<P> "Tropicality" refers to the geographic imagery that many people outside the tropics have of that region . The idea of tropicality gained renewed interest in modern geographical discourse when French geographer Pierre Gourou published Les Pays Tropicaux (The Tropical World, in English), in the late 1940s . </P> <P> Tropicality encompasses at least two contradictory imageries . One is that the tropics represent a Garden of Eden, a heaven on Earth; the alternative is that the tropics are primitive and essentially lawless . The latter view was often discussed in Western literature--more so than the first . </P> <P> Western scholars also theorized about the reasons that tropical areas were deemed "inferior" to regions in the Northern Hemisphere . A popular explanation focused on the differences in climate--tropical regions typically have much warmer weather than northern regions . This theme led some scholars, including Gourou, to argue that warmer climates correlate to primitive indigenous populations lacking control over nature, compared to northern populations having "mastered nature". </P>

Which of the following world cities are located in the tropics