<Dl> <Dd> The use of quotation marks and the way this is phrased suggest that this automaton is not' true' historical materialism, but something that is given that name . By whom, we ask . And the answer must be the chief spokesmen of Marxism in his period, that is to say the ideologues of the Second and Third Internationals ." </Dd> </Dl> <Dd> The use of quotation marks and the way this is phrased suggest that this automaton is not' true' historical materialism, but something that is given that name . By whom, we ask . And the answer must be the chief spokesmen of Marxism in his period, that is to say the ideologues of the Second and Third Internationals ." </Dd> <P> One key to Benjamin's critique of historicism is his rejection of the past as a continuum of progress . This is most apparent in thesis XI . His alternate vision of the past and "progress" is best represented by thesis IX, which employs Paul Klee's painting Angelus Novus (1920) as the "angel of history," with his back turned to the future: "Where we see the appearance of a chain of events, he sees one single catastrophe, which unceasingly piles rubble on top of rubble and hurls it before his feet (...) That which we call progress, is this storm ." Benjamin thus inverts Marxist historical materialism, which was concerned with predicting a revolutionary future, to assert that historical materialism's true task ought to be, in Beiner's words, "to save the past ." </P> <P> According to Benjamin, "Historicism depicts the' eternal' picture of the past; the historical materialist, an experience with it, which stands alone" (Thesis XVI). Benjamin argues against the idea of an "eternal picture" of history and prefers the idea of history as a self - standing experience . Thus, Benjamin states "To articulate the past historically does not mean to recognize it' the way it really was .' It means to seize hold of a memory as it flashes up at a moment of danger" (Thesis VI). </P>

Who wrote the angel of history (in theses on the philosophy of history )
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