<P> During the unification of al - Andalus in the reign of Abd ar - Rahman before his death in 788, al - Andalus underwent centralization and slow but steady homogenization . The autonomous status of many towns and regions negotiated in the first years of the conquest was reversed by 778, in some cases much earlier (Pamplona by 742, for example). The Hispanic Church based in Toledo, whose status remained largely undiminished under the new rulers, fell out with the Roman Church during the Adoptionist controversy (late 8th century). Rome relied on an alliance with Charlemagne (in war with the Cordovan emirs) to defend its political authority and possessions, and went on to recognize the northern Asturian principality (Gallaecia) as a kingdom apart from Cordova, and Alfonso II as king . </P> <P> The population of al - Andalus, especially local nobles who aspired to a share in power, began to embrace Islam and the Arabic language . However, the majority of the population remained Christian (using the Mozarabic Rite), and Latin (Mozarabic) remained the principal language until the 11th century . </P> <P> Abd ar - Rahman I founded an independent dynasty that survived until the 11th century . That line was succeeded by a variety of short and small emirates (taifas) unable to stop the push of the expansionist northern Christian kingdoms . The Almoravids (1086 - 1094) and the Almohads (1146 - 1173) occupied al - Andalus next, and the Marinids in 1269, but that could not prevent the fragmentation of Muslim - ruled territory . The last Muslim emirate, Granada, was defeated by the armies of Castile (successor to Asturias) and Aragon under Isabella and Ferdinand in 1492 . The last wave of expulsions from Spain of the native population of Muslim descent took place in 1614 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> History of Al - Andalus </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Muslim conquest (711--732) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Battle of Guadalete </Li> <Li> Battle of Toulouse </Li> <Li> Battle of Tours </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Umayyads of Córdoba (756--1031) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Emirate of Córdoba </Li> <Li> Caliphate of Córdoba </Li> <Li> Al - Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First Taifa period (1009--1110) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Almoravid rule (1085--1145) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Conquest </Li> <Li> Battle of Sagrajas </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Second Taifa period (1140--1203) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Almohad rule (1147--1238) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Third Taifa period (1232--1287) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Emirate of Granada (1238--1492) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nasrid dynasty </Li> <Li> Granada War </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Iberia </Li> <Li> Reconquista </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table>

Who forced the umayyads out of spain by 1492