<P> During the First World War, major battles were fought high in the Alps and Dolomites between Austro - Hungarian Kaiserjäger and Italian Alpini, for whom control of the region was a key strategic objective . The collapse of the Austro - Hungarian war effort enabled Italian troops to occupy the region in 1918 and its annexation was confirmed in the post-war treaties, which awarded the region to Italy under the terms of the Treaty of Saint - Germain . </P> <P> Under the dictatorship of Benito Mussolini, the Fascist dictator of Italy (ruled 1922--1943), the German population was subjected to an increased forced programme of Italianization: all references to old Tyrol were banned and the region was referred to as Venezia Tridentina between 1919 and 1947, in an attempt to justify the Italian claims to the area by historically linking the region to one of the Roman Regions of Italy (Regio X Venetia et Histria). Hitler and Mussolini agreed in 1938 that the German - speaking population would be transferred to German - ruled territory or dispersed around Italy, but the outbreak of the Second World War prevented them from fully carrying out the relocation . Nevertheless, thousands of people were relocated to the Third Reich and only with great difficulties managed to return to their ancestral land after the end of the war . </P> <P> In 1943, when the Italian government signed an armistice with the Allies, the region was occupied by Germany, which reorganised it as the Operation Zone of the Alpine Foothills and put it under the administration of Gauleiter Franz Hofer . The region was de facto annexed to the German Reich (with the addition of the province of Belluno) until the end of the war . This status ended along with the Nazi regime and Italian rule was restored in 1945 . </P> <P> Italy and Austria negotiated the Gruber - De Gasperi Agreement in 1946, put into effect in 1947 when the new republican Italian constitution was promulgated, that the region would be granted considerable autonomy . German and Italian were both made official languages, and German - language education was permitted once more . The region was called Trentino - Alto Adige / Tiroler Etschland between 1947 and 1972 . </P>

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