<Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> In the Holy Land (1095--1291) <Ul> <Li> First </Li> <Li> People's </Li> <Li> 1101 </Li> <Li> Norwegian </Li> <Li> Venetian </Li> <Li> Second </Li> <Li> Third </Li> <Li> 1197 </Li> <Li> Fourth </Li> <Li> Children's </Li> <Li> Fifth </Li> <Li> Sixth </Li> <Li> Barons' </Li> <Li> Seventh </Li> <Li> Shepherds' 1251 </Li> <Li> Eighth </Li> <Li> Ninth </Li> </Ul> <P> After 1291 </P> <Ul> <Li> Poor 1309 </Li> <Li> Shepherds' 1320 </Li> <Li> Smyrniote 1343--1351 </Li> <Li> Alexandrian 1365 </Li> <Li> Savoyard 1366 </Li> <Li> Barbary 1390 </Li> <Li> Nicopolis 1396 </Li> <Li> Varna 1443 </Li> <Li> Portuguese 1481 </Li> </Ul> <P> Northern Crusades (1147--1410) </P> <Ul> <Li> Wendish 1147 </Li> <Li> Swedish <Ul> <Li> 1150 </Li> <Li> 1249 </Li> <Li> 1293 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Livonian 1198--1290 </Li> <Li> Prussian 1217--1274 </Li> <Li> Lithuanian 1283--1410 </Li> </Ul> <P> Against Christians </P> <Ul> <Li> Bosnian 1235--1241 </Li> <Li> Albigensian 1209--1229 </Li> <Li> Aragonese 1284 / 5 </Li> <Li> Despenser's 1382 / 3 </Li> <Li> Hussite 1419--1434 </Li> </Ul> <P> Reconquista (718--1492) </P> <Ul> <Li> Book: The Crusades </Li> <Li> Portal: Crusades </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Ul> <Li> First </Li> <Li> People's </Li> <Li> 1101 </Li> <Li> Norwegian </Li> <Li> Venetian </Li> <Li> Second </Li> <Li> Third </Li> <Li> 1197 </Li> <Li> Fourth </Li> <Li> Children's </Li> <Li> Fifth </Li> <Li> Sixth </Li> <Li> Barons' </Li> <Li> Seventh </Li> <Li> Shepherds' 1251 </Li> <Li> Eighth </Li> <Li> Ninth </Li> </Ul> <Li> Shepherds' 1251 </Li>

Who launched the crusades which took place over two centuries