<Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <P> The Equal Protection Clause is part of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution . The clause, which took effect in 1868, provides "nor shall any State (...) deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws". </P> <P> A primary motivation for this clause was to validate the equality provisions contained in the Civil Rights Act of 1866, which guaranteed that all citizens would have the guaranteed right to equal protection by law . As a whole, the Fourteenth Amendment marked a large shift in American constitutionalism, by applying substantially more constitutional restrictions against the states than had applied before the Civil War . </P>

Which amendment guaranteed the equal protection of laws to all american citizens