<Tr> <Td> Growth episodes associated with falling poverty rates </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Growth episodes associated with no fall in poverty rates </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <P> Scholars conceptualize the employment relationship in various ways . A key assumption is the extent to which the employment relationship necessarily includes conflicts of interests between employers and employees, and the form of such conflicts . In economic theorizing, the labor market mediates all such conflicts such that employers and employees who enter into an employment relationship are assumed to find this arrangement in their own self - interest . In human resource management theorizing, employers and employees are assumed to have shared interests (or a unity of interests, hence the label "unitarism"). Any conflicts that exist are seen as a manifestation of poor human resource management policies or interpersonal clashes such as personality conflicts, both of which can and should be managed away . From the perspective of pluralist industrial relations, the employment relationship is characterized by a plurality of stakeholders with legitimate interests (hence the label "pluralism), and some conflicts of interests are seen as inherent in the employment relationship (e.g., wages v. profits). Lastly, the critical paradigm emphasizes antagonistic conflicts of interests between various groups (e.g., the competing capitalist and working classes in a Marxist framework) that are part of a deeper social conflict of unequal power relations . As a result, there are four common models of employment: </P> <Ol> <Li> Mainstream economics: employment is seen as a mutually advantageous transaction in a free market between self - interested legal and economic equals </Li> <Li> Human resource management (unitarism): employment is a long - term partnership of employees and employers with common interests </Li> <Li> Pluralist industrial relations: employment is a bargained exchange between stakeholders with some common and some competing economic interests and unequal bargaining power due to imperfect labor markets </Li> <Li> Critical industrial relations: employment is an unequal power relation between competing groups that is embedded in and inseparable from systemic inequalities throughout the socio - politico - economic system . </Li> </Ol>

Who is the employee and who is the employer