<P> Owing to its large size and distinctive structure, the Golgi apparatus was one of the first organelles to be discovered and observed in detail . It was discovered in 1898 by Italian physician Camillo Golgi during an investigation of the nervous system . After first observing it under his microscope, he termed the structure as apparato reticolare interno ("internal reticular apparatus"). Some doubted the discovery at first, arguing that the appearance of the structure was merely an optical illusion created by the observation technique used by Golgi . With the development of modern microscopes in the 20th century, the discovery was confirmed . Early references to the Golgi referred to it by various names including the "Golgi--Holmgren apparatus", "Golgi--Holmgren ducts", and "Golgi--Kopsch apparatus". The term "Golgi apparatus" was used in 1910 and first appeared in the scientific literature in 1913, while "Golgi complex" was introduced in 1956 . </P> <P> The subcellular localization of the Golgi apparatus varies among eukaryotes . In mammals, a single Golgi apparatus is usually located near the cell nucleus, close to the centrosome . Tubular connections are responsible for linking the stacks together . Localization and tubular connections of the Golgi apparatus are dependent on microtubules . In experiments it is seen that as microtubules are depolymerized the Golgi apparatuses lose mutual connections and become individual stacks throughout the cytoplasm . In yeast, multiple Golgi apparatuses are scattered throughout the cytoplasm (as observed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae). In plants, Golgi stacks are not concentrated at the centrosomal region and do not form Golgi ribbons . Organization of the plant Golgi depends on actin cables and not microtubules . The common feature among Golgi is that they are adjacent to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) exit sites . </P> <P> In most eukaryotes, the Golgi apparatus is made up of a series of compartments and is a collection of fused, flattened membrane - enclosed disks known as cisternae (singular: cisterna, also called "dictyosomes"), originating from vesicular clusters that bud off the endoplasmic reticulum . A mammalian cell typically contains 40 to 100 stacks of cisternae . Between four and eight cisternae are usually present in a stack; however, in some protists as many as sixty cisternae have been observed . This collection of cisternae is broken down into cis, medial, and trans compartments, making up two main networks: the cis Golgi network (CGN) and the trans Golgi network (TGN). The CGN is the first cisternal structure, and the TGN is the final, from which proteins are packaged into vesicles destined to lysosomes, secretory vesicles, or the cell surface . The TGN is usually positioned adjacent to the stack, but can also be separate from it . The TGN may act as an early endosome in yeast and plants . </P> <P> There are structural and organizational differences in the Golgi apparatus among eukaryotes . In some yeasts, Golgi stacking is not observed . Pichia pastoris does have stacked Golgi, while Saccharomyces cerevisiae does not . In plants, the individual stacks of the Golgi apparatus seem to operate independently . </P>

Difference between cis and trans face of golgi body
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