<P> The plague disease, caused by Yersinia pestis, is enzootic (commonly present) in populations of fleas carried by ground rodents, including marmots, in various areas including Central Asia, Kurdistan, Western Asia, Northern India and Uganda . Nestorian graves dating to 1338--1339 near Lake Issyk Kul in Kyrgyzstan have inscriptions referring to plague and are thought by many epidemiologists to mark the outbreak of the epidemic, from which it could easily have spread to China and India . In October 2010, medical geneticists suggested that all three of the great waves of the plague originated in China . In China, the 13th - century Mongol conquest caused a decline in farming and trading . However, economic recovery had been observed at the beginning of the 14th century . In the 1330s, a large number of natural disasters and plagues led to widespread famine, starting in 1331, with a deadly plague arriving soon after . Epidemics that may have included plague killed an estimated 25 million Chinese and other Asians during the 15 years before it reached Constantinople in 1347 . </P> <P> The disease may have travelled along the Silk Road with Mongol armies and traders or it could have come via ship . By the end of 1346, reports of plague had reached the seaports of Europe: "India was depopulated, Tartary, Mesopotamia, Syria, Armenia were covered with dead bodies". </P> <P> Plague was reportedly first introduced to Europe via Genoese traders at the port city of Kaffa in the Crimea in 1347 . After a protracted siege, during which the Mongol army under Jani Beg was suffering from the disease, the army catapulted the infected corpses over the city walls of Kaffa to infect the inhabitants . The Genoese traders fled, taking the plague by ship into Sicily and the south of Europe, whence it spread north . Whether or not this hypothesis is accurate, it is clear that several existing conditions such as war, famine, and weather contributed to the severity of the Black Death . </P> <P> There appear to have been several introductions into Europe . The plague reached Sicily in October 1347, carried by twelve Genoese galleys, and rapidly spread all over the island . Galleys from Kaffa reached Genoa and Venice in January 1348, but it was the outbreak in Pisa a few weeks later that was the entry point to northern Italy . Towards the end of January, one of the galleys expelled from Italy arrived in Marseille . </P>

Where did the black death first appear in europe
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