<Li> By destabilising the substrate ground state: <Ul> <Li> Distorting bound substrate (s) into their transition state form to reduce the energy required to reach the transition state . </Li> <Li> By orienting the substrates into a productive arrangement to reduce the reaction entropy change . The contribution of this mechanism to catalysis is relatively small . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Ul> <Li> Distorting bound substrate (s) into their transition state form to reduce the energy required to reach the transition state . </Li> <Li> By orienting the substrates into a productive arrangement to reduce the reaction entropy change . The contribution of this mechanism to catalysis is relatively small . </Li> </Ul> <Li> Distorting bound substrate (s) into their transition state form to reduce the energy required to reach the transition state . </Li> <Li> By orienting the substrates into a productive arrangement to reduce the reaction entropy change . The contribution of this mechanism to catalysis is relatively small . </Li>

Proteins that act as biological catalyst are called