<P> The bandwagon effect occurs in voting: some people vote for those candidates or parties who are likely to succeed (or are proclaimed as such by the media), hoping to be on the "winner's side" in the end . The bandwagon effect has been applied to situations involving majority opinion, such as political outcomes, where people alter their opinions to the majority view . Such a shift in opinion can occur because individuals draw inferences from the decisions of others, as in an informational cascade . </P> <P> Because of time zones, election results are broadcast in the eastern parts of the United States while polls are still open in the west . This difference has led to research on how the behavior of voters in western United States is influenced by news about the decisions of voters in other time zones . In 1980, NBC News declared Ronald Reagan to be the winner of the presidential race on the basis of the exit polls several hours before the voting booths closed in the west . </P> <P> It is also said to be important in the American presidential primary elections . States all vote at different times, spread over some months, rather than all on one day . Some states (Iowa, New Hampshire) have special precedence to go early while others choose to wait until a certain date . This is often said to give undue influence to these states, a win in these early states is said to give a candidate the "Big Mo" (momentum) and has propelled many candidates to win the nomination . Because of this, other states often try front loading (going as early as possible) to make their say as influential as they can . In the 2008 presidential primaries two states had all or some of their delegates banned from the convention by the central party organizations for voting too early . </P> <P> Several studies have tested this theory of the bandwagon effect in political decision making . In the 1994 study of Robert K. Goidel and Todd G. Shields in The Journal of Politics, 180 students at the University of Kentucky were randomly assigned to nine groups and were asked questions about the same set of election scenarios . About 70% of subjects received information about the expected winner . Independents, which are those who do not vote based on the endorsement of any party and are ultimately neutral, were influenced strongly in favor of the person expected to win . Expectations played a significant role throughout the study . It was found that independents are twice as likely to vote for the Republican candidate when the Republican is expected to win . From the results, it was also found that when the Democrat was expected to win, independent Republicans and weak Republicans were more likely to vote for the Democratic candidate . </P>

The primary effect of a crowd is that it