<P> Pizarro's third and final expedition left Panama for Peru on 27 December 1530 . With three ships and one hundred and eighty men they landed near Ecuador and sailed to Tumbes, finding the place destroyed . They entered the interior and established the first Spanish settlement in Peru, San Miguel de Piura . One of the men returned with an Incan envoy and an invitation for a meeting . Since the last meeting, the Inca had begun a civil war and Atahualpa had been resting in northern Peru following the defeat of his brother Huáscar . After marching for two months, they approached Atahualpa . He refused the Spanish, however, saying he would "be no man's tributary ." There were fewer than 200 Spanish to his 80,000 soldiers, but Pizarro attacked and won the Incan army in the Battle of Cajamarca, taking Atahualpa captive at the so - called ransom room . Despite fulfilling his promise of filling one room with gold and two with silver, he was convicted for killing his brother and plotting against Pizarro, and was executed . </P> <P> In 1533, Pizarro invaded Cuzco with indigenous troops and wrote to King Charles I: "This city is the greatest and the finest ever seen in this country or anywhere in the Indies...it is so beautiful and has such fine buildings that it would be remarkable even in Spain ." After the Spanish had sealed the conquest of Peru, Jauja in fertile Mantaro Valley was established as Peru's provisional capital, but it was too far up in the mountains, and Pizarro founded the city of Lima on 18 January 1535, which Pizarro considered one of the most important acts in his life . </P> <P> In 1543 three Portuguese traders accidentally became the first Westerners to reach and trade with Japan . According to Fernão Mendes Pinto, who claimed to be in this journey, they arrived at Tanegashima, where the locals were impressed by firearms that would be immediately made by the Japanese on a large scale . </P> <P> The Spanish conquest of the Philippines was ordered by Philip II of Spain, and Andrés de Urdaneta was the designated commander . Urdaneta agreed to accompany the expedition but refused to command and Miguel López de Legazpi was appointed instead . The expedition set sail on November 1564 . After spending some time on the islands, Legazpi sent Urdaneta back to find a better return route . Urdaneta set sail from San Miguel on the island of Cebu on June 1, 1565, but was obliged to sail as far as 38 degrees North latitude to obtain favourable winds . </P>

King of spain during the age of exploration