<P> The mystic tradition of Islam gained significant ground spreading from Baghdad (Iraq) into Persia, commonly known today as Iran and Afghanistan . In 901, a Turkic military leader, Sabuktigin, established an Afghan kingdom in the city of Ghaznah . His son, Mahmud, expanded their territories into the Indian Punjab region during 1027 The resources and riches annexed from Punjab went into the Ghazni coffers to expand further into India's northwest areas . During the early 11th century, the Ghaznavids brought a wealth of scholars into India's borders, establishing the first Persian - inspired Muslim culture succeeding prior Arab influences . </P> <P> In 1151, another Central Asian group, called the Ghurids, overtook the lands of the Ghaznavids--who did very little to monitor their lands in India . Mu'izz al - Din Ghuri, a governor of Turkic origin, initiated a major invasion of India, extending the previous Ghazni territories into Delhi and Ajmer . By 1186, northern India was indistinguishable; a combination of Baghdad's cosmopolitan culture mixed with Persian - Turkic traditions of the Ghaznah court accelerated Sufi intellectualism in India . Scholars, poets, and mystics from Central Asia and Iran became integrated within India . By 1204, the Ghurids established rule in the following cities: Benaras (Varanasi), Kanaug, Rajasthan, and Bihar, which introduced Muslim rule into the Bengal region . </P> <P> An emphasis on translation of Arabic and Persian texts (Qu'ran, Hadith corpus, Sufi literature) into vernacular languages helped the momentum of Islamization in India . Particularly in rural areas, Sufis helped Islam spread generously into prior polytheistic populations . Subsequently, the general consensus among scholars remains that there were never any forced mass conversions recorded during this early history time period . Between the late 12th century and 13th century, Sufi brotherhoods became firmly consolidated in northern India . Sufism came to Kashmir when Sufi Saint, Shai Karman, from the Iranian city of Karman, took up residence in a small village called Sharakaware (baramulla). From Sharakawara, the religion spread to other villages like Pangipora and nawshere. they took initiative to spread the Islamic teaching among common people . </P> <P> The period of 1206--1526 is labeled as the Delhi Sultanate of Raftaar . This time frame consists of five separate dynasties that ruled territorial parts of India: the Mamluk or slave, Khaljis, Tughlaq, Sayyid, and Lodi dynasty . In history, the Delhi Sultanate is usually given marginal attention compared to the succeeding Mughal Dynasty . At its peak, the Delhi Sultanate controlled all of North India, Afghan frontier, and Bengal . The security of their lands protected India from the Mongol Conquests terrorizing the rest of Asia between 1206 and 1294 . The Mongols also succeeded in destroying Baghdad, the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate, proving that this reign of violence was no minor feat . When the Mongol invasion penetrated Central Asia, fleeing refugees chose India as a safe destination . This historical move can be deemed a significant catalyst of Sufi thought in India . Scholars, students, artisans, and common people arrived into the protection of Mamluk rulers, the first dynasty in the Delhi Sultanate . Soon the court had an immense influx of diverse cultures, religiosity, and literature from Persia and Central Asia; Sufism was the main ingredient in all mediums . During this medieval period, Sufism spread through various regions, expanding to the Deccan plateau with the succession of the Tughlaq dynasty of 1290--1388 . During this time, the Muslim rulers of the Sultanate dynasties were not necessarily of orthodox Islam; yet, they were still deemed powerful . Advisors of the dynastic sultans included Muslim religious scholars (ulama) and notably, Muslim mystics (mashai'kh). Although practicing Sufis rarely had political aspirations, the declining ethical reign of the Sayyid and Lodi dynasty (1414--1517) required renewed leadership . </P>

List any two reasons for the popularity of the sufism in medieval india