<P> The continued experience of segregation and discrimination of African Americans after emancipation, and the belief that they would never achieve true equality, attracted many of them to a Pan-African emancipation in their motherland . </P> <P> Soon thereafter, the movement declined following many hoaxes and fraudulent activities associated with the movement . According to Crumrin, however, the most important reason for the decline in the back - to - Africa movement was that the "vast majority of those who were meant to colonize did not wish to leave . Most free blacks simply did not want to go "home" to a place from which they were generations removed . America, not Africa, was their home and they had little desire to migrate to a strange and forbidding land not their own ." </P> <P> Florida Governor Napoleon Bonaparte Broward (1905 - 1909) called for blacks to be moved permanently to a large piece of land the federal government would purchase, after buying their present properties, a territory the blacks could not leave and whites could not enter . So far as is known, this never went beyond an idea, and there is no known evidence of where this territory was intended to be . </P> <P> The eventual disillusionment of those who migrated to the North and frustrations of struggling to cope with urban life set the scene for the back - to - Africa movement of the 1920s, established by Marcus Garvey although there were earlier attempts at resettlement such as that by Chief Alfred Sam in 1913 - 15 . Those who migrated to the Northern States from the South found that, although they were financially better off, they remained at the bottom both economically and socially . </P>

Who was the black leader who favored establishing an independent nation in africa