<P> In a hierarchy, individuals are either dominant or submissive . A despotic hierarchy is where one individual is dominant while the others are submissive, as in wolves and lemurs, and a pecking order is a linear ranking of individuals where there is a top individual and a bottom individual . Pecking orders may also be ranked by sex, where the lowest individual of a sex has a higher ranking than the top individual of the other sex, as in hyenas . Dominant individuals, or alphas, have a high chance of reproductive success, especially in harems where one or a few males (resident males) have exclusive breeding rights to females in a group . Non-resident males can also be accepted in harems, but some species, such as the common vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus), may be more strict . </P> <P> Some mammals are perfectly monogamous, meaning that they mate for life and take no other partners (even after the original mate's death), as with wolves, Eurasian beavers, and otters . There are three types of polygamy: either one or multiple dominant males have breeding rights (polygyny), multiple males that females mate with (polyandry), or multiple males have exclusive relations with multiple females (polygynandry). It is much more common for polygynous mating to happen, which, excluding leks, are estimated to occur in up to 90% of mammals . Lek mating occurs in harems, wherein one or a few males protect their harem of females from other males who would otherwise mate with the females, as in elephant seals; or males congregate around females and try to attract them with various courtship displays and vocalizations, as in harbor seals . </P> <P> All higher mammals (excluding monotremes) share two major adaptations for care of the young: live birth and lactation . These imply a group - wide choice of a degree of parental care . They may build nests and dig burrows to raise their young in, or feed and guard them often for a prolonged period of time . Many mammals are K - selectors, and invest more time and energy into their young than do r - selectors . When two animals mate, they both share an interest in the success of the offspring, though often to different extremes . Mammalian females, both r - and K - selectors, exhibit some degree of maternal aggression, another example of parental care, which may be targeted against other females of the species or the young of other females; however, some mammals may "aunt" the infants of other females, and care for them . Mammalian males may play a role in child rearing, as with tenrecs, however this varies species to species, even within the same genus . For example, the males of the southern pig - tailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina) do not participate in child care, whereas the males of the Japanese macaque (M. fuscata) do . </P> <P> Non-human mammals play a wide variety of roles in human culture . They are the most popular of pets, with tens of millions of dogs, cats and other animals including rabbits and mice kept by families around the world . Mammals such as mammoths, horses and deer are among the earliest subjects of art, being found in Upper Paleolithic cave paintings such as at Lascaux . Major artists such as Albrecht Dürer, George Stubbs and Edwin Landseer are known for their portraits of mammals . Many species of mammals have been hunted for sport and for food; deer and wild boar are especially popular as game animals . Mammals such as horses and dogs are widely raced for sport, often combined with betting on the outcome . There is a tension between the role of animals as companions to humans, and their existence as individuals with rights of their own . Mammals further play a wide variety of roles in literature, film, mythology, and religion . </P>

All of the following animals are mammal aside from