<P> Jan Tschichold codified the principles of modern typography in his 1928 book, New Typography . He later repudiated the philosophy he espoused in this book as fascistic, but it remained influential . Tschichold, Bauhaus typographers such as Herbert Bayer and László Moholy - Nagy and El Lissitzky greatly influenced graphic design . They pioneered production techniques and stylistic devices used throughout the twentieth century . The following years saw graphic design in the modern style gain widespread acceptance and application . The post-World War II American economy revealed a greater need for graphic design, mainly in advertising and packaging . The spread of the German Bauhaus school of design to Chicago in 1937 brought a "mass - produced" minimalism to America; sparking "modern" architecture and design . Notable names in mid-century modern design include Adrian Frutiger, designer of the typefaces Univers and Frutiger; Paul Rand, who took the principles of the Bauhaus and applied them to popular advertising and logo design, helping to create a uniquely American approach to European minimalism while becoming one of the principal pioneers of the subset of graphic design known as corporate identity; Alex Steinweiss, credited with the invention of the album cover; and Josef Müller - Brockmann, who designed posters in a severe yet accessible manner typical of the 1950s and 1970s era . </P> <P> The professional graphic design industry grew in parallel with consumerism . This raised concerns and criticisms, notably from within the graphic design community with the First Things First manifesto . First launched by Ken Garland in 1964, it was re-published as the First Things First 2000 manifesto in 1999 in the magazine Emigre 51 stating "We propose a reversal of priorities in favor of more useful, lasting and democratic forms of communication - a mindshift away from product marketing and toward the exploration and production of a new kind of meaning . The scope of debate is shrinking; it must expand . Consumerism is running uncontested; it must be challenged by other perspectives expressed, in part, through the visual languages and resources of design ." Both editions attracted signatures from practitioners and thinkers such as Rudy VanderLans, Erik Spiekermann, Ellen Lupton and Rick Poynor . The 2000 manifesto was also published in Adbusters, known for its strong critiques of visual culture . </P> <P> Graphic design is applied to everything visual, from road signs to technical schematics, from interoffice memorandums to reference manuals . </P> <P> Design can aid in selling a product or idea . It is applied to products and elements of company identity such as logos, colors, packaging and text as part of branding (see also advertising). Branding has increasingly become important in the range of services offered by graphic designers . Graphic designers often form part of a branding team . </P>

Which of the following is not a type of graphic file that is created by a graphics program ​