<P> Fear appeal is a term used in psychology, sociology and marketing . It generally describes a strategy for motivating people to take a particular action, endorse a particular policy, or buy a particular product, by arousing fear . A well - known example in television advertising was a commercial employing the musical jingle: "Never pick up a stranger, pick up Prestone anti-freeze ." This was accompanied by images of shadowy strangers (hitchhikers) who would presumably do one harm if picked up . The commercial's main appeal was not to the positive features of Prestone anti-freeze, but to the fear of what a "strange" brand might do . </P> <P> A fear appeal is a persuasive message that attempts to arouse fear in order to divert behavior through the threat of impending danger or harm . It presents a risk, presents the vulnerability to the risk, and then may, or may not suggest a form of protective action . </P> <P> It is assumed that through a fear appeal the perception of threatening stimuli creates fear arousal . The state of fear is believed to be an unpleasant emotional state that involves physiological arousal that motivates cognitive, affective, and behavioral responses directed towards alleviating the threat or reducing fear . There are many different theoretical models of fear appeal messages . They include: the extended parallel process model, the drive theory, the subjective expected utility theory, the protection motivation theory, the health belief model, the theory of reasoned action, and the transtheoretical model . These models are widely used in substance abuse campaigns, sexual health programs, and many other general health contexts . The persuasive effect of fear appeals is thought to be influenced by several factors such as individual characteristics, self - efficacy, perception of norms, fear strength, perceived threat, perception of treatment efficacy, and defense mechanisms . Mixed results have been produced from studies that attempt to demonstrate the effectiveness of fear appeals for behavior modification, and a recent meta - analysis recommended extreme caution in the use of fear appeals . </P> <P> Over the last half century, a substantial amount of research has been done on the influence of fear on persuasion . A multitude of theories and models of fear appeals, also known as cognitive mediating processes, have been derived from this research . The goal of each of these has been to conceptualize the influence of fear on persuasion so as to better understand how to employ it in addressing the public on a number of social issues . </P>

If using fear to persuade which of the following would work best