<Dl> <Dd> "The Allied and Associated Governments affirm and Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her allies ." </Dd> </Dl> <Dd> "The Allied and Associated Governments affirm and Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her allies ." </Dd> <P> Germans viewed this clause as a national humiliation, forcing Germany to accept full responsibility for causing the war . German politicians were vocal in their opposition to the article in an attempt to generate international sympathy, while German historians worked to undermine the article with the objective of subverting the entire treaty . The Allied leaders were surprised at the German reaction; they saw the article only as a necessary legal basis to extract compensation from Germany . The article, with the signatory's name changed, was also included in the treaties signed by Germany's allies who did not view the clause with the same disdain as the Germans did . American diplomat John Foster Dulles--one of the two authors of the article--later regretted the wording used, believing it further aggravated the German people . </P> <P> The historical consensus is that responsibility or guilt for the war was not attached to the article . Rather, the clause was a prerequisite to allow a legal basis to be laid out for the reparation payments that were to be made . Historians have also highlighted the unintended damage created by the clause, which caused anger and resentment amongst the German population . </P>

Germany was especially unhappy with article 231 of the treaty of versailles because it
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