<P> During magnetic storms and substorms, charged particles can be deflected from the outer magnetosphere and especially the magnetotail, directed along field lines into Earth's ionosphere, where atmospheric atoms can be excited and ionized, causing the aurora . </P> <P> Earth's rotation period relative to the Sun--its mean solar day--is 86,400 seconds of mean solar time (86,400.0025 SI seconds). Because Earth's solar day is now slightly longer than it was during the 19th century due to tidal deceleration, each day varies between 0 and 2 SI ms longer . </P> <P> Earth's rotation period relative to the fixed stars, called its stellar day by the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS), is 86,164.0989 seconds of mean solar time (UT1), or 23 56 4.0989 . Earth's rotation period relative to the precessing or moving mean vernal equinox, misnamed its sidereal day, is 86,164.0905 seconds of mean solar time (UT1) (23 56 4.0905). Thus the sidereal day is shorter than the stellar day by about 8.4 ms . The length of the mean solar day in SI seconds is available from the IERS for the periods 1623--2005 and 1962--2005 . </P> <P> Apart from meteors within the atmosphere and low - orbiting satellites, the main apparent motion of celestial bodies in Earth's sky is to the west at a rate of 15 ° / h = 15' / min . For bodies near the celestial equator, this is equivalent to an apparent diameter of the Sun or the Moon every two minutes; from Earth's surface, the apparent sizes of the Sun and the Moon are approximately the same . </P>

What is the chemical composition of the earth