<P> Most energy crises have been caused by localized shortages, wars and market manipulation . Some have argued that government actions like tax hikes, nationalisation of energy companies, and regulation of the energy sector, shift supply and demand of energy away from its economic equilibrium . However, the recent historical energy crises listed below were not caused by such factors . Market failure is possible when monopoly manipulation of markets occurs . A crisis can develop due to industrial actions like union organized strikes and government embargoes . The cause may be over-consumption, aging infrastructure, choke point disruption or bottlenecks at oil refineries and port facilities that restrict fuel supply . An emergency may emerge during very cold winters due to increased consumption of energy . </P> <P> Large fluctuations and manipulations in future derivatives can have a substantial impact on price . Large investment banks control 80% of oil derivatives as of May 2012, compared to 30% only a decade ago . This increase contributed to an improvement of global energy output from 117 687 TWh in 2000 to 143 851TWh in 2008 . Limitations on free trade for derivatives could reverse this trend of growth in energy production . Kuwaiti Oil Minister Hani Hussein stated that "Under the supply and demand theory, oil prices today are not justified," in an interview with Upstream . </P> <P> Pipeline failures and other accidents may cause minor interruptions to energy supplies . A crisis could possibly emerge after infrastructure damage from severe weather . Attacks by terrorists or militia on important infrastructure are a possible problem for energy consumers, with a successful strike on a Middle East facility potentially causing global shortages . Political events, for example, when governments change due to regime change, monarchy collapse, military occupation, and coup may disrupt oil and gas production and create shortages . Fuel shortage can also be due to the excess and useless use of the fuels . </P> <Ul> <Li> 1970s energy crisis - caused by the peaking of oil production in major industrial nations (Germany, United States, Canada, etc .) and embargoes from other producers <Ul> <Li> 1973 oil crisis - caused by an OAPEC oil export embargo by many of the major Arab oil - producing states, in response to Western support of Israel during the Yom Kippur War </Li> <Li> 1979 oil crisis - caused by the Iranian Revolution </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1990 oil price shock - caused by the Gulf War </Li> <Li> The 2000--2001 California electricity crisis - Caused by market manipulation by Enron and failed deregulation; resulted in multiple large - scale power outages </Li> <Li> Fuel protests in the United Kingdom in 2000 were caused by a rise in the price of crude oil combined with already relatively high taxation on road fuel in the UK . </Li> <Li> North American natural gas crisis 2000 - 2008 </Li> <Li> 2004 Argentine energy crisis </Li> <Li> North Korea has had energy shortages for many years . </Li> <Li> Zimbabwe has experienced a shortage of energy supplies for many years due to financial mismanagement . </Li> <Li> Political riots occurring during the 2007 Burmese anti-government protests were sparked by rising energy prices . </Li> </Ul>

List five ways in which you would act to avert energy crisis