<Li> Mendocutes (uneven gram stain, "methanogenic bacteria" now known as the Archaea) </Li> <P> In 1977, a PNAS paper by Carl Woese and George Fox demonstrated that the archaea (initially called archaebacteria) are not significantly closer in relationship to the bacteria than they are to eukaryotes . The paper received front - page coverage in The New York Times, and great controversy initially . The conclusions have since become accepted, leading to replacement of the kingdom Monera with the two kingdoms Bacteria and Archaea . A minority of scientists, including Thomas Cavalier - Smith, continue to reject the widely accepted division between these two groups . Cavalier - Smith has published classifications in which the archaebacteria are part of a subkingdom of the Kingdom Bacteria . </P> <P> Although it was generally accepted that one could distinguish prokaryotes from eukaryotes on the basis of the presence of a nucleus, mitosis versus binary fission as a way of reproducing, size, and other traits, the monophyly of the kingdom Monera (or for that matter, whether classification should be according to phylogeny) was controversial for many decades . Although distinguishing between prokaryotes from eukaryotes as a fundamental distinction is often credited to a 1937 paper by Édouard Chatton (little noted until 1962), he did not emphasize this distinction more than other biologists of his era . Roger Stanier and C.B. van Niel believed that the bacteria (a term which at the time did not include blue - green algae) and the blue - green algae had a single origin, a conviction which culminated in Stanier writing in a letter in 1970, "I think it is now quite evident that the blue - green algae are not distinguishable from bacteria by any fundamental feature of their cellular organization". Other researchers, such as E.G. Pringsheim writing in 1949, suspected separate origins for bacteria and blue - green algae . In 1974, the influential Bergey's Manual published a new edition coining the term cyanobacteria to refer to what had been called blue - green algae, marking the acceptance of this group within the Monera . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Linnaeus 1735 </Th> <Th> Haeckel 1866 </Th> <Th> Chatton 1925 </Th> <Th> Copeland 1938 </Th> <Th> Whittaker 1969 </Th> <Th> Woese et al . </Th> <Th> Cavalier - Smith 1998 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 kingdoms </Td> <Td> 3 kingdoms </Td> <Td> 2 empires </Td> <Td> 4 kingdoms </Td> <Td> 5 kingdoms </Td> <Td> 3 domains </Td> <Td> 6 kingdoms </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> (not treated) </Td> <Td> Protista </Td> <Td> Prokaryota </Td> <Td> Monera </Td> <Td> Monera </Td> <Td> Bacteria </Td> <Td> Bacteria </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Archaea </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Eukaryota </Td> <Td> Protoctista </Td> <Td> Protista </Td> <Td> Eucarya </Td> <Td> Protozoa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chromista </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vegetabilia </Td> <Td> Plantae </Td> <Td> Plantae </Td> <Td> Plantae </Td> <Td> Plantae </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fungi </Td> <Td> Fungi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Animalia </Td> <Td> Animalia </Td> <Td> Animalia </Td> <Td> Animalia </Td> <Td> Animalia </Td> </Tr> </Table>

Why are cyanobacteria placed in the kingdom monera
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