<Li> Functional incontinence due to medications or health problems making it difficult to reach the bathroom </Li> <P> Treatments include pelvic floor muscle training, bladder training, and electrical stimulation . The benefit of medications is small and long term safety is unclear . </P> <P> The most common types of urinary incontinence in women are stress urinary incontinence and urge urinary incontinence . Women with both problems have mixed urinary incontinence . After menopause, estrogen production decreases and in some women urethral tissue will demonstrate atrophy with the tissue of the urethra becoming weaker and thinner . Stress urinary incontinence is caused by loss of support of the urethra which is usually a consequence of damage to pelvic support structures as a result of childbirth . It is characterized by leaking of small amounts of urine with activities which increase abdominal pressure such as coughing, sneezing and lifting . Additionally, frequent exercise in high - impact activities can cause athletic incontinence to develop . Urge urinary incontinence is caused by uninhibited contractions of the detrusor muscle . It is characterized by leaking of large amounts of urine in association with insufficient warning to get to the bathroom in time . </P> <Ul> <Li> Polyuria (excessive urine production) of which, in turn, the most frequent causes are: uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, primary polydipsia (excessive fluid drinking), central diabetes insipidus and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus . Polyuria generally causes urinary urgency and frequency, but doesn't necessarily lead to incontinence . </Li> <Li> Enlarged prostate is the most common cause of incontinence in men after the age of 40; sometimes prostate cancer may also be associated with urinary incontinence . Moreover, drugs or radiation used to treat prostate cancer can also cause incontinence . </Li> <Li> Disorders like multiple sclerosis, spina bifida, Parkinson's disease, strokes and spinal cord injury can all interfere with nerve function of the bladder . </Li> <Li> Urinary incontinence is a likely outcome following a radical prostatectomy procedure . </Li> <Li> About 33% of all women experience UI after giving birth; women who deliver vaginally are about twice as likely to have urinary incontinence as women who give birth via a Caesarean section . </Li> </Ul>

Which term means involuntary contraction of the muscles surrounding the urethra