<P> (Nineteen Eighty - Four) was based chiefly on communism, because that is the dominant form of totalitarianism, but I was trying chiefly to imagine what communism would be like if it were firmly rooted in the English speaking countries, and was no longer a mere extension of the Russian Foreign Office . </P> <P> The statement "2 + 2 = 5", used to torment Winston Smith during his interrogation, was a communist party slogan from the second five - year plan, which encouraged fulfillment of the five - year plan in four years . The slogan was seen in electric lights on Moscow house - fronts, billboards and elsewhere . </P> <P> The switch of Oceania's allegiance from Eastasia to Eurasia and the subsequent rewriting of history ("Oceania was at war with Eastasia: Oceania had always been at war with Eastasia . A large part of the political literature of five years was now completely obsolete"; ch 9) is evocative of the Soviet Union's changing relations with Nazi Germany . The two nations were open and frequently vehement critics of each other until the signing of the 1939 Treaty of Non-Aggression . Thereafter, and continuing until the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, no criticism of Germany was allowed in the Soviet press, and all references to prior party lines stopped--including in the majority of non-Russian communist parties who tended to follow the Russian line . Orwell had criticised the Communist Party of Great Britain for supporting the Treaty in his essays for Betrayal of the Left (1941). "The Hitler - Stalin pact of August 1939 reversed the Soviet Union's stated foreign policy . It was too much for many of the fellow - travellers like Gollancz (Orwell's sometime publisher) who had put their faith in a strategy of construction Popular Front governments and the peace bloc between Russia, Britain and France ." </P> <P> The description of Emmanuel Goldstein, with a "small, goatee beard", evokes the image of Leon Trotsky . The film of Goldstein during the Two Minutes Hate is described as showing him being transformed into a bleating sheep . This image was used in a propaganda film during the Kino - eye period of Soviet film, which showed Trotsky transforming into a goat . Goldstein's book is similar to Trotsky's highly critical analysis of the USSR, The Revolution Betrayed, published in 1936 . </P>

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