<Dl> <Dd> Poor societies, which lack the resources to imprison criminals for years, frequently use execution in place of imprisonment, for severe crimes . Less severe crimes, such as theft, might be dealt with by less severe physical means, such as amputation of the hands . When long term imprisonment is used in such societies, it may be a virtual death sentence, as the lack of food, sanitation, and medical care causes widespread disease and death, in such prisons . </Dd> </Dl> <Dd> Poor societies, which lack the resources to imprison criminals for years, frequently use execution in place of imprisonment, for severe crimes . Less severe crimes, such as theft, might be dealt with by less severe physical means, such as amputation of the hands . When long term imprisonment is used in such societies, it may be a virtual death sentence, as the lack of food, sanitation, and medical care causes widespread disease and death, in such prisons . </Dd> <P> Some of the goals of criminal justice are compatible with one another, while others are in conflict . In the history of prison reform, the harsh treatment, torture, and executions used for deterrence first came under fire as a violation of human rights . The salvation goal, and methods, were later attacked as violations of the individual's freedom of religion . This led to further reforms aimed principally at reform / correction of the individual, removal from society, and reduction of immediate costs . The perception that such reforms sometimes denied victims justice then led to further changes . </P> <P> John Howard is now widely regarded as the founding father of prison reform, having travelled extensively visiting prisons across Europe in the 1770s and 1780s . Also, the great social reformer Jonas Hanway promoted "solitude in imprisonment, with proper profitable labor and a spare diet". Indeed, this became the popular model in England for many decades . </P>

How did reformers attempt to improve the nation's prisons