<Ul> <Li> Indiana, with thirteen representatives, had a total vote of 565,216 . </Li> </Ul> <Li> Indiana, with thirteen representatives, had a total vote of 565,216 . </Li> <P> Tinkham was defeated by the Democratic Southern Bloc, and also by fears amongst the northern business elites of increasing the voting power of Northern urban working classes, whom both northern business and Southern planter elites believed would vote for large - scale income redistribution at a Federal level . </P> <P> After Herbert Hoover was elected in a landslide in 1928, gaining support from five southern states, Tinkham renewed his effort in the spring of 1929 to persuade Congress to penalize southern states under the Fourteenth and Fifteenth amendments for their racial discrimination . He suggested reduction of their congressional delegations in proportion to the populations they had disenfranchised . He was defeated again by the Solid South . Its representatives had rallied in outrage that the First Lady had invited Jessie De Priest for tea to the White House with other congressional wives . She was the wife of Oscar Stanton De Priest from Chicago, the first African - American elected to Congress in the 20th century . </P>

20th century legal barriers to minority voting included all of the following except