<P> After Abdülaziz's dethronement Murat was enthroned . It was hoped that he would sign the constitution . However, due to health problems Murat was also dethroned after 93 days; he was the shortest reigning sultan of the Empire . </P> <P> The First Constitutional Era of the Ottoman Empire was the period of constitutional monarchy from the promulgation of the Kanûn - ı Esâsî (meaning "Basic Law" in Ottoman Turkish), written by members of the Young Ottomans, on 23 November 1876 until 13 February 1878 . The era ended with the suspension of the Ottoman parliament by Abdülhamid II . </P> <P> The Russo - Turkish War of 1877--1878 had its origins in a rise in nationalism in the Balkans as well as in the Russian goal of recovering territorial losses it had suffered during the Crimean War, reestablishing itself in the Black Sea and following the political movement attempting to free Balkan nations from the Ottoman Empire . As a result of the war, the principalities of Romania, Serbia and Montenegro, each of which had de facto sovereignty for some time, formally proclaimed independence from the Ottoman Empire . After almost half a millennium of Ottoman domination (1396--1878), the Bulgarian state was reestablished as the Principality of Bulgaria, covering the land between the Danube River and the Balkan Mountains (except Northern Dobrudja which was given to Romania) and the region of Sofia, which became the new state's capital . The Congress of Berlin also allowed Austria - Hungary to occupy Bosnia and Herzegovina and Great Britain to take over Cyprus, while the Russian Empire annexed Southern Bessarabia and the Kars region . </P> <P> The Congress of Berlin (13 June--13 July 1878) was a meeting of the leading statesmen of Europe's Great Powers and the Ottoman Empire . In the wake of the Russo - Turkish War (1877--1878) that ended with a decisive victory for Russia and her Orthodox Christian allies (subjects of the Ottoman Empire before the war) in the Balkan Peninsula, the urgent need was to stabilise and reorganise the Balkans, and set up new nations . German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, who led the Congress, undertook to adjust boundaries to minimise the risks of major war, while recognising the reduced power of the Ottomans, and balance the distinct interests of the great powers . </P>

Which war during the mid 1800s weakened the economy of the ottoman empire