<P> In political and social sciences, communism (from Latin communis, "common, universal") is the philosophical, social, political, and economic ideology and movement whose ultimate goal is the establishment of the communist society, which is a socioeconomic order structured upon the common ownership of the means of production and the absence of social classes, money and the state . </P> <P> Communism includes a variety of schools of thought, which broadly include Marxism and anarchism (anarcho - communism), as well as the political ideologies grouped around both . All of these share the analysis that the current order of society stems from its economic system, capitalism; that in this system there are two major social classes; that conflict between these two classes is the root of all problems in society; and that this situation will ultimately be resolved through a social revolution . The two classes are the working class--who must work to survive and who make up the majority within society--and the capitalist class--a minority who derives profit from employing the working class through private ownership of the means of production . The revolution will put the working class in power and in turn establish social ownership of the means of production, which according to this analysis is the primary element in the transformation of society towards communism . Critics of communism can be roughly divided into those concerning themselves with the practical aspects of 20th century communist states and those concerning themselves with communist principles and theory . </P> <P> The term "communism" was first coined and defined in its modern definition by the French philosopher and writer Victor d'Hupay . In his 1777 book Projet de communauté philosophe, d'Hupay pushes the philosophy of the Enlightenment to principles which he lived up to during most of his life in his bastide of Fuveau (Provence). This book can be seen as the cornerstone of communist philosophy as d'Hupay defines this lifestyle as a "commune" and advises to "share all economic and material products between inhabitants of the commune, so that all may benefit from everybody's work". </P> <P> According to Richard Pipes, the idea of a classless, egalitarian society first emerged in Ancient Greece . The 5th - century Mazdak movement in Persia (Iran) has been described as "communistic" for challenging the enormous privileges of the noble classes and the clergy, for criticizing the institution of private property and for striving to create an egalitarian society . At one time or another, various small communist communities existed, generally under the inspiration of Scripture . For example, in the medieval Christian church some monastic communities and religious orders shared their land and their other property (see religious and Christian communism). </P>

Who invented communism a movement that aims for a classless and stateless society