arrested and incarcerated . Moreover, almost 200 Uyghurs were killed and over 2,000 were arrested . Riots such as these are supported by neighboring Muslim Turkish countries including Turkey, Kyrgyzstan, and Kazakhstan in a show of pan-Turkic nationalism . There have also been recent riots in 2008 within Tibetan regions such as Lhasa, as well as anti-Han "pogroms" in Ürümqi, Xinjiang in 2009 . In response to these riots, the Chinese government has increased the police presence in these regions and has sought to control offshore reporting by intimidating foreign - based reporters by detaining their family members . </P> <P> Political abuse of psychiatry began in China during the 1950s, shortly after the establishment of the People's Republic of China under Mao Zedong, and it continued in different forms from then until the late 1980s . Initially, under Mao Zedong, the practice of psychiatry in China saw legitimate improvements in the breadth and quality of treatments . However, as time passed under the direction of Mao Zedong and the campaign of ideological reform was implemented, psychiatric diagnoses became used as a way to control and incarcerate Chinese citizens who didn't subscribe to Maoist ideologies such as Marxism--Leninism . The main demographic of Chinese citizens being targeted and placed in mental asylums were academics, intellectuals, students, and religious groups for their capitalist tendencies and bourgeois worldview . The justification for placing those who didn't comply with Maoist principles in mental institutions was that non-Maoist political ideologies such as capitalism caused extreme individualism and selfishness, which contributed to mental disabilities such as schizophrenia and paranoid psychosis in the individual . Maoists supported this claim that anti-Communist beliefs caused mental imbalances with the positive correlation between the wealth and class of a group of people and the amount of "mentally ill" people within that group . </P> <P> Political abuse of psychiatry in China peaked around the mid-1960s to the late 1970s . During this time, Chinese counterrevolutionists and political dissidents were placed into mental asylums, where they were treated with psychotherapy (xinli zhiliao) resembling political indoctrination sessions . During this time, statistics indicate that there were more political activists being held in mental institutions than the number of rapists, murderers, arsonists, and other violent mentally ill people combined . The human rights activist Wei Jingsheng was among the first to speak out about the misappropriation of psychiatry for political purposes in the winter of 1978; however, in response to his advocacy, he was imprisoned and subjected to involuntary drugging and beating by the Chinese government . </P> <P> After the end of the Cultural Revolution in the late 1970s, the abuse of psychiatry for political purposes continually diminished until the 1990s, when there was a resurgence in politically motivated psychiatric diagnoses towards political dissidents and minority religious groups . During this more recent wave of Chinese forensic psychiatry, political dissidents and practicers of non-mainstream religions were sent to Ankang (meaning peace and health) hospitals . These hospitals, built to hold the criminally insane, are managed by Bureau No. 13 of China's Ministry of Public Security . Ankang hospitals have been the target of much scrutiny by human rights activists and organizations both inside and outside of China, and reports indicate inhumane treatment of patients inside these hospitals . Patients in these hospitals are forced to work at least 7 hours a day and are subjected to torture including acupuncture with electric currents, forced injection of drugs that are known to damage the central nervous system, and physical abuse with ropes and electric batons . Furthermore, reports by Chinese surgeons at these hospitals report on the use of psychosurgery on patients who were involuntarily placed in these hospitals to reduce "violent and impulsive behaviors". One of the most targeted groups of Chinese citizens to be placed in Ankang hospitals are the practicers of Falun Gong, who have what is termed "evil cult - induced mental disorder" or "xiejiao suo zhi jingshen zheng'ai" by Chinese psychiatry . Over 1000 practitioners have been incarcerated in mental asylums across 23 provinces, cities, and autonomous regions . </P>

All of the following are major public policy concerns in china except