<P> According to Elkind, the onset of adolescent egocentrism is brought on by the emergence of the formal operational stage, which allows the adolescent to mentally construct hypotheses that are contrary to reality . It is at the onset of adolescence that the individual is "freed" from the confines of concrete thought, and begins to be able to grasp abstract or hypothetical concepts (thus the formal operational way of thinking arises). Here, the individual is now able to imagine the hypothetical situation involving dogs as humans and not animals . Thus, the individual is also able to imagine, and even come to believe, hypothetical situations in which everyone is as concerned with him or herself, and in which he or she is unique and invulnerable when compared to others . Such contrary - to - fact propositions are what characterize the personal fable . </P> <P> Elkind introduced the idea of an adolescent egocentrism, which according to him emerges in the midst of the transition to Piaget's formal operational stage of cognition (the final stage in which the individual is capable of abstract thinking: hypothetical and deductive reasoning). Although the construct itself remains widely used in research today, there has been no supporting evidence to suggest that adolescent egocentrism follows any age related pattern (as would be suggested by the assumption that it disappears when adolescents enter the formal operational stage, which in fact some individuals never reach). </P> <P> The onset of adolescent egocentrism tends to occur at about age 11--13 which is considered early adolescence . Since an adolescent is thought to develop the formal operational stage of thinking during this time, the personal fable phenomenon is thought to develop as well . There are studies that support this hypothesis, showing that it is during early adolescence that the personal fable is most prominent (this includes both the uniqueness and invulnerability aspects of personal fable). It has also been shown that both feelings of uniqueness and invulnerability increase significantly from age 11 to age 13 . </P> <P> Middle adolescence is generally considered to be around the age range of 14--16 . Past research has demonstrated that personal fable peaks at about age 13 during early adolescence It has also been speculated that the personal fable phenomenon ought to decline as one moves into middle and then late adolescence . </P>

Which behavior is not due to the risk taking so common in emerging adulthood quizlet