<Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . (January 2017) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . (January 2017) </Td> </Tr> <P> A U.S. study published in 2002 sponsored by the federal government found that batterers who complete programs based on the Duluth model are less likely to repeat acts of domestic violence than those who do not complete any batterers' intervention program . </P> <P> A 2003 study conducted by the U.S. National Institute of Justice found the Duluth Model to have "little or no effect ." However, this study had considerable shortfalls . The National Institute of Justice said in its introduction, "...response rates were low, many people dropped out of the program, and victims could not be found for subsequent interviews . The tests used to measure batterers' attitudes toward domestic violence and their likelihood to engage in future abuse were of questionable validity ." </P>

Expanded model of the power and control wheel