<P> A study published in 2012 examined the phylogenetic relationships between the Eurasian and North African species in the Bufo bufo group and indicated a long evolutionary history for the group . Nine to thirteen million years ago, Bufo eichwaldi, a recently described species from south Azerbaijan and Iran, split from the main lineage . Further divisions occurred with Bufo spinosus splitting off about five million years ago when the Pyrenees were being uplifted, an event which isolated the populations in the Iberian Peninsula from those in the rest of Europe . The remaining European lineage split into Bufo bufo and Bufo verrucosissimus less than three million years ago during the Pleistocene . Very occasionally the common toad hybridizes with the natterjack toad (Bufo calamita) or the European green toad (Bufo viridis). </P> <P> The common toad can reach about 15 cm (6 in) in length . Females are normally stouter than males and southern specimens tend to be larger than northern ones . The head is broad with a wide mouth below the terminal snout which has two small nostrils . There are no teeth . The bulbous, protruding eyes have yellow or copper coloured irises and horizontal slit - shaped pupils . Just behind the eyes are two bulging regions, the paratoid glands, which are positioned obliquely . They contain a noxious substance, bufotoxin, which is used to deter potential predators . The head joins the body without a noticeable neck and there is no external vocal sac . The body is broad and squat and positioned close to the ground . The fore limbs are short with the toes of the fore feet turning inwards . At breeding time, the male develops nuptial pads on the first three fingers . He uses these to grasp the female when mating . The hind legs are short relative to other frogs' legs and the hind feet have long, unwebbed toes . There is no tail . The skin is dry and covered with small wart - like lumps . The colour is a fairly uniform shade of brown, olive - brown or greyish - brown, sometimes partly blotched or banded with a darker shade . The common toad tends to be sexually dimorphic with the females being browner and the males greyer . The underside is a dirty white speckled with grey and black patches . </P> <P> Other species with which the common toad could be confused include the natterjack toad (Bufo calamita) and the European green toad (Bufo viridis). The former is usually smaller and has a yellow band running down its back while the latter has a distinctive mottled pattern . The paratoid glands of both are parallel rather than slanting as in the common toad . The common frog (Rana temporaria) is also similar in appearance but it has a less rounded snout, damp smooth skin, and usually moves by leaping . </P> <P> Common toads can live for many years and have survived for fifty years in captivity . In the wild, common toads are thought to live for about ten to twelve years . Their age can be determined by counting the number of annual growth rings in the bones of their phalanges . </P>

What is the name of a small toad