<P> France supported the Americans in their revolt against English rule and, in 1789, overthrew their own monarchy, with the cry of "Liberté, égalité, fraternité". The bloodbath that followed, known as the reign of terror, soured many people on the idea of liberty . Edmund Burke, considered one of the fathers of conservatism, wrote "The French had shewn themselves the ablest architects of ruin that had hitherto existed in the world ." </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Part of a series on </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Liberalism </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Schools (show) <Ul> <Li> History of liberalism </Li> <Li> Contributions to liberal theory </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ideas (show) <Ul> <Li> Civil and political rights </Li> <Li> Cultural liberalism </Li> <Li> Democracy <Ul> <Li> Liberal democracy </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Economic liberalism </Li> <Li> Egalitarianism </Li> <Li> Free market </Li> <Li> Free trade </Li> <Li> Freedom of the press </Li> <Li> Freedom of religion </Li> <Li> Freedom of speech </Li> <Li> Gender equality </Li> <Li> Harm principle </Li> <Li> Internationalism </Li> <Li> Laissez - faire </Li> <Li> Liberty </Li> <Li> Market economy </Li> <Li> Natural and legal rights </Li> <Li> Negative / positive liberty </Li> <Li> Open society </Li> <Li> Permissive society </Li> <Li> Private property </Li> <Li> Rule of law </Li> <Li> Secularism </Li> <Li> Separation of church and state </Li> <Li> Social contract </Li> <Li> Welfare state </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Variants (show) <Ul> <Li> Anarcho - capitalism </Li> <Li> Civic nationalism </Li> <Li> Classical liberalism </Li> <Li> Conservative liberalism </Li> <Li> Democratic liberalism </Li> <Li> Geolibertarianism </Li> <Li> Green liberalism </Li> <Li> Liberal feminism </Li> <Li> Equity feminism </Li> <Li> Liberal internationalism </Li> <Li> Liberal socialism </Li> <Li> Muscular liberalism </Li> <Li> Neoliberalism </Li> <Li> Ordoliberalism </Li> <Li> Right - libertarianism </Li> <Li> Radical centrism </Li> <Li> Radicalism </Li> <Li> Religious liberalism </Li> <Li> Christian </Li> <Li> Islamic </Li> <Li> Secular liberalism </Li> <Li> Social liberalism </Li> <Li> Technoliberalism </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> People (show) <Ul> <Li> Rifa'a al - Tahtawi </Li> <Li> Juan Bautista Alberdi </Li> <Li> Chu Anping </Li> <Li> Matthew Arnold </Li> <Li> Raymond Aron </Li> <Li> Frédéric Bastiat </Li> <Li> Simone de Beauvoir </Li> <Li> Jeremy Bentham </Li> <Li> Isaiah Berlin </Li> <Li> Eduard Bernstein </Li> <Li> William Beveridge </Li> <Li> Norberto Bobbio </Li> <Li> John Bright </Li> <Li> Edmund Burke </Li> <Li> Thomas Carlyle </Li> <Li> Anders Chydenius </Li> <Li> Nick Clegg </Li> <Li> Richard Cobden </Li> <Li> Marquis de Condorcet </Li> <Li> Benjamin Constant </Li> <Li> Benedetto Croce </Li> <Li> Ludwig Joseph Brentano </Li> <Li> Jean le Rond d'Alembert </Li> <Li> Ralf Dahrendorf </Li> <Li> John Dewey </Li> <Li> Charles Dickens </Li> <Li> Denis Diderot </Li> <Li> Zhang Dongsun </Li> <Li> Ronald Dworkin </Li> <Li> Ahmed Lutfi el - Sayed </Li> <Li> Ralph Waldo Emerson </Li> <Li> Karl - Hermann Flach </Li> <Li> Milton Friedman </Li> <Li> John Kenneth Galbraith </Li> <Li> William Lloyd Garrison </Li> <Li> José Ortega y Gasset </Li> <Li> David Lloyd George </Li> <Li> William Gladstone </Li> <Li> Friedrich Hayek </Li> <Li> Thomas Hobbes </Li> <Li> L.T. 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Who defined liberty is the opposite of over government