<P> In 1951, pianist Dave Brubeck hired alto saxophonist Paul Desmond, forming a quartet . Desmond's playing style ran counter to bebop, as he seldom used blues elements, and was influenced by Pete Brown and Benny Carter rather than Charlie Parker . </P> <P> The Pacific Jazz and Contemporary record labels were two of the best known that carried West Coast jazz, just as Blue Note Records was the biggest hard - bop label . Some of the major pioneers of West Coast jazz were Shorty Rogers, Gerry Mulligan, Chet Baker, Stan Getz, Bud Shank, Bob Cooper, Jimmy Giuffre, Shelly Manne, Russ Freeman, Bill Holman, André Previn, and Dave Brubeck with Paul Desmond . In 1952--1962 jazz singer Anita O'Day recorded 17 albums for Norman Granz's Norgran and Verve labels . </P> <P> While many Los Angeles area jazz musicians, particularly the former members of the Herman and Kenton bands, found regular employment in broadcast and motion picture studios, most of these musicians were white, leading to accusations that the studios deliberately excluded African Americans . The situation was a contributing factor toward the integration of the Los Angeles chapters of the American Federation of Musicians during the early 1950s . Pianist Marl Young recalled that in 1950, </P> <P> as far as I knew, there were no blacks working regularly in the industry, especially on the networks--ABC, CBS and NBC . (Estelle Edson) asked me if the fact that the Musicians Unions were segregated contributed to the scarcity of blacks in the industry . It certainly could have been a contributing factor in that all the contracts for employment of musicians in the broadcast and motion picture studios were negotiated by the then all - white union, Local 47 . The black union, Local 767, merely adopted the scales negotiated by Local 47, if and when a black musician got a studio call . </P>

Which of the following was not considered a proponent of west coast bop