<P> Water resources, such as lakes and aquifers, are usually renewable resources which naturally recharge (the term fossil water is sometimes used to describe aquifers which don't recharge). Overexploitation occurs if a water resource, such as the Ogallala Aquifer, is mined or extracted at a rate that exceeds the recharge rate, that is, at a rate that exceeds the practical sustained yield . Recharge usually comes from area streams, rivers and lakes . An aquifer which has been overexploited is said to be overdrafted or depleted . Forests enhance the recharge of aquifers in some locales, although generally forests are a major source of aquifer depletion . Depleted aquifers can become polluted with contaminants such as nitrates, or permanently damaged through subsidence or through saline intrusion from the ocean . </P> <P> This turns much of the world's underground water and lakes into finite resources with peak usage debates similar to oil . These debates usually centre around agriculture and suburban water usage but generation of electricity from nuclear energy or coal and tar sands mining is also water resource intensive . A modified Hubbert curve applies to any resource that can be harvested faster than it can be replaced . Though Hubbert's original analysis did not apply to renewable resources, their overexploitation can result in a Hubbert - like peak . This has led to the concept of peak water . </P> <P> Forests are overexploited when they are logged at a rate faster than reforestation takes place . Reforestation competes with other land uses such as food production, livestock grazing, and living space for further economic growth . Historically utilization of forest products, including timber and fuel wood, have played a key role in human societies, comparable to the roles of water and cultivable land . Today, developed countries continue to utilize timber for building houses, and wood pulp for paper . In developing countries almost three billion people rely on wood for heating and cooking . Short - term economic gains made by conversion of forest to agriculture, or overexploitation of wood products, typically leads to loss of long - term income and long term biological productivity . West Africa, Madagascar, Southeast Asia and many other regions have experienced lower revenue because of overexploitation and the consequent declining timber harvests . </P> <P> Overexploitation is one of the main threats to global biodiversity . Other threats include pollution, introduced and invasive species, habitat fragmentation, habitat destruction, uncontrolled hybridization, global warming, ocean acidification and the driver behind many of these, human overpopulation . </P>

How over exploitation of forest resources and deforestation has affected the environment
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