<P> Following independence, the Government of India introduced several 5 - year development plans . Annual production rose to 33 million metric tons (36 million short tons) at the beginning of the First Five Year Plan . The National Coal Development Corporation (NCDC), a Government of India Undertaking, was established in 1956 with the collieries owned by the railways . The NCDC aimed to increase coal production efficiently by systematic and scientific development of the coal industry . The Singareni Collieries Company Ltd . (SCCL) which was already in operation since 1945 and which became a Government company under the control of Government of Andhra Pradesh in 1956 . The coal industry in India was thus controlled by state - owned companies in the 1950s . Today, SCCL is a joint undertaking of Government of Telangana and Government of India sharing its equity in 51: 49 ratio . </P> <P> Right from its genesis, the commercial coal mining in modern times in India has been dictated by the needs of the domestic consumption . India has abundant domestic reserves of coal . Most of these are in the states of Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Telangana and Madhya Pradesh . On account of the growing needs of the steel industry, a thrust had to be given on systematic exploitation of coking coal reserves in Jharia coalfield . Adequate capital investment to meet the burgeoning energy needs of the country was not forthcoming from the private coal mine owners . </P> <P> Unscientific mining practices adopted by some of them and poor working conditions of labor in some of the private coal mines became matters of concern for the Government . On account of these reasons, the Central Government took a decision to nationalize the private coal mines . The nationalization was done in two phases, the first with the coking coal mines in 1971 - 72 and then with the non-coking coal mines in 1973 . In October, 1971, the Coking Coal Mines (Emergency Provisions) Act, 1971 provided for taking over in public interest of the management of coking coal mines and coke oven plants pending nationalization . This was followed by the Coking Coal Mines (Nationalization) Act, 1972 under which the coking coal mines and the coke oven plants other than those with the Tata Iron & Steel Company Limited and Indian Iron & Steel Company Limited, were nationalized on May 1, 1972 and brought under the Bharat Coking Coal Limited (BCCL), a new Central Government Undertaking . Another enactment, namely the Coal Mines (Taking Over of Management) Act, 1973, extended the right of the Government of India to take over the management of the coking and non-coking coal mines in seven States including the coking coal mines taken over in 1971 . This was followed by the nationalization of all these mines on May 1, 1973 with the enactment of the Coal Mines (Nationalization) Act, 1973 which now is the piece of Central legislation determining the eligibility of coal mining in India . </P> <P> All non-coking coal mines were nationalized in 1973 and placed under Coal Mines Authority of India . In 1975, Eastern Coalfields Limited, a subsidiary of Coal India Limited, was formed . It took over all the earlier private collieries in Raniganj Coalfield . Raniganj Coalfield covers an area of 443.50 square kilometres (171.24 sq mi) and has total coal reserves of 8,552.85 million metric tons (9,427.90 million short tons). Eastern Coalfields puts the reserves at 29.72 billion metric tons (32.76 billion short tons). That makes it the second largest coalfield in the country (in terms of reserves). </P>

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