<Li> Cross-media concentration across different media markets; </Li> <Li> Transparency of media ownership . </Li> <P> In 2015, the MPM was carried out in 19 European countries . The results of the monitoring activity in the field of media market concentration identify five countries as facing a high risk: Finland, Luxembourg, Lithuania, Poland and Spain . There are nine countries facing a medium risk: Czech Republic, Germany, Ireland, Latvia, Netherlands, Portugal, Romania, Sweden . Finally, only five countries face a low risk: Croatia, Cyprus, Malta, Slovenia and Slovakia . In the monitoring carried out in 2014, 7 of 9 countries (Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, France, Hungary, Italy, the UK) scored a high risk in audience concentration . </P> <P> A 2016 report based on data collected by MAVISE, a free online database on audiovisual services and companies in Europe, highlights the growing number of Pan-European media companies in the field of broadcasting and divides them into different categories: multi ‐ country media groups, controlling "channels that play an important role in various national markets (for example Modern Times Group, CEME, RTL, a Luxembourg - based media group operating in 10 countries, and Sanoma). These groups generally control a high market share in the countries in which they operate, and have gradually emerged through the acquisition of existing channels or by establishing new companies in countries in which they were not already present . The four groups RTL Group, CEME, Modern Times Group and Sanoma are major players (in the top 4 regarding audience share) in 19 European countries (RTL Group, CEME and Modern Times Group are major players in 17 countries). Pan ‐ European broadcasters operate with a unique identity and well recognized brands across Europe . Most of them are based in the United States and have progressively expanded their activities in the European market . In many cases, these groups evolved from being content creators to also deliver such contents through channels renamed after the original brands . </P>

The ownership of several major u.s. media corporations by foreign companies