<P> The Crusader armies crossed over into Asia Minor during the first half of 1097, where they were joined by Peter the Hermit and the remainder of his little army . In addition, Alexios also sent two of his own generals, Manuel Boutoumites and Tatikios, to assist the crusaders . The first objective of their campaign was Nicaea, previously a city under Byzantine rule, but which had become the capital of the Seljuq Sultanate of Rum under Kilij Arslan I. Arslan was away campaigning against the Danishmends in central Anatolia at the time, and had left behind his treasury and his family, underestimating the strength of these new crusaders . </P> <P> Subsequently, upon the Crusaders' arrival, the city was subjected to a lengthy siege, and when Arslan had word of it he rushed back to Nicaea and attacked the crusader army on 16 May . He was driven back by the unexpectedly large crusader force, with heavy losses being suffered on both sides in the ensuing battle . The siege continued, but the crusaders had little success as they found they could not blockade the lake, which the city was situated on, and from which it could be provisioned . To break the city, Alexios sent the Crusaders' ships rolled over land on logs, and at the sight of them the Turkish garrison finally surrendered on 18 June . The city was handed over to the Byzantine troops, which has often been depicted as a source of conflict between the Empire and the crusaders; Byzantine standards flew from the walls while the crusaders were forbidden from looting the city or even entering it except in small escorted bands . </P> <P> However, this policy was in accordance with the previous oaths made to Alexios, and the emperor ensured that the crusaders were well - paid for their efforts . As Thomas Asbridge writes, "the fall of Nicaea was a product of the successful policy of close co-operation between the crusaders and Byzantium ." After handing custody of Nicaea to the Byzantines, the crusaders resumed their march to Jerusalem . Stephen of Blois, in a letter to his wife Adela of Blois wrote that he believed the journey would take five weeks; in reality, it took two years . </P> <P> At the end of June, the crusaders marched on through Anatolia . They were accompanied by some Byzantine troops under Tatikios, and still harboured the hope that Alexios would send a full Byzantine army after them . They also divided the army into two more - easily managed groups--one contingent led by the Normans, the other by the French . The two groups intended to meet again at Dorylaeum, but on 1 July the Normans, who had marched ahead of the French, were attacked by Kilij Arslan . Arslan had gathered a much larger army than he previously had after his defeat at Nicaea, and now surrounded the Normans with his fast - moving mounted archers . The Normans "deployed in a tight - knit defensive formation", surrounding all their equipment and the non-combatants who had followed them along the journey, and sent for help from the other group . When the French arrived, Godfrey broke through the Turkish lines and the legate Adhemar outflanked the Turks from the rear; thus the Turks, who had expected to destroy the Normans and did not anticipate the quick arrival of the French, fled rather than face the combined crusader army . </P>

What was the role of individuals and groups in the first crusade