<P> Most of the factory workers who built Pullman cars lived in the "company town" of Pullman on the South Side of Chicago, Illinois . The industrialist George Pullman had designed it ostensibly as a model community . Pullman had a diverse work force . He wanted to hire African - Americans for certain jobs at the company . Pullman used ads and other campaigns to help bring workers into his company . </P> <P> When his company laid off workers and lowered wages, it did not reduce rents, and the workers called for a strike . Among the reasons for the strike were the absence of democracy within the town of Pullman and its politics, the rigid paternalistic control of the workers by the company, excessive water and gas rates, and a refusal by the company to allow workers to buy and own houses . They had not yet formed a union . Founded in 1893 by Eugene V. Debs, the ARU was an organization of unskilled railroad workers . Debs brought in ARU organizers to Pullman and signed up many of the disgruntled factory workers . When the Pullman Company refused recognition of the ARU or any negotiations, ARU called a strike against the factory, but it showed no sign of success . To win the strike, Debs decided to stop the movement of Pullman cars on railroads . The over-the - rail Pullman employees (such as conductors and porters) did not go on strike . </P> <P> Debs and the ARU called a massive boycott against all trains that carried a Pullman car . It affected most rail lines west of Detroit and at its peak involved some 250,000 workers in 27 states . The Railroad brotherhoods and the American Federation of Labor (AFL) opposed the boycott, and the General Managers' Association of the railroads coordinated the opposition . Thirty people were killed in response to riots and sabotage that caused $80 million in damages . The federal government obtained an injunction against the union, Debs, and other boycott leaders, ordering them to stop interfering with trains that carried mail cars . After the strikers refused, President Grover Cleveland ordered in the Army to stop the strikers from obstructing the trains . Violence broke out in many cities, and the strike collapsed . Defended by a team including Clarence Darrow, Debs was convicted of violating a court order and sentenced to prison; the ARU then dissolved . </P> <P> During a severe recession (the Panic of 1893), the Pullman Palace Car Company cut wages as demand for new passenger cars plummeted and the company's revenue dropped . A delegation of workers complained that wages had been cut but not rents at their company housing or other costs in the company town . The company owner, George Pullman, refused to lower rents or go to arbitration . </P>

How was the pullman strike of 1894 resolved
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