<Li> Glasser v. United States, 315 U.S. 60 (1942) The exclusion of women from the jury pool, other than members of the League of Women Voters who have attended a jury training class, violates the fair - cross section requirement of the Impartial Jury Clause of the Sixth Amendment . Noteworthy for being the first majority opinion of the Court to use the phrase "cross-section of the community" and the first jury discrimination case to invoke the Sixth Amendment rather than Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment . </Li> <Li> Phillips v. Martin Marietta Corp., 400 U.S. 542 (1971) An employer may not, in the absence of business necessity, refuse to hire women with preschool - age children while hiring men with such children . </Li> <Li> Reed v. Reed, 404 U.S. 71 (1971) Administrators of estates cannot be named in a way that discriminates on the basis of sex . </Li> <Li> Frontiero v. Richardson, 411 U.S. 677 (1973) Sex - based discriminations are inherently suspect . A statute that gives benefits to the spouses of male members of the uniformed services, but not to the spouses of female members, (on the assumption that only the former are dependent) is unconstitutional . </Li>

Over time in u.s. history court decisions and legislation have