<P> Since the ratification of the treaty in 1960, India and Pakistan have not engaged in any water wars . Most disagreements and disputes have been settled via legal procedures, provided for within the framework of the treaty . The treaty is considered to be one of the most successful water sharing endeavours in the world today, even though analysts acknowledge the need to update certain technical specifications and expand the scope of the document to include climate change . As per the provisions in the treaty, India can use only 20% of the total water carried by the Indus rivers system while Pakistan can use the remaining 80% . </P> <P> The Indus system of rivers comprises three western rivers--the Indus, the Jhelum and Chenab--and three eastern rivers--the Sutlej, the Beas and the Ravi . The treaty, under Article 5.1, envisages the sharing of waters of the rivers Ravi, Beas, Sutlej, Jhelum and Chenab which join the Indus River on its left bank (eastern side) in Pakistan . According to this treaty, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej, which constitute the eastern rivers, are allocated for exclusive use by India before they enter Pakistan . However, a transition period of 10 years was permitted in which India was bound to supply water to Pakistan from these rivers until Pakistan was able to build the canal system for utilization of waters of Jhelum, Chenab and the Indus itself, allocated to it under the treaty . Similarly, Pakistan has exclusive use of the western rivers Jhelum, Chenab and Indus . As Punjab was dependent on three eastern rivers too, India agreed to make fixed contribution of UK Pound Streling 62,060,000 / = (Pound Streling sixty two million and sixty thousand only) towards the cost of construction of new head - works and canal system for irrigation . India had to pay this amount in ten equal installments . allocated to it . The treaty resulted in partitioning of the rivers rather than sharing of their waters . </P> <P> Both countries agreed to exchange data and co-operate in matters related to the treaty . For this purpose, treaty creates the Permanent Indus Commission, with a commissioner appointed by each country . It would follow the set procedure for adjudicating any future disputes arising over the allocation of waters . The Commission has survived three wars and provides an ongoing mechanism for consultation and conflict resolution through inspection, exchange of data and visits . The Commission is required to meet regularly to discuss potential disputes as well as cooperative arrangements for the development of the basin . Either party must notify the other of plans to construct any engineering works which would affect the other party and to provide data about such works . The annual inspections and exchange of data continue, unperturbed by tensions on the subcontinent . In cases of disagreement, Permanent Court of Arbitration or a neutral technical expert is called in for arbitration . Technical expert's ruling was followed for clearing the Baglihar power plant and Permanent Court of Arbitration verdict was followed for clearing the Kishanganga Hydroelectric Plant . </P> <P> The waters of the Indus basin begin in Tibet and the Himalayan mountains in the states of Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh . They flow from the hills through the states of Punjab, Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir and Sindh, converging in Pakistan and emptying into the Arabian Sea south of Karachi . Where once there was only a narrow strip of irrigated land along these rivers, developments over the last century have created a large network of canals and storage facilities that provide water for more than 26 million acres (110,000 km), the largest irrigated area of any one river system in the world . </P>

Who gave the idea of indus water treaty