<P> Much of the criticism against young - Earth creationism is based on evidence in nature that the Earth is much older than adherents believe . Confronting such evidence, some adherents make an argument (called the Omphalos hypothesis) that the world was created with the appearance of age; e.g., the sudden appearance of a mature chicken capable of laying eggs . This hypothesis is non-falsifiable since no evidence about the age of the earth (or any astronomical feature) can be shown not to be fabricated during creation . </P> <P> Theories of history or politics that allegedly predict future events have a logical form that renders them neither falsifiable nor verifiable . They claim that for every historically significant event, there exists an historical or economic law that determines the way in which events proceeded . Failure to identify the law does not mean that it does not exist, yet an event that satisfies the law does not prove the general case . Evaluation of such claims is at best difficult . On this basis, Popper "fundamentally criticized historicism in the sense of any preordained prediction of history" and argued that neither Marxism nor psychoanalysis was science, although both made such claims . Again, this does not mean that any of these types of theories is necessarily incorrect . Popper considered falsifiability a test of whether theories are scientific, not of whether propositions that they contain or support are true . </P> <P> Many philosophers believe that mathematics is not experimentally falsifiable, and thus not a science according to the definition of Karl Popper . However, in the 1930s Gödel's incompleteness theorems proved that there does not exist a set of axioms for mathematics which is both complete and consistent . Karl Popper concluded that "most mathematical theories are, like those of physics and biology, hypothetico - deductive: pure mathematics therefore turns out to be much closer to the natural sciences whose hypotheses are conjectures, than it seemed even recently ." Other thinkers, notably Imre Lakatos, have applied a version of falsificationism to mathematics itself . </P> <P> Like all formal sciences, mathematics is not concerned with the validity of theories based on observations in the empirical world, but rather, mathematics is occupied with the theoretical, abstract study of such topics as quantity, structure, space and change . Methods of the mathematical sciences are, however, applied in constructing and testing scientific models dealing with observable reality . Albert Einstein wrote, "One reason why mathematics enjoys special esteem, above all other sciences, is that its laws are absolutely certain and indisputable, while those of other sciences are to some extent debatable and in constant danger of being overthrown by newly discovered facts ." </P>

Who would have supported the notion that intelligence resulted from a single ability