<P> The Persian scientist Abū Rayhān al - Bīrūnī introduced early scientific methods for several different fields of inquiry during the 1020s and 1030s . For example, in his treatise on mineralogy, Kitab al - Jawahir (Book of Precious Stones), al - Biruni is "the most exact of experimental scientists", while in the introduction to his study of India, he declares that "to execute our project, it has not been possible to follow the geometric method" and thus became one of the pioneers of comparative sociology in insisting on field experience and information . He also developed an early experimental method for mechanics . </P> <P> Al - Biruni's methods resembled the modern scientific method, particularly in his emphasis on repeated experimentation . Biruni was concerned with how to conceptualize and prevent both systematic errors and observational biases, such as "errors caused by the use of small instruments and errors made by human observers ." He argued that if instruments produce errors because of their imperfections or idiosyncratic qualities, then multiple observations must be taken, analyzed qualitatively, and on this basis, arrive at a "common - sense single value for the constant sought", whether an arithmetic mean or a "reliable estimate ." In his scientific method, "universals came out of practical, experimental work" and "theories are formulated after discoveries", as with inductivism . </P> <P> In the On Demonstration section of The Book of Healing (1027), the Persian philosopher and scientist Avicenna (Ibn Sina) discussed philosophy of science and described an early scientific method of inquiry . He discussed Aristotle's Posterior Analytics and significantly diverged from it on several points . Avicenna discussed the issue of a proper procedure for scientific inquiry and the question of "How does one acquire the first principles of a science?" He asked how a scientist might find "the initial axioms or hypotheses of a deductive science without inferring them from some more basic premises?" He explained that the ideal situation is when one grasps that a "relation holds between the terms, which would allow for absolute, universal certainty ." Avicenna added two further methods for finding a first principle: the ancient Aristotelian method of induction (istiqra), and the more recent method of examination and experimentation (tajriba). Avicenna criticized Aristotelian induction, arguing that "it does not lead to the absolute, universal, and certain premises that it purports to provide ." In its place, he advocated "a method of experimentation as a means for scientific inquiry ." </P> <P> Earlier, in The Canon of Medicine (1025), Avicenna was also the first to describe what is essentially methods of agreement, difference and concomitant variation which are critical to inductive logic and the scientific method . However, unlike his contemporary al - Biruni's scientific method, in which "universals came out of practical, experimental work" and "theories are formulated after discoveries", Avicenna developed a scientific procedure in which "general and universal questions came first and led to experimental work ." Due to the differences between their methods, al - Biruni referred to himself as a mathematical scientist and to Avicenna as a philosopher, during a debate between the two scholars . </P>

Who was responsible for developing the five step scientific theory during the scientific revolution