<P> Most adult stem cells are lineage - restricted (multipotent) and are generally referred to by their tissue origin (mesenchymal stem cell, adipose - derived stem cell, endothelial stem cell, dental pulp stem cell, etc .). Muse cells (multi-lineage differentiating stress enduring cells) are a recently discovered pluripotent stem cell type found in multiple adult tissues, including adipose, dermal fibroblasts, and bone marrow . While rare, muse cells are identifiable by their expression of SSEA - 3, a marker for undifferentiated stem cells, and general mesenchymal stem cells markers such as CD105 . When subjected to single cell suspension culture, the cells will generate clusters that are similar to embryoid bodies in morphology as well as gene expression, including canonical pluripotency markers Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog . </P> <P> Adult stem cell treatments have been successfully used for many years to treat leukemia and related bone / blood cancers through bone marrow transplants . Adult stem cells are also used in veterinary medicine to treat tendon and ligament injuries in horses . </P> <P> The use of adult stem cells in research and therapy is not as controversial as the use of embryonic stem cells, because the production of adult stem cells does not require the destruction of an embryo . Additionally, in instances where adult stem cells are obtained from the intended recipient (an autograft), the risk of rejection is essentially non-existent . Consequently, more US government funding is being provided for adult stem cell research . </P> <P> Multipotent stem cells are also found in amniotic fluid . These stem cells are very active, expand extensively without feeders and are not tumorigenic . Amniotic stem cells are multipotent and can differentiate in cells of adipogenic, osteogenic, myogenic, endothelial, hepatic and also neuronal lines . Amniotic stem cells are a topic of active research . </P>

Where are stem cells located in the human body