<P> Aristotle is often portrayed as disagreeing with his teacher Plato (e.g., in Raphael's School of Athens). He criticizes the regimes described in Plato's Republic and Laws, and refers to the theory of forms as "empty words and poetic metaphors ." He is generally presented as giving greater weight to empirical observation and practical concerns . </P> <P> Aristotle's fame was not great during the Hellenistic period, when Stoic logic was in vogue, but later peripatetic commentators popularized his work, which eventually contributed heavily to Islamic, Jewish, and medieval Christian philosophy . His influence was such that Avicenna referred to him simply as "the Master"; Maimonides, Alfarabi, Averroes, and Aquinas as "the Philosopher ." </P> <P> During the Hellenistic and Roman periods, many different schools of thought developed in the Hellenistic world and then the Greco - Roman world . There were Greeks, Romans, Egyptians, Syrians and Arabs who contributed to the development of Hellenistic philosophy . Elements of Persian philosophy and Indian philosophy also had an influence . The most notable schools of Hellenistic philosophy were: </P> <Ul> <Li> Neoplatonism: Plotinus (Egyptian), Ammonius Saccas, Porphyry (Syrian), Zethos (Arab), Iamblichus (Syrian), Proclus </Li> <Li> Academic Skepticism: Arcesilaus, Carneades, Cicero (Roman) </Li> <Li> Pyrrhonian Skepticism: Pyrrho, Sextus Empiricus </Li> <Li> Cynicism: Antisthenes, Diogenes of Sinope, Crates of Thebes (taught Zeno of Citium, founder of Stoicism) </Li> <Li> Stoicism: Zeno of Citium, Cleanthes, Chrysippus, Crates of Mallus (brought Stoicism to Rome c. 170 BCE), Panaetius, Posidonius, Seneca (Roman), Epictetus (Greek / Roman), Marcus Aurelius (Roman) </Li> <Li> Epicureanism: Epicurus (Greek) and Lucretius (Roman) </Li> <Li> Eclecticism: Cicero (Roman) </Li> </Ul>

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