<P> Flash freezing is closely related to classical nucleation theory, which gives good results for many materials, phenomena and theories . </P> <P> Flash freezing refers to the process whereby objects are frozen in a few hours by subjecting them to cryogenic temperatures, or by direct contact with liquid nitrogen at − 196 degrees Celsius . </P> <P> Now, it is shown how cold water can get before it absolutely must freeze: − 48 degrees Celsius . </P> <P> Freezing water is a central issue for climate, geology and life . On earth, ice and snow cover 10 percent of the land and up to half of the northern hemisphere in winter . Polar ice caps reflect up to 90 percent of the sun's incoming radiation . The science of freezing water depends on multiple factors, including how water droplets freeze, how much water in the atmosphere, if the water is in the liquid or crystal state, at what temperature it freezes, whether it crystallizes from within or from the surface . </P>

What is the name for the temperature at which a mixture freezes