<P> With the development of regional markets and eventually a national market, aided by improved transportation infrastructures, farmers were no longer dependent on their local market and were less subject to having to sell at low prices into an oversupplied local market and not being able to sell their surpluses to distant localities that were experiencing shortages . They also became less subject to price fixing regulations . Farming became a business rather than solely a means of subsistence . </P> <P> Under free market capitalism, farmers had to remain competitive . To be successful, farmers had to become effective managers who incorporated the latest farming innovations in order to be low cost producers . </P> <P> In England, Robert Bakewell and Thomas Coke introduced selective breeding as a scientific practice, mating together two animals with particularly desirable characteristics, and also using inbreeding or the mating of close relatives, such as father and daughter, or brother and sister, to stabilise certain qualities in order to reduce genetic diversity in desirable animals programmes from the mid-18th century . Arguably, Bakewell's most important breeding programme was with sheep . Using native stock, he was able to quickly select for large, yet fine - boned sheep, with long, lustrous wool . The Lincoln Longwool was improved by Bakewell, and in turn the Lincoln was used to develop the subsequent breed, named the New (or Dishley) Leicester . It was hornless and had a square, meaty body with straight top lines . Bakewell was also the first to breed cattle to be used primarily for beef . Previously, cattle were first and foremost kept for pulling ploughs as oxen or for dairy uses, with beef from surplus males as an additional bonus, but he crossed long - horned heifers and a Westmoreland bull to eventually create the Dishley Longhorn . As more and more farmers followed his lead, farm animals increased dramatically in size and quality . The average weight of a bull sold for slaughter at Smithfield was reported around 1700 as 370 pounds (170 kg), though this is considered a low estimate: by 1786, weights of 840 pounds (380 kg) were reported, though other contemporary indicators suggest an increase of around a quarter over the intervening century . </P> <P> New fertilisers, besides the organic fertilisers in manure, were slowly found as massive sodium nitrate (NaNO) deposits found in the Atacama Desert, Chile, were brought under British financiers like John Thomas North and imports were started . Chile was happy to allow the exports of these sodium nitrates by allowing the British to use their capital to develop the mining and imposing a hefty export tax to enrich their treasury . Massive deposits of sea bird guano (11--16% N, 8--12% phosphate, and 2--3% potash), were found and started to be imported after about 1830 . Significant imports of potash obtained from the ashes of trees burned in opening new agricultural lands were imported . By - products of the British meat industry like bones from the knackers' yards were ground up or crushed and sold as fertiliser . By about 1840 about 30,000 tons of bones were being processed (worth about £ 150,000). An unusual alternative to bones was found to be the millions of tons of fossils called coprolites found in South East England . When these were dissolved in sulphuric acid they yielded a high phosphate mixture (called "super phosphate") that plants could absorb readily and increased crop yields . Mining coprolite and processing it for fertiliser soon developed into a major industry--the first commercial fertiliser . Higher yield per acre crops were also planted as potatoes went from about 300,000 acres in 1800 to about 400,000 acres in 1850 with a further increase to about 500,000 in 1900 . Labour productivity slowly increased at about 0.6% per year . With more capital invested, more organic and inorganic fertilisers, and better crop yields increased the food grown at about 0.5% / year--not enough to keep up with population growth . </P>

Who invented the scientific breeding of farm animals during the agrarian revolution
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