<P> In recent decades, constructivist theorists have extended the traditional focus on individual learning to address collaborative and social dimensions of learning . It is possible to see social constructivism as a bringing together of aspects of the work of Piaget with that of Bruner and Vygotsky (Wood 1998: 39). </P> <P> The concept Communal constructivism was developed by Leask and Younie (2001a) in 1995 through their research on the European SchoolNet which demonstrated the value of experts collaborating to push the boundaries of knowledge i.e. communal construction of new knowledge between experts rather than social construction of knowledge as described by Vygotsky where there is a learner to teacher scaffolding relationship . "Communal constructivism" as a concept applies to those situations in which there is currently no expert knowledge or indeed research to underpin knowledge in an area . "Communal constructivism" refers specifically to the process of experts working together to create, record and publish new knowledge in emerging areas . In the seminal European SchoolNet research where for the first time academics were testing out how the internet could support classroom practice and pedagogy, experts from a number of countries set up test situations to generate and understand new possibilities for educational practice . </P> <P> Bryn Holmes in 2001 applied this to student learning as described in an early paper, "in this model, students will not simply pass through a course like water through a sieve but instead leave their own imprint in the learning process ." </P> <P> Constructivism has influenced the course of programming and computer science . Some famous programming languages have been created, wholly or in part, for educational use, to support the constructionist theory of Seymour Papert . These languages have been dynamically typed, and reflective . Logo is the best known of them . Constructivism has also informed the design of interactive machine learning systems . </P>

Who saw culture in terms of its educational potential