<P> Hepthalites (White Huns) under Toramana crossed over the Hindukush mountains and conquered large parts of western India including Kashmir . His son Mihirakula (c. 502--530 CE) led a military campaign to conquer all of North India . He was opposed by Baladitya in Magadha and eventually defeated by Yasodharman in Malwa . After the defeat, Mihirakula returned to Kashmir where he led a coup on the king . He then conquered of Gandhara where he committed many atrocities on Buddhists and destroyed their shrines . Influence of the Huns faded after Mihirakula's death . After seventh century, significant developments took place in Kashmiri Hinduism . In the centuries that followed, Kashmir produced many poets, philosophers, and artists who contributed to Sanskrit literature and Hindu religion . Among notable scholars of this period was Vasugupta (c. 875--925 CE) who wrote the Shiva Sutras which laid the foundation for a monistic Shaiva system called Kashmir Shaivism . Dualistic interpretation of Shaiva scripture was defeated by Abhinavagupta (c. 975--1025 CE) who wrote many philosophical works on Kashmir Shaivism . Kashmir Shaivism was adopted by the common masses of Kashmir and strongly influenced Shaivism in Southern India . </P> <P> In the eighth century, Karkota Empire established themselves as rulers of Kashmir . Kashmir grew as an imperial power under the Karkotas . Chandrapida of this dynasty was recognized by an imperial order of the Chinese emperor as the king of Kashmir . His successor Lalitaditya Muktapida lead a successful military campaign against the Tibetans . He then defeated Yashovarman of Kanyakubja and subsequently conquered eastern kingdoms of Magadha, Kamarupa, Gauda, and Kalinga . Lalitaditya extended his influence of Malwa and Gujarat and defeated Arabs at Sindh . After his demise, Kashmir's influence over other kingdoms declined and the dynasty ended in c. 855--856 CE . Utpala dynasty founded by Avantivarman followed the Kakrotas . His successor Shankaravarman (885--902 CE) led a successful military campaign against Gurjaras in Punjab . Political instability in the 10th century made the royal body guards (Tantrins) very powerful in Kashmir . Under the Tantrins, civil administration collapsed and chaos reigned in Kashmir till they were defeated by Chakravarman . Queen Didda, who descended from the Hindu Shahis of Kabul on her mother's side, took over as the ruler in second half of the 10th century . After her death in 1003 CE, the throne passed to Lohara dynasty . During the 11th century, Mahmud of Ghazni made two attempts to conquer Kashmir . However, both his campaigns failed because he could not siege the fortress at Lohkot . </P> <P> Historian Mohibbul Hasan states that the oppressive taxation, corruption, internecine fights and rise of feudal lords (Damaras) during the unpopular rule of the Lohara dynasty (1003--1320 CE) paved the way for foreign invasions of Kashmir . Suhadeva, last king of the Lohara dynasty, fled Kashmir after Zulju (Dulacha), a Turkic--Mongol chief, led a savage raid on Kashmir . Rinchana, a Tibetan Buddhist refugee in Kashmir, established himself as the ruler after Zulju . Rinchana's conversion to Islam is a subject of Kashmiri folklore . He was persuaded to accept Islam by his minister Shah Mir, probably for political reasons . Islam had penetrated into countries outside Kashmir and in absence of the support from Hindus, who were in a majority, Rinchana needed the support of the Kashmiri Muslims . Shah Mir's coup on Rinchana's successor secured Muslim rule and the rule of his dynasty in Kashmir . </P> <P> In the 14th century, Islam gradually became the dominant religion in Kashmir . Islamic preacher Sheikh Nooruddin Noorani, who is traditionally revered by Hindus as Nund Rishi, combined elements of Kashmir Shaivism with Sufi mysticism in his discourses . The Sultans between 1354--1470 CE were tolerant of other religions with the exception of Sultan Sikandar (1389--1413 CE). Sultan Sikandar imposed taxes on non--Muslims, forced conversions to Islam, and earned the title But--Shikan for destroying idols . Sultan Zain - ul - Abidin (c. 1420--1470 CE) invited artists and craftsmen from Central Asia and Persia to train local artists in Kashmir . Under his rule the arts of wood carving, papier - mâché, shawl and carpet weaving prospered . For a brief period in 1470s, states of Jammu, Poonch and Rajauri which paid tributes to Kashmir revolted against the Sultan Hajji Khan . However, they were subjugated by his son Hasan Khan who took over as ruler in 1472 CE . By the mid 16th century, Hindu influence in the courts and role of the Hindu priests had declined as Muslim missionaries immigrated into Kashmir from Central Asia and Persia, and Persian replaced Sanskrit as the official language . Around the same period, the nobility of Chaks had become powerful enough to unseat the Shah Mir dynasty . </P>

Who were damars what role did they pray in history of kashmir
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