<P> From the 21st Dynasty onward, more copies of the Book of the Dead are found in hieratic script . The calligraphy is similar to that of other hieratic manuscripts of the New Kingdom; the text is written in horizontal lines across wide columns (often the column size corresponds to the size of the papyrus sheets of which a scroll is made up). Occasionally a hieratic Book of the Dead contains captions in hieroglyphic . </P> <P> The text of a Book of the Dead was written in both black and red ink, regardless of whether it was in hieroglyphic or hieratic script . Most of the text was in black, with red ink used for the titles of spells, opening and closing sections of spells, the instructions to perform spells correctly in rituals, and also for the names of dangerous creatures such as the demon Apep . The black ink used was based on carbon, and the red ink on ochre, in both cases mixed with water . </P> <P> The style and nature of the vignettes used to illustrate a Book of the Dead varies widely . Some contain lavish colour illustrations, even making use of gold leaf . Others contain only line drawings, or one simple illustration at the opening . </P> <P> Book of the Dead papyri were often the work of several different scribes and artists whose work was literally pasted together . It is usually possible to identify the style of more than one scribe used on a given manuscript, even when the manuscript is a shorter one . The text and illustrations were produced by different scribes; there are a number of Books where the text was completed but the illustrations were left empty . </P>

When was the book of the dead published