<P> Throughout ancient and medieval history most architectural design and construction was carried out by artisans, such as stonemasons and carpenters, rising to the role of master builder . Knowledge was retained in guilds and seldom supplanted by advances . Structures, roads and infrastructure that existed were repetitive, and increases in scale were incremental . </P> <P> One of the earliest examples of a scientific approach to physical and mathematical problems applicable to civil engineering is the work of Archimedes in the 3rd century BC, including Archimedes Principle, which underpins our understanding of buoyancy, and practical solutions such as Archimedes' screw . Brahmagupta, an Indian mathematician, used arithmetic in the 7th century AD, based on Hindu - Arabic numerals, for excavation (volume) computations . </P> <P> Civil engineers typically possess an academic degree in civil engineering . The length of study is three to five years, and the completed degree is designated as a bachelor of engineering, or a bachelor of science in engineering . The curriculum generally includes classes in physics, mathematics, project management, design and specific topics in civil engineering . After taking basic courses in most sub-disciplines of civil engineering, they move onto specialize in one or more sub-disciplines at advanced levels . While an undergraduate degree (BEng / BSc) normally provides successful students with industry - accredited qualification, some academic institutions offer post-graduate degrees (MEng / MSc), which allow students to further specialize in their particular area of interest . </P> <P> In most countries, a bachelor's degree in engineering represents the first step towards professional certification, and a professional body certifies the degree program . After completing a certified degree program, the engineer must satisfy a range of requirements (including work experience and exam requirements) before being certified . Once certified, the engineer is designated as a professional engineer (in the United States, Canada and South Africa), a chartered engineer (in most Commonwealth countries), a chartered professional engineer (in Australia and New Zealand), or a European engineer (in most countries of the European Union). There are international agreements between relevant professional bodies to allow engineers to practice across national borders . </P>

How long the course of civil engineering is