<P> Most Hindus observe religious rituals at home . The rituals vary greatly among regions, villages, and individuals . They are not mandatory in Hinduism . The nature and place of rituals is an individual's choice . Some devout Hindus perform daily rituals such as worshiping at dawn after bathing (usually at a family shrine, and typically includes lighting a lamp and offering foodstuffs before the images of deities), recitation from religious scripts, singing devotional hymns, yoga, meditation, chanting mantras and others . </P> <P> Vedic rituals of fire - oblation (yajna) and chanting of Vedic hymns are observed on special occasions, such as a Hindu wedding . Other major life - stage events, such as rituals after death, include the yajña and chanting of Vedic mantras . </P> <P> Major life stage milestones are celebrated as sanskara (saṃskāra, rites of passage) in Hinduism . The rites of passage are not mandatory, and vary in details by gender, community and regionally . Gautama Dharmasutras composed in about the middle of 1st millennium BCE lists 48 sanskaras, while Gryhasutra and other texts composed centuries later list between 12 and 16 sanskaras . The list of sanskaras in Hinduism include both external rituals such as those marking a baby's birth and a baby's name giving ceremony, as well as inner rites of resolutions and ethics such as compassion towards all living beings and positive attitude . </P> <P> The major traditional rites of passage in Hinduism include Garbhadhana (pregnancy), Pumsavana (rite before the fetus begins moving and kicking in womb), Simantonnayana (parting of pregnant woman's hair, baby shower), Jatakarman (rite celebrating the new born baby), Namakarana (naming the child), Nishkramana (baby's first outing from home into the world), Annaprashana (baby's first feeding of solid food), Chudakarana (baby's first haircut, tonsure), Karnavedha (ear piercing), Vidyarambha (baby's start with knowledge), Upanayana (entry into a school rite), Keshanta and Ritusuddhi (first shave for boys, menarche for girls), Samavartana (graduation ceremony), Vivaha (wedding), Vratas (fasting, spiritual studies) and Antyeshti (cremation for an adult, burial for a child). In contemporary times, there is regional variation among Hindus as to which of these sanskaras are observed; in some cases, additional regional rites of passage such as Śrāddha (ritual of feeding people after cremation) are practiced . </P>

Which of the following is not associated with the teachings of hinduism