<P> It is in Committee (s) that bills get the most scrutiny and attention and that most of the work on a bill is done . Committees play an important role in the legislative process by providing members the opportunity to study, debate and amend the bill and the public with the opportunity to make comments on the bill . There are three types of House Committees, these are: 1) standing committees elected by members of the House, 2) select committees appointed by the Speaker of the House, and 3) joint committees whose members are chosen according to the statute or resolution that created that committee . As the House Rules limit the amount of floor debate on any given bill the committees play an important function in determining the final content and format of the bill . </P> <P> After the committee conducts any necessary research, and has debated and voted on any amendments that were offered in committee they may take one of three actions . These are reporting a measure to the full House with or without amendments, report the measure to the full House with a negative recommendation or fail to report the measure . The House may under certain rules remove the bill or measure from committee (known as "discharging the bill from committee") if the committee fails to report the measure to the House Rules Committee or to the full House and a negative report to the full House does not terminate the bill . The phrase that a "bill has been killed in committee" is not completely accurate as the full House always has options under the rules to remove the bill from Committee and to take action . </P> <P> Standing committees are established at the time that the rules of the House are adopted or by amending the House Rules . The jurisdiction of each standing committee is specified in the House Rules . Under the House Rules the chairman and members of standing committees are selected through a two - step procedure where the Democratic Caucus and the Republican Conference recommends members to serve on Committees, the majority party recommends a Chairman, and the Minority Party recommends a Ranking Member and finally the full House can approve the recommendation of the Party Caucuses . It is important to note that the Rules of the Democratic Caucus and the Republican Conference determines the nomination procedure of its own members . Rules of party nominations may therefore differ but approval by the House of these nominations is conducted according to House Rules . Seniority on a Standing Committee is based on the order of the members on the election resolution as approved by the House . The number of members who serve on a committee along with the party ratio of a committee is determined by the Majority and Minority Leaders of the House with the exception of the Committee on Ethics which is limited by the Rules to 5 majority members and 5 minority members . </P> <P> The number of members on a committee and the ratio of majority / minority members is determined by the Majority party with consultation with the minority . According to House Rules members of the House of Representatives may serve on two committees and four subcommittees . Seniority on a committee is not based on the longest - serving member of the House but on their order of appointment to that committee by their respective party caucus . The Committee Chairman is usually the ranking majority member in order of seniority (order of appointment). If a member of the House ceases to be a member of his caucus then he ceases having membership on that committee . Independent members of the House may caucus with either the Republican Conference or the Democratic Caucus and thus be appointed to and serve on Committees . Current House Rules also stipulate that a member cannot serve as chairman of the same standing committee or subcommittee for more than three consecutive Congresses (six years). </P>

Who are the chairman of congressional committees chosen by
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