<P> In both Portugal and Spain, religion was an integral part of the state and evangelization was seen as having both secular and spiritual benefits . Wherever these powers attempted to expand their territories or influence, missionaries would soon follow . By the Treaty of Tordesillas, the two powers divided the world between them into exclusive spheres of influence, trade and colonization . The Roman Catholic world order was challenged by the Netherlands and England . Theoretically, it was repudiated by Grotius's Mare Liberum . Portugal's and Spain's colonial policies were also challenged by the Roman Catholic Church itself . The Vatican founded the Congregatio de Propaganda Fide in 1622 and attempted to separate the churches from the influence of the Iberian kingdoms . </P> <P> Jan van Butselaar writes that "for Prince Henry the Navigator and his contemporaries, the colonial enterprise was based on the necessity to develop European commerce and the obligation to propagate the Christian faith ." </P> <P> Christian leaders and Christian doctrines have been accused of justifying and perpetrating violence against Native Americans found in the New World . </P> <P> Adriaan van Oss wrote: </P>

What is the name for governing through native leaders and established political structures