<P> The Indus Waters Treaty governs the rivers that flow from India into Pakistan . Water is cited as one possible cause for a conflict between the two nations, but to date issues such as the Nimoo Bazgo Project have been resolved through diplomacy . </P> <P> In 1949, India recorded close to 1 million Hindu refugees, who flooded into West Bengal and other states from East Pakistan (now Bangladesh), owing to communal violence, intimidation and repression from authorities . The plight of the refugees outraged Hindus and Indian nationalists, and the refugee population drained the resources of Indian states, which were unable to absorb them . While not ruling out war, Prime Minister Nehru and Sardar Patel invited Liaquat Ali Khan for talks in Delhi . Although many Indians termed this appeasement, Nehru signed a pact with Liaquat Ali Khan that pledged both nations to the protection of minorities and creation of minority commissions . Khan and Nehru also signed a trade agreement, and committed to resolving bilateral conflicts through peaceful means . Steadily, hundreds of thousands of Hindus returned to East Pakistan, but the thaw in relations did not last long, primarily owing to the Kashmir conflict . </P> <P> Afghanistan and Pakistan have had their own historic rivalry over their border, the Durand Line, which numerous Afghan governments have refused to recognize as the border . This has led to strong tensions between the two countries and even military confrontations, resulting in Pakistan as victorious . Pakistan has long accused Afghanistan of harboring Baloch separatist rebels and attempting to sponsor separatist tendencies amongst its Pashtun and Baloch populations, going as far back as the 1950s . It has been believed that Pakistan during the 1970s, then under Bhutto, in retaliation began supporting Islamist factions in Afghanistan . These factions proved rebellious for the Afghan government that was friendly to the Soviet Union and its South Asian ally, India . </P> <P> The later Soviet intervention in Afghanistan to prevent further escalation and eventual Islamist takeover of the country proved disastrous afterwards . The United States and its allies feared direct Soviet involvement in Afghanistan and began aiding Pakistan's support for the Afghan Mujaheddin, in hopes of crippling the Soviet Union . The Soviet - Afghan war turned out to be a stalemate with heavy casualties on all sides and costly for the Soviets . Under international agreement, the Soviets withdrew . But various Afghan factions fought one another and their external supporters, including the Soviet Union, Iran, Pakistan and others disagreed on which should be in power . </P>

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