<P> On September 1, a federal judge issued the sweeping "Daugherty Injunction" against striking, assembling, and picketing . Unions bitterly resented the injunction; a few sympathy strikes shut down some railroads completely . The strike eventually died out as many shopmen made deals with the railroads on the local level . The often unpalatable concessions--coupled with memories of the violence and tension during the strike--soured relations between the railroads and the shopmen for years . </P> <P> The stock market crashed in October 1929, and ushered in the Great Depression . By the winter of 1932--33, the economy was so perilous that the unemployment rate hit the 25 percent mark . Unions lost members during this time because laborers could not afford to pay their dues and furthermore, numerous strikes against wage cuts left the unions impoverished: "one might have expected a reincarnation of organizations seeking to overthrow the capitalistic system that was now performing so poorly . Some workers did indeed turn to such radical movements as the Communist Party, but, in general, the nation seemed to have been shocked into inaction". </P> <P> Though unions were not acting yet, cities across the nation witnessed local and spontaneous marches by frustrated relief applicants . In March 1930, hundreds of thousands of unemployed workers marched through New York City, Detroit, Washington, San Francisco and other cities in a mass protest organized by the Communist Party's Unemployed Councils . In 1931, more than 400 relief protests erupted in Chicago and that number grew to 550 in 1932 . </P> <P> The leadership behind these organizations often came from radical groups like Communist and Socialist parties, who wanted to organize "unfocused neighborhood militancy into organized popular defense organizations". </P>

When is the first labor strike in u.s. history believed to have occurred