<P> People who do not exhibit a clear tendency towards specific characteristics chosen from the above - mentioned related pairs in all five dimensions are considered adaptable, moderate and reasonable personalities, but can be perceived as unprincipled, inscrutable and calculating . </P> <P> The Big Five personality traits was the model to comprehend the relationship between personality and academic behaviors . This model was defined by several independent sets of researchers . These researchers began by studying relationships between a large number of known personality traits . They reduced the lists of these traits (arbitrarily) by 5--10 fold and then used factor analysis to group the remaining traits (using data mostly based upon people's estimations, in self - report questionnaire and peer ratings) in order to find the underlying factors of personality . </P> <P> The initial model was advanced by Ernest Tupes and Raymond Christal in 1961, but failed to reach an academic audience until the 1980s . In 1990, J.M. Digman advanced his five - factor model of personality, which Lewis Goldberg extended to the highest level of organization . These five overarching domains have been found to contain and subsume most known personality traits and are assumed to represent the basic structure behind all personality traits . </P> <P> At least four sets of researchers have worked independently for decades on this problem and have identified generally the same five factors: Tupes and Christal were first, followed by Goldberg at the Oregon Research Institute, Cattell at the University of Illinois, and Costa and McCrae at the National Institutes of Health . These four sets of researchers used somewhat different methods in finding the five traits, and thus each set of five factors has somewhat different names and definitions . However, all have been found to be highly inter-correlated and factor - analytically aligned . Studies indicate that the Big Five traits are not nearly as powerful in predicting and explaining actual behavior as are the more numerous facets or primary traits . </P>

Who developed the five factor theory of personality