<P> Turner saw the land frontier was ending, since the U.S. Census of 1890 had officially stated that the American frontier had broken up . He sounded an alarming note, speculating as to what this meant for the continued dynamism of American society as the source of U.S. innovation and democratic ideals was disappearing . </P> <P> Historians, geographers, and social scientists have studied frontier - like conditions in other countries, with an eye on the Turnerian model . South Africa, Canada, Russia, Brazil, Argentina and Australia--and even ancient Rome--had long frontiers that were also settled by pioneers . However these other frontier societies operated in a very difficult political and economic environment that made democracy and individualism much less likely to appear and it was much more difficult to throw off a powerful royalty, standing armies, established churches and an aristocracy that owned most of the land . The question is whether their frontiers were powerful enough to overcome conservative central forces based in the metropolis . Each nation had quite different frontier experiences . For example, the Dutch Boers in South Africa were defeated in war by Britain . In Australia, "mateship" and working together was valued more than individualism was in the United States . </P> <P> Other historians in the 1890s had begun to explore the meaning of the frontier, such as Theodore Roosevelt, who had a different theory . Roosevelt argued that the battles between the trans - Appalachian pioneers and the Indians in the "Winning of the West" had forged a new people, the American race . It was the Turner version that became standard . </P> <P> Turner's thesis quickly became popular among intellectuals . It explained why the American people and American government were so different from their European counterparts . It was popular among New Dealers--Franklin Roosevelt and his top aides thought in terms of finding new frontiers . FDR, in celebrating the third anniversary of Social Security in 1938, advised, "There is still today a frontier that remains unconquered--an America unreclaimed . This is the great, the nation - wide frontier of insecurity, of human want and fear . This is the frontier--the America--we have set ourselves to reclaim ." Historians adopted it, especially in studies of the west, but also in other areas, such as the influential work of Alfred D. Chandler, Jr. (1918--2007) in business history . </P>

Jackson's frontier and turner's after the fact