<P> Barbecuing techniques include smoking, roasting or baking, braising and grilling . The original technique is cooking using smoke at low temperatures and long cooking times (several hours). Baking uses an oven to convection cook with moderate temperatures for an average cooking time of about an hour . Braising combines direct, dry heat charbroiling on a ribbed surface with a broth - filled pot for moist heat . Grilling is done over direct, dry heat, usually over a hot fire for a few minutes . </P> <P> The English word "barbecue" and its cognates in other languages come from the Spanish word barbacoa . Etymologists believe this to be derived from barabicu found in the language of the Arawak people of the Caribbean and the Timucua people of Florida; it has entered some European languages in the form of barbacoa . The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) traces the word to La Hispaniola and translates it as a "framework of sticks set upon posts". Gonzalo Fernández De Oviedo y Valdés, a Spanish explorer, was the first to use the word "barbecoa" in print in Spain in 1526 in the Diccionario de la Lengua Española (2nd Edition) of the Real Academia Española . After Columbus landed in the Americas in 1492, the Spaniards apparently found Tainos roasting meat over a grill consisting of a wooden framework resting on sticks above a fire . The flames and smoke rose and enveloped the meat, giving it a certain flavor . </P> <P> Traditional barbacoa involves digging a hole in the ground and placing some meat--usually a whole lamb--above a pot so the juices can be used to make a broth . It is then covered with maguey leaves and coal, and set alight . The cooking process takes a few hours . Olaudah Equiano, an African abolitionist, described this method of roasting alligators among the Mosquito People (Miskito people) on his journeys to Cabo Gracias a Dios in his narrative The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano . </P> <P> Linguists have suggested the word barbacoa migrated from the Caribbean and into other languages and cultures; it moved from Caribbean dialects into Spanish, then Portuguese, French, and English . According to the OED, the first recorded use of the word in English was a verb in 1661, in Edmund Hickeringill's Jamaica Viewed: "Some are slain, And their flesh forthwith Barbacu'd and eat". The word barbecue was published in English in 1672 as a verb from the writings of John Lederer, following his travels in the North American southeast in 1669 - 70 . The first known use of the word as a noun was in 1697 by the British buccaneer William Dampier . In his New Voyage Round the World, Dampier wrote, "...and lay there all night, upon our Borbecu's, or frames of Sticks, raised about 3 foot from the Ground". </P>

Which of the following must be used in cooking for an item to be called barbecued