<P> Mondino de Luzzi "Mundinus" was born around 1276 and died in 1326; from 1314 to 1324 he presented many lectures on human anatomy at Bologna university . Mondino de'Luzzi put together a book called "Anathomia" in 1316 that consisted of detailed dissections that he had performed, this book was used as a text book in universities for 250 years . "Mundinus" carried out the first systematic human dissections since Herophilus of Chalcedon and Erasistratus of Ceos 1500 years earlier . The first major development in anatomy in Christian Europe since the fall of Rome occurred at Bologna, where anatomists dissected cadavers and contributed to the accurate description of organs and the identification of their functions . Following de Liuzzi's early studies, 15th century anatomists included Alessandro Achillini and Antonio Benivieni . Pathological anatomy </P> <P> Leonardo da Vinci (1452--1519) was trained in anatomy by Andrea del Verrocchio . In 1489 Leonardo began a series of anatomical drawings depicting the ideal human form . This work was carried out intermittently for over 2 decades . During this time he made use of his anatomical knowledge in his artwork, making many sketches of skeletal structures, muscles and organs of humans and other vertebrates that he dissected . Initially adopting an Aristotlean understanding of anatomy, he later studied Galen and adopted a more empirical approach, eventually abandoning Galen altogether and relying entirely on his own direct observation . His surviving 750 drawings represent groundbreaking studies in anatomy . Leonardo dissected around thirty human specimens until he was forced to stop under order of Pope Leo X . </P> <P> As an artist - anatomist, Leonardo made many important discoveries, and had intended to publish a comprehensive treatise on human anatomy . For instance, he produced the first accurate depiction of the human spine, while his notes documenting his dissection of the Florentine centenarian contain the earliest known description of cirrhosis of the liver and arteriosclerosis . He was the first to develop drawing techniques in anatomy to convey information using cross-sections and multiple angles, although centuries would pass before anatomical drawings became accepted as crucial for learning anatomy . None of Leonardo's Notebooks were published during his lifetime, many being lost after his death, with the result that his anatomical discoveries remained unknown until they were later found and published centuries after his death . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . (January 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) </Td> </Tr> </Table>

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