<P> Antarctic bottom water is formed in the Weddell and Ross Seas, off the Adélie Coast and by Cape Darnley from surface water cooling in polynyas and below the ice shelf . A unique feature of Antarctic bottom water is the cold surface wind blowing off the Antarctic continent . The surface wind creates the polynyas which opens up the water surface to more wind . This Antarctic wind is stronger during the winter months and thus the Antarctic bottom water formation is more pronounced during the Antarctic winter season . Surface water is enriched in salt from sea ice formation . Due to its increased density, it flows down the Antarctic continental margin and continues north along the bottom . It is the densest water in the free ocean, and underlies other bottom and intermediate waters throughout most of the southern hemisphere . The Weddell Sea Bottom Water is the densest component of the Antarctic bottom water . </P> <P> Evidence indicates that Antarctic bottom water production through the Holocene (last 10,000 years) is not in a steady - state condition, that is to say that bottom water production sites shift along the Antarctic margin over decade to century timescales as conditions for the existence of polynyas change . For example, the calving of the Mertz Glacier, which occurred on 12--13 February 2010, dramatically changed the environment for producing bottom water, reducing export by up to 23% in the region of Adelie Land . Evidence from sediment cores, containing layers of cross-bedded sediments indicating phases of stronger bottom currents, collected on the Mac. Robertson shelf and Adélie Land suggests that they have switched "on" and "off" again as important bottom water production sites over the last several thousand years . </P> <P> The Vema Channel, a deep trough in the Rio Grande Rise of the South Atlantic at 31 ° 18 ′ S 39 ° 24 ′ W ﻿ / ﻿ 31.3 ° S 39.4 ° W ﻿ / - 31.3; - 39.4, is an important conduit for Antarctic Bottom Water and Weddell Sea Bottom Water migrating north . Upon reaching the equator, about one - third of the northward flowing Antarctic bottom water enters the Guiana Basin, mainly through the southern half of the Equatorial Channel at 35 ° W . The other part recirculates and some of it flows through the Romanche Fracture Zone into the eastern Atlantic . In the Guiana Basin, west of 40 ° W, the sloping topography and the strong, eastward flowing deep western boundary current might prevent the Antarctic bottom water from flowing west: thus it has to turn north at the eastern slope of the Ceará Rise . At 44 ° W, north of the Ceará Rise, Antarctic bottom water flows west in the interior of the basin . A large fraction of the Antarctic bottom water enters the eastern Atlantic through the Vema Fracture Zone . </P> <P> In the Indian Ocean the Crozet - Kerguelen Gap allows Antarctic bottom water to move toward the equator . This northward movement amounts to 2.5 Sv . It takes the Antarctic Bottom Water 23 years to reach the Crozet - Kerguelen Gap . South of Africa, Antarctic bottom water flow northwards through the Agulhas Basin and then east through the Agulhas Passage and over the southern margins of the Agulhas Plateau from where it is transported to into the Mozambique Basin . </P>

Explain why most of the bottom water of the oceans formed in the north atlantic and near antarctica