<P> In 1964, Victor H. Vroom developed the expectancy theory through his study of the motivations behind decision making . This theory is relevant to the study of management . </P> <P> The expectancy theory of motivation explains the behavioral process of why individuals choose one behavioral option over the other . This theory explains that individuals can be motivated towards goals if they believe that there is a positive correlation between efforts and performance, the outcome of a favorable performance will result in a desirable reward, a reward from a performance will satisfy an important need, and / or the outcome satisfies their need enough to make the effort worthwhile . Vroom introduced three variables within the expectancy theory which are valence (V), expectancy (E) and instrumentality (I). The three elements are important behind choosing one element over another because they are clearly defined: effort - performance expectancy (E> P expectancy), performance - outcome expectancy (P> O expectancy). </P> <P> Expectancy theory has three components: expectancy, instrumentality, and valence . </P> <Ol> <Li> Expectancy: effort → performance (E → P) </Li> <Li> Instrumentality: performance → outcome (P → O) </Li> <Li> Valence: V (R) outcome → reward </Li> </Ol>

If effort performance linkage is low then motivation to perform will be