<Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Thirty Years' War </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Part of European wars of religion </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Les Grandes Misères de la guerre (The Great Miseries of War) by Jacques Callot, 1632 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Td> 23 May 1618--15 May 1648 (29 years, 11 months, 3 weeks, and 1 day) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> Europe, mainly present - day Germany </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Result </Th> <Td> <P> Peace of Westphalia </P> <Ul> <Li> Protestant princes allowed to continue religious practices </Li> <Li> Decline of the Catholic Church mainly, although not exclusively, in northern Europe </Li> <Li> Habsburg supremacy curtailed </Li> <Li> Recognition of the independence of the Dutch Republic by Spanish Empire </Li> <Li> Recognition of the Spanish sovereignty of Southern Netherlands and Luxembourg by Dutch Republic </Li> <Li> Rise of France and the Bourbon dynasty </Li> <Li> Rise of the Swedish Empire </Li> <Li> Decline of feudalism in continental Europe </Li> <Li> Further decentralization of the Holy Roman Empire </Li> <Li> Franco - Spanish War until 1659 </Li> <Li> Devastation and major population loss in Imperial states </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Belligerents </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <P> Anti-Habsburg states and allies: Sweden (from 1630) Dutch Republic France (from 1635) Denmark (1625--1629) Bohemia (1618--1620) The Palatinate (surrendered in 1623) Saxony (until 1635) Brandenburg - Prussia (until 1635) Brunswick - Lüneburg England (1625--30) Scotland (1625--38) Transylvania (from 1619) </P> Supported by: <Ul> <Li> Ottoman Empire </Li> <Li> Russian Tsardom </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <P> Habsburg states and allies: Holy Roman Empire </P> <Ul> <Li> Catholic League </Li> <Li> Austria </Li> </Ul> <P> Spanish Empire Hungary Denmark (1643--45) </P> Supported by: <Ul> <Li> Poland </Li> <Li> Zaporizhian Cossacks </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Commanders and leaders </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Gustavus Adolphus † </Li> <Li> Axel Oxenstierna </Li> <Li> Johan Banér </Li> <Li> Lennart Torstenson </Li> <Li> Gustav Horn </Li> <Li> Carl Gustaf Wrangel </Li> <Li> Charles X Gustav </Li> <Li> James Spens </Li> <Li> Alexander Leslie </Li> <Li> James 3rd Marquis Hamilton </Li> <Li> Louis XIII of France </Li> <Li> Cardinal Richelieu </Li> <Li> Cardinal Mazarin </Li> <Li> Louis XIV of France </Li> <Li> Marquis de Feuquieres † </Li> <Li> Henri, Prince of Condé </Li> <Li> Duke of Gramont </Li> <Li> Gaspard III de Coligny </Li> <Li> Louis II de Bourbon </Li> <Li> Urbain de Maillé - Brézé </Li> <Li> Vicomte de Turenne </Li> <Li> John Hepburn † </Li> <Li> Frederick V, Elector Palatine </Li> <Li> Jindřich Matyáš Thurn </Li> <Li> Christian I of Anhalt - Bernburg </Li> <Li> Christian IV of Denmark </Li> <Li> Robert Maxwell, 1st Earl of Nithsdale </Li> <Li> Bernhard of Saxe - Weimar </Li> <Li> Johann Georg I of Saxony </Li> <Li> Maurice of Nassau </Li> <Li> Piet Pieterszoon Hein </Li> <Li> William of Nassau </Li> <Li> Frederik Hendrik of Orange </Li> <Li> Maarten Tromp </Li> <Li> Ernst Casimir </Li> <Li> Hendrik Casimir I </Li> <Li> Charles I Stuart </Li> <Li> Duke of Buckingham † </Li> <Li> Sir Horace Vere </Li> <Li> Gabriel Bethlen </Li> <Li> Ernst von Mansfeld </Li> <Li> Christian of Brunswick </Li> <Li> Mikhail Borisovich Shein </Li> <Li> Ohrili Hüseyin Pasha </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ferdinand II </Li> <Li> Ferdinand III </Li> <Li> Albrecht von Wallenstein </Li> <Li> Count of Tilly † </Li> <Li> Ottavio Piccolomini </Li> <Li> Franz von Mercy † </Li> <Li> Johann von Werth </Li> <Li> Gottfried Heinrich Graf zu Pappenheim † </Li> <Li> Raimondo Montecuccoli </Li> <Li> Peter Melander Graf von Holzappel † </Li> <Li> Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria </Li> <Li> Philip III of Spain </Li> <Li> Philip IV of Spain </Li> <Li> Count - Duke of Olivares </Li> <Li> Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba </Li> <Li> Charles de Longueval, Count of Bucquoy † </Li> <Li> Ambrosio Spinola † </Li> <Li> Carlos Coloma </Li> <Li> Duke of Feria </Li> <Li> Francisco de Melo </Li> <Li> Cardinal - Infante Ferdinand </Li> <Li> Matthias Gallas </Li> <Li> Maximilian I of Bavaria </Li> <Li> Charles IV, Duke of Lorraine </Li> <Li> Sigismund III of Poland </Li> </Ul> <P> Ivan Sirko </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Strength </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 149,000 Swedes (1632) </Li> <Li> 135,000 Danes (1625) </Li> <Li> 77,000 Dutch (1629) </Li> <Li> 6,000 Transylvanians </Li> <Li> 60,000 Ottoman cavalry (as support to Frederick V, Elector Palatine) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Over 150,000 Imperial Army (Holy Roman Empire) (1635) </Li> <Li> Up to 300,000 Spanish </Li> <Li> About 20,000 Hungarian and Croatian cavalry </Li> <Li> Plus other smaller forces </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Casualties and losses </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 110,000 Swedes (dead from all causes) </Td> <Td> 118,000 Imperial (total casualties) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> 8,000,000 dead (including 7,500,000 Germans and Bohemians) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Thirty Years' War </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Bohemian - Palatinate War (1618--1623) <Ul> <Li> Pilsen </Li> <Li> Lomnice </Li> <Li> Sablat </Li> <Li> Wisternitz </Li> <Li> Humenné </Li> <Li> Bad Kreuznach </Li> <Li> Oppenheim </Li> <Li> Bacharach </Li> <Li> White Mountain </Li> <Li> Érsekújvár </Li> <Li> Neu Titschein </Li> <Li> Battle of Tyrnau (de) </Li> <Li> Mingolsheim </Li> <Li> Wimpfen </Li> <Li> Höchst </Li> <Li> Fleurus </Li> <Li> Heidelberg </Li> <Li> Mannheim </Li> <Li> Frankenthal </Li> <Li> Hodonín </Li> <Li> Stadtlohn </Li> </Ul> <P> Danish War (1625--1629) </P> <Ul> <Li> Genoa </Li> <Li> Peasants' War in Upper Austria </Li> <Li> Dessau Bridge </Li> <Li> Lutter am Barenberge </Li> <Li> Stralsund </Li> <Li> Wolgast </Li> </Ul> <P> Swedish War (1630--1635) </P> <Ul> <Li> Swedish landing </Li> <Li> Frankfurt </Li> <Li> Magdeburg </Li> <Li> Werben </Li> <Li> 1st Breitenfeld </Li> <Li> Bamberg </Li> <Li> Rain </Li> <Li> Wiesloch </Li> <Li> Nuremberg </Li> <Li> Alte Veste </Li> <Li> Fürth </Li> <Li> Lützen </Li> <Li> Oldendorf </Li> <Li> Pfaffenhofen </Li> <Li> Steinau </Li> <Li> Konstanz </Li> <Li> 1st Breisach </Li> <Li> 1st Rheinfelden </Li> <Li> Battle of Liegnitz (1634) (de) </Li> <Li> 1st Nördlingen </Li> <Li> Willstätt </Li> </Ul> <P> French - Swedish War (1635--1648) </P> <Ul> <Li> Les Avins </Li> <Li> Avesnes </Li> <Li> Leuven </Li> <Li> Ray - sur - Saône </Li> <Li> Battle of Dömitz (de) </Li> <Li> Battle of Haselünne (de) </Li> <Li> Tornavento </Li> <Li> Somme </Li> <Li> Wittstock </Li> <Li> Hanau </Li> <Li> 2nd Rheinfelden </Li> <Li> Fuenterrabía </Li> <Li> Vlotho </Li> <Li> 2nd Breisach </Li> <Li> Battle of Wittenweiher (de) </Li> <Li> Thann </Li> <Li> 1st Freiberg </Li> <Li> Chemnitz </Li> <Li> Melnik </Li> <Li> Saint Omer </Li> <Li> Thionville </Li> <Li> Salses </Li> <Li> Cambrils </Li> <Li> Montjuïc </Li> <Li> Battle of Preßnitz (de) </Li> <Li> São Filipe </Li> <Li> Plauen </Li> <Li> La Marfée </Li> <Li> Dorsten </Li> <Li> Battle of Wolfenbüttel (1641) </Li> <Li> Honnecourt </Li> <Li> Kempen </Li> <Li> Schweidnitz </Li> <Li> 2nd Breitenfeld </Li> <Li> Klingenthal </Li> <Li> 2nd Freiberg </Li> <Li> Rocroi </Li> <Li> Tuttlingen </Li> <Li> Kolding </Li> <Li> Lister Dyb </Li> <Li> Colberger Heide </Li> <Li> Freiburg </Li> <Li> Fehmarn </Li> <Li> Jüterbog </Li> <Li> Bysjön </Li> <Li> Jankau </Li> <Li> Brno </Li> <Li> Mergentheim </Li> <Li> 2nd Nördlingen </Li> <Li> Battle of Triebl (de) </Li> <Li> Neapolitan Revolt </Li> <Li> Zusmarshausen </Li> <Li> Lens </Li> <Li> Wevelinghoven </Li> <Li> Battle of Dachau (de) </Li> <Li> Prague </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Palatinate campaign </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Bad Kreuznach </Li> <Li> Oppenheim </Li> <Li> Bacharach </Li> <Li> Mingolsheim </Li> <Li> Wimpfen </Li> <Li> Höchst </Li> <Li> Heidelberg </Li> <Li> Mannheim </Li> <Li> Frankenthal </Li> <Li> Stadtlohn </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Anglo - Spanish War 1625--1630 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Breda </Li> <Li> Cádiz </Li> <Li> St. Kitts and Nevis </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Torstenson War </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Kolding </Li> <Li> Lister Dyb </Li> <Li> Colberger Heide </Li> <Li> Fehmarn </Li> <Li> Bysjön </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Franco - Spanish War (1635--59) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Dl> <Dt> Flanders and northern France </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Les Avins </Li> <Li> Leuven </Li> <Li> Raon </Li> <Li> Somme </Li> <Li> 1st Landrecies </Li> <Li> Saint Omer </Li> <Li> 1st Thionville </Li> <Li> Arras </Li> <Li> La Marfée </Li> <Li> Honnecourt </Li> <Li> Rocroi </Li> <Li> 2nd Thionville </Li> <Li> 1st Dunkirk </Li> <Li> 2nd Landrecies </Li> <Li> Lens </Li> <Li> Arras </Li> <Li> 3rd Landrecies </Li> <Li> Valenciennes </Li> <Li> The Dunes </Li> <Li> 2nd Dunkirk </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Catalonia and the Pyrenees </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Leucate </Li> <Li> Fuenterrabía </Li> <Li> Salses </Li> <Li> Montjuïc </Li> <Li> Perpignan </Li> <Li> Lerida </Li> <Li> 2nd Lleida </Li> <Li> Llorens </Li> <Li> Balaguer </Li> <Li> 2nd Barcelona </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Northern Italy </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Livigno </Li> <Li> Mazzo </Li> <Li> Val Fraela </Li> <Li> Morbegno </Li> <Li> Tornavento </Li> <Li> Chieri </Li> <Li> Casale </Li> <Li> Turin </Li> <Li> Cremona </Li> <Li> Pavia </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Caribbean </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Tortuga </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Naval battles </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Getaria </Li> <Li> Cádiz </Li> <Li> 1st Tarragona </Li> <Li> 2nd Tarragona </Li> <Li> Barcelona </Li> <Li> Cartagena </Li> <Li> Orbetello </Li> <Li> Cambrils </Li> <Li> Bordeaux </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Thirty Years' War </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Part of European wars of religion </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Les Grandes Misères de la guerre (The Great Miseries of War) by Jacques Callot, 1632 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Td> 23 May 1618--15 May 1648 (29 years, 11 months, 3 weeks, and 1 day) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> Europe, mainly present - day Germany </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Result </Th> <Td> <P> Peace of Westphalia </P> <Ul> <Li> Protestant princes allowed to continue religious practices </Li> <Li> Decline of the Catholic Church mainly, although not exclusively, in northern Europe </Li> <Li> Habsburg supremacy curtailed </Li> <Li> Recognition of the independence of the Dutch Republic by Spanish Empire </Li> <Li> Recognition of the Spanish sovereignty of Southern Netherlands and Luxembourg by Dutch Republic </Li> <Li> Rise of France and the Bourbon dynasty </Li> <Li> Rise of the Swedish Empire </Li> <Li> Decline of feudalism in continental Europe </Li> <Li> Further decentralization of the Holy Roman Empire </Li> <Li> Franco - Spanish War until 1659 </Li> <Li> Devastation and major population loss in Imperial states </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Belligerents </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <P> Anti-Habsburg states and allies: Sweden (from 1630) Dutch Republic France (from 1635) Denmark (1625--1629) Bohemia (1618--1620) The Palatinate (surrendered in 1623) Saxony (until 1635) Brandenburg - Prussia (until 1635) Brunswick - Lüneburg England (1625--30) Scotland (1625--38) Transylvania (from 1619) </P> Supported by: <Ul> <Li> Ottoman Empire </Li> <Li> Russian Tsardom </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <P> Habsburg states and allies: Holy Roman Empire </P> <Ul> <Li> Catholic League </Li> <Li> Austria </Li> </Ul> <P> Spanish Empire Hungary Denmark (1643--45) </P> Supported by: <Ul> <Li> Poland </Li> <Li> Zaporizhian Cossacks </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Commanders and leaders </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Gustavus Adolphus † </Li> <Li> Axel Oxenstierna </Li> <Li> Johan Banér </Li> <Li> Lennart Torstenson </Li> <Li> Gustav Horn </Li> <Li> Carl Gustaf Wrangel </Li> <Li> Charles X Gustav </Li> <Li> James Spens </Li> <Li> Alexander Leslie </Li> <Li> James 3rd Marquis Hamilton </Li> <Li> Louis XIII of France </Li> <Li> Cardinal Richelieu </Li> <Li> Cardinal Mazarin </Li> <Li> Louis XIV of France </Li> <Li> Marquis de Feuquieres † </Li> <Li> Henri, Prince of Condé </Li> <Li> Duke of Gramont </Li> <Li> Gaspard III de Coligny </Li> <Li> Louis II de Bourbon </Li> <Li> Urbain de Maillé - Brézé </Li> <Li> Vicomte de Turenne </Li> <Li> John Hepburn † </Li> <Li> Frederick V, Elector Palatine </Li> <Li> Jindřich Matyáš Thurn </Li> <Li> Christian I of Anhalt - Bernburg </Li> <Li> Christian IV of Denmark </Li> <Li> Robert Maxwell, 1st Earl of Nithsdale </Li> <Li> Bernhard of Saxe - Weimar </Li> <Li> Johann Georg I of Saxony </Li> <Li> Maurice of Nassau </Li> <Li> Piet Pieterszoon Hein </Li> <Li> William of Nassau </Li> <Li> Frederik Hendrik of Orange </Li> <Li> Maarten Tromp </Li> <Li> Ernst Casimir </Li> <Li> Hendrik Casimir I </Li> <Li> Charles I Stuart </Li> <Li> Duke of Buckingham † </Li> <Li> Sir Horace Vere </Li> <Li> Gabriel Bethlen </Li> <Li> Ernst von Mansfeld </Li> <Li> Christian of Brunswick </Li> <Li> Mikhail Borisovich Shein </Li> <Li> Ohrili Hüseyin Pasha </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ferdinand II </Li> <Li> Ferdinand III </Li> <Li> Albrecht von Wallenstein </Li> <Li> Count of Tilly † </Li> <Li> Ottavio Piccolomini </Li> <Li> Franz von Mercy † </Li> <Li> Johann von Werth </Li> <Li> Gottfried Heinrich Graf zu Pappenheim † </Li> <Li> Raimondo Montecuccoli </Li> <Li> Peter Melander Graf von Holzappel † </Li> <Li> Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria </Li> <Li> Philip III of Spain </Li> <Li> Philip IV of Spain </Li> <Li> Count - Duke of Olivares </Li> <Li> Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba </Li> <Li> Charles de Longueval, Count of Bucquoy † </Li> <Li> Ambrosio Spinola † </Li> <Li> Carlos Coloma </Li> <Li> Duke of Feria </Li> <Li> Francisco de Melo </Li> <Li> Cardinal - Infante Ferdinand </Li> <Li> Matthias Gallas </Li> <Li> Maximilian I of Bavaria </Li> <Li> Charles IV, Duke of Lorraine </Li> <Li> Sigismund III of Poland </Li> </Ul> <P> Ivan Sirko </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Strength </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 149,000 Swedes (1632) </Li> <Li> 135,000 Danes (1625) </Li> <Li> 77,000 Dutch (1629) </Li> <Li> 6,000 Transylvanians </Li> <Li> 60,000 Ottoman cavalry (as support to Frederick V, Elector Palatine) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Over 150,000 Imperial Army (Holy Roman Empire) (1635) </Li> <Li> Up to 300,000 Spanish </Li> <Li> About 20,000 Hungarian and Croatian cavalry </Li> <Li> Plus other smaller forces </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Casualties and losses </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 110,000 Swedes (dead from all causes) </Td> <Td> 118,000 Imperial (total casualties) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> 8,000,000 dead (including 7,500,000 Germans and Bohemians) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Thirty Years' War </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Part of European wars of religion </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Les Grandes Misères de la guerre (The Great Miseries of War) by Jacques Callot, 1632 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Td> 23 May 1618--15 May 1648 (29 years, 11 months, 3 weeks, and 1 day) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> Europe, mainly present - day Germany </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Result </Th> <Td> <P> Peace of Westphalia </P> <Ul> <Li> Protestant princes allowed to continue religious practices </Li> <Li> Decline of the Catholic Church mainly, although not exclusively, in northern Europe </Li> <Li> Habsburg supremacy curtailed </Li> <Li> Recognition of the independence of the Dutch Republic by Spanish Empire </Li> <Li> Recognition of the Spanish sovereignty of Southern Netherlands and Luxembourg by Dutch Republic </Li> <Li> Rise of France and the Bourbon dynasty </Li> <Li> Rise of the Swedish Empire </Li> <Li> Decline of feudalism in continental Europe </Li> <Li> Further decentralization of the Holy Roman Empire </Li> <Li> Franco - Spanish War until 1659 </Li> <Li> Devastation and major population loss in Imperial states </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Belligerents </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <P> Anti-Habsburg states and allies: Sweden (from 1630) Dutch Republic France (from 1635) Denmark (1625--1629) Bohemia (1618--1620) The Palatinate (surrendered in 1623) Saxony (until 1635) Brandenburg - Prussia (until 1635) Brunswick - Lüneburg England (1625--30) Scotland (1625--38) Transylvania (from 1619) </P> Supported by: <Ul> <Li> Ottoman Empire </Li> <Li> Russian Tsardom </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <P> Habsburg states and allies: Holy Roman Empire </P> <Ul> <Li> Catholic League </Li> <Li> Austria </Li> </Ul> <P> Spanish Empire Hungary Denmark (1643--45) </P> Supported by: <Ul> <Li> Poland </Li> <Li> Zaporizhian Cossacks </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Commanders and leaders </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Gustavus Adolphus † </Li> <Li> Axel Oxenstierna </Li> <Li> Johan Banér </Li> <Li> Lennart Torstenson </Li> <Li> Gustav Horn </Li> <Li> Carl Gustaf Wrangel </Li> <Li> Charles X Gustav </Li> <Li> James Spens </Li> <Li> Alexander Leslie </Li> <Li> James 3rd Marquis Hamilton </Li> <Li> Louis XIII of France </Li> <Li> Cardinal Richelieu </Li> <Li> Cardinal Mazarin </Li> <Li> Louis XIV of France </Li> <Li> Marquis de Feuquieres † </Li> <Li> Henri, Prince of Condé </Li> <Li> Duke of Gramont </Li> <Li> Gaspard III de Coligny </Li> <Li> Louis II de Bourbon </Li> <Li> Urbain de Maillé - Brézé </Li> <Li> Vicomte de Turenne </Li> <Li> John Hepburn † </Li> <Li> Frederick V, Elector Palatine </Li> <Li> Jindřich Matyáš Thurn </Li> <Li> Christian I of Anhalt - Bernburg </Li> <Li> Christian IV of Denmark </Li> <Li> Robert Maxwell, 1st Earl of Nithsdale </Li> <Li> Bernhard of Saxe - Weimar </Li> <Li> Johann Georg I of Saxony </Li> <Li> Maurice of Nassau </Li> <Li> Piet Pieterszoon Hein </Li> <Li> William of Nassau </Li> <Li> Frederik Hendrik of Orange </Li> <Li> Maarten Tromp </Li> <Li> Ernst Casimir </Li> <Li> Hendrik Casimir I </Li> <Li> Charles I Stuart </Li> <Li> Duke of Buckingham † </Li> <Li> Sir Horace Vere </Li> <Li> Gabriel Bethlen </Li> <Li> Ernst von Mansfeld </Li> <Li> Christian of Brunswick </Li> <Li> Mikhail Borisovich Shein </Li> <Li> Ohrili Hüseyin Pasha </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ferdinand II </Li> <Li> Ferdinand III </Li> <Li> Albrecht von Wallenstein </Li> <Li> Count of Tilly † </Li> <Li> Ottavio Piccolomini </Li> <Li> Franz von Mercy † </Li> <Li> Johann von Werth </Li> <Li> Gottfried Heinrich Graf zu Pappenheim † </Li> <Li> Raimondo Montecuccoli </Li> <Li> Peter Melander Graf von Holzappel † </Li> <Li> Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria </Li> <Li> Philip III of Spain </Li> <Li> Philip IV of Spain </Li> <Li> Count - Duke of Olivares </Li> <Li> Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba </Li> <Li> Charles de Longueval, Count of Bucquoy † </Li> <Li> Ambrosio Spinola † </Li> <Li> Carlos Coloma </Li> <Li> Duke of Feria </Li> <Li> Francisco de Melo </Li> <Li> Cardinal - Infante Ferdinand </Li> <Li> Matthias Gallas </Li> <Li> Maximilian I of Bavaria </Li> <Li> Charles IV, Duke of Lorraine </Li> <Li> Sigismund III of Poland </Li> </Ul> <P> Ivan Sirko </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Strength </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 149,000 Swedes (1632) </Li> <Li> 135,000 Danes (1625) </Li> <Li> 77,000 Dutch (1629) </Li> <Li> 6,000 Transylvanians </Li> <Li> 60,000 Ottoman cavalry (as support to Frederick V, Elector Palatine) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Over 150,000 Imperial Army (Holy Roman Empire) (1635) </Li> <Li> Up to 300,000 Spanish </Li> <Li> About 20,000 Hungarian and Croatian cavalry </Li> <Li> Plus other smaller forces </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Casualties and losses </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 110,000 Swedes (dead from all causes) </Td> <Td> 118,000 Imperial (total casualties) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> 8,000,000 dead (including 7,500,000 Germans and Bohemians) </Td> </Tr> </Table>

Where did the 30 years war take place