<Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> E27 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> Source: J.A. Puerto Rica (2007), Table 3.8, pp. 81--82 Note: The 2010 reduction from E25 to E20 was temporary and took place between February and April . In April 2011 the lower blend floor was reduced to E18 . </Td> </Tr> <P> Sugarcane has been cultivated in Brazil since 1532 as sugar was one of the first commodities exported to Europe by the Portuguese settlers . The first use of sugarcane ethanol as a fuel in Brazil dates back to the late twenties and early thirties of the twentieth century, with the introduction of the automobile in the country . Ethanol fuel production peaked during World War II and, as German submarine attacks threatened oil supplies, the mandatory blend became as high as 50% in 1943 . After the end of the war cheap oil caused gasoline to prevail, and ethanol blends were only used sporadically, mostly to take advantage of sugar surpluses, until the seventies, when the first oil crisis resulted in gasoline shortages and awareness of the dangers of oil dependence . As a response to this crisis, the Brazilian government began promoting bioethanol as a fuel . The National Alcohol Program - Pró - Álcool - (Portuguese:' Programa Nacional do Álcool'), launched in 1975, was a nationwide program financed by the government to phase out automobile fuels derived from fossil fuels, such as gasoline, in favor of ethanol produced from sugar cane . </P> <P> The first phase of the program concentrated on production of anhydrous ethanol for blending with gasoline . The Brazilian government made mandatory the blending of ethanol fuel with gasoline, fluctuating from 1976 until 1992 between 10% to 22% . Due to this mandatory minimum gasoline blend, pure gasoline (E0) is no longer sold in the country . A federal law was passed in October 1993 establishing a mandatory blend of 22% anhydrous ethanol (E22) in the entire country . This law also authorized the Executive to set different percentages of ethanol within pre-established boundaries; and since 2003 these limits were fixed at a maximum of 25% (E25) and a minimum of 20% (E20) by volume . Since then, the government has set the percentage of the ethanol blend according to the results of the sugarcane harvest and the levels of ethanol production from sugarcane, resulting in blend variations even within the same year . </P>

Which country turned brazil into one of the world's major producers of sugar
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