<P> The term culture industry (German: Kulturindustrie) was coined by the critical theorists Theodor Adorno (1903--1969) and Max Horkheimer (1895--1973), and was presented as critical vocabulary in the chapter "The Culture Industry: Enlightenment as Mass Deception", of the book Dialectic of Enlightenment (1944), wherein they proposed that popular culture is akin to a factory producing standardized cultural goods--films, radio programmes, magazines, etc.--that are used to manipulate mass society into passivity . Consumption of the easy pleasures of popular culture, made available by the mass communications media, renders people docile and content, no matter how difficult their economic circumstances . The inherent danger of the culture industry is the cultivation of false psychological needs that can only be met and satisfied by the products of capitalism; thus Adorno and Horkheimer especially perceived mass - produced culture as dangerous to the more technically and intellectually difficult high arts . In contrast, true psychological needs are freedom, creativity, and genuine happiness, which refer to an earlier demarcation of human needs, established by Herbert Marcuse . (See Eros and Civilization, 1955). </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Part of a series on the </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Frankfurt School </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Major works </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Reason and Revolution The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction Eclipse of Reason Escape from Freedom Minima Moralia Eros and Civilization One - Dimensional Man Negative Dialectics The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere The Theory of Communicative Action Dialectic of Enlightenment </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Notable theorists </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Herbert Marcuse Theodor Adorno Max Horkheimer Walter Benjamin Erich Fromm Friedrich Pollock Leo Löwenthal Jürgen Habermas Alfred Schmidt Axel Honneth Siegfried Kracauer Otto Kirchheimer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Important concepts </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Critical theory Dialectic Praxis Psychoanalysis Antipositivism Popular culture Culture industry Advanced capitalism Privatism Non-identity Communicative rationality Legitimation crisis </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table>

The culture industry is a concept that sociological theory suggests
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