<P> The Confederacy actively used the army to arrest people suspected of loyalty to the United States . Historian Mark Neely found 4,108 names of men arrested and estimated a much larger total . The Confederacy arrested pro-Union civilians in the South at about the same rate as the Union arrested pro-Confederate civilians in the North . Neely argues: </P> <P> The Confederate citizen was not any freer than the Union citizen--and perhaps no less likely to be arrested by military authorities . In fact, the Confederate citizen may have been in some ways less free than his Northern counterpart . For example, freedom to travel within the Confederate states was severely limited by a domestic passport system . </P> <P> Across the South, widespread rumors alarmed the whites by predicting the slaves were planning some sort of insurrection . Patrols were stepped up . The slaves did become increasingly independent, and resistant to punishment, but historians agree there were no insurrections . In the invaded areas, insubordination was more the norm than loyalty to the old master; Bell Wiley says, "It was not disloyalty, but the lure of freedom ." Many slaves became spies for the North, and large numbers ran away to federal lines . </P> <P> Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, an executive order of the U.S. government on January 1, 1863, changed the legal status of 3 million slaves in designated areas of the Confederacy from "slave" to "free". The long - term effect was that the Confederacy could not preserve the institution of slavery, and lost the use of the core element of its plantation labor force . Slaves were legally freed by the Proclamation, and became free by escaping to federal lines, or by advances of federal troops . Many freed slaves served as volunteers in the federal army as teamsters, cooks, laundresses and laborers, and eventually as soldiers . Plantation owners, realizing that emancipation would destroy their economic system, sometimes moved their slaves as far as possible out of reach of the Union army . By "Juneteenth" (June 19, 1865, in Texas), the Union Army controlled all of the Confederacy and had liberated all its slaves . Their owners never received compensation . </P>

Who had control of the greater number of states