<P> Jefferson Davis introduced an amendment giving the U.S. most of northeastern Mexico, which failed 44--11 . This amendment was supported by both senators from Texas (Sam Houston and Thomas Jefferson Rusk), Daniel S. Dickinson of New York, Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois, Edward A. Hannegan of Indiana, and one each from Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, Ohio, Missouri, and Tennessee . Most of the leaders of the Democratic party--Thomas Hart Benton, John C. Calhoun, Herschel V. Johnson, Lewis Cass, James Murray Mason of Virginia, and Ambrose Hundley Sevier--were opposed . An amendment by Whig Senator George Edmund Badger of North Carolina to exclude New Mexico and Upper California lost 35--15, with three Southern Whigs voting with the Democrats . Daniel Webster was bitter that four New England senators made deciding votes for acquiring the new territories . </P> <P> The acquired lands west of the Rio Grande are traditionally called the Mexican Cession in the U.S., as opposed to the Texas Annexation two years earlier, though division of New Mexico down the middle at the Rio Grande never had any basis either in control or Mexican boundaries . Mexico never recognized the independence of Texas before the war, and did not cede its claim to territory north of the Rio Grande or Gila River until this treaty . </P> <P> Before ratifying the treaty, the U.S. Senate made two modifications: changing the wording of Article IX (which guaranteed Mexicans living in the purchased territories the right to become U.S. citizens) and striking out Article X (which conceded the legitimacy of land grants made by the Mexican government). On May 26, 1848, when the two countries exchanged ratifications of the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, they further agreed to a three - article protocol (known as the Protocol of Querétaro) to explain the amendments . The first article claimed that the original Article IX of the treaty, although replaced by Article III of the Treaty of Louisiana, would still confer the rights delineated in Article IX . The second article confirmed the legitimacy of land grants under Mexican law . The protocol was signed in the city of Querétaro by A.H. Sevier, Nathan Clifford, and Luis de la Rosa . </P> <P> Article XI offered a potential benefit to Mexico, in that the US pledged to suppress the Comanche and Apache raids that had ravaged northern Mexico and pay restitutions to the victims of raids it could not prevent . However, the Indian raids did not cease for several decades after the treaty, although a cholera epidemic reduced the numbers of the Comanche in 1849 . Robert Letcher, U.S. Minister to Mexico in 1850, was certain "that miserable 11th article" would lead to the financial ruin of the US if it could not be released from its obligations . The US was released from all obligations of Article XI five years later by Article II of the Gadsden Purchase of 1853 . </P>

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