<P> Based on parsimony - based phylogenetic analysis, the most recent common ancestor of all eukaryotes most likely already possessed an early RNA interference pathway; the absence of the pathway in certain eukaryotes is thought to be a derived characteristic . This ancestral RNAi system probably contained at least one dicer - like protein, one argonaute, one PIWI protein, and an RNA - dependent RNA polymerase that may also have played other cellular roles . A large - scale comparative genomics study likewise indicates that the eukaryotic crown group already possessed these components, which may then have had closer functional associations with generalized RNA degradation systems such as the exosome . This study also suggests that the RNA - binding argonaute protein family, which is shared among eukaryotes, most archaea, and at least some bacteria (such as Aquifex aeolicus), is homologous to and originally evolved from components of the translation initiation system . </P> <P> The ancestral function of the RNAi system is generally agreed to have been immune defense against exogenous genetic elements such as transposons and viral genomes . Related functions such as histone modification may have already been present in the ancestor of modern eukaryotes, although other functions such as regulation of development by miRNA are thought to have evolved later . </P> <P> RNA interference genes, as components of the antiviral innate immune system in many eukaryotes, are involved in an evolutionary arms race with viral genes . Some viruses have evolved mechanisms for suppressing the RNAi response in their host cells, particularly for plant viruses . Studies of evolutionary rates in Drosophila have shown that genes in the RNAi pathway are subject to strong directional selection and are among the fastest - evolving genes in the Drosophila genome . </P> <P> The RNA interference pathway is often exploited in experimental biology to study the function of genes in cell culture and in vivo in model organisms . Double - stranded RNA is synthesized with a sequence complementary to a gene of interest and introduced into a cell or organism, where it is recognized as exogenous genetic material and activates the RNAi pathway . Using this mechanism, researchers can cause a drastic decrease in the expression of a targeted gene . Studying the effects of this decrease can show the physiological role of the gene product . Since RNAi may not totally abolish expression of the gene, this technique is sometimes referred as a "knockdown", to distinguish it from "knockout" procedures in which expression of a gene is entirely eliminated . In a recent study validation of RNAi silencing efficiency using gene array data showed 18.5% failure rate across 429 independent experiments . </P>

How does rna interference help scientists study genes