<P> The most commonly used material for masks is wood, although a wide variety of other elements can be used, including light stone such as steatite, metals such as copper or bronze, different types of fabric, pottery, and more . Some masks are painted (for example using ochre or other natural colorants). A wide array of ornamental items can be applied to the mask surface; example include animal hair, horns, or teeth, sea shells, seeds, straws, egg shell, and feathers . For example, animal hair or straws are often used for a mask's hair or beard . </P> <P> The general structure of a mask varies depending on the way it is intended to be worn . The most common type applies to the wearer's face, like most Western (e.g., carnival) masks . Others are worn like hats on the top of the wearer's head; examples include those of the Ekhoi people of Nigeria and Bwa people of Burkina Faso, as well as the famous chiwara masks of the Bambara people . Some masks (for example those of the Sande society of Liberia and the Mende people of Sierra Leone, that are made from hollow tree stumps) are worn like helmets covering both the head and face . Some African cultures have mask - like ornaments that are worn on the chest rather than the head of face; this includes those used by the Makonde people of East Africa in ndimu ceremonies . </P> <P> As African masks are largely appreciated by Europeans, they are widely commercialized and sold in most tourist - oriented markets and shops in Africa (as well as "ethnic" shops in the Western World). As a consequence, the traditional art of mask - making has gradually ceased to be a privileged, status - related practice, and mass production of masks has become widespread . While, in most cases, commercial masks are (more or less faithful) reproductions of traditional masks, this connection is weakening over time, as the logics of mass - production make it harder to identify the actual geographical and cultural origins of the masks found in such venues as curio shops and tourist markets . For example, the Okahandja market in Namibia mostly sells masks that are produced in Zimbabwe (as they are cheaper and more easily available than local masks), and, in turn, Zimbabwean mask - makers reproduce masks from virtually everywhere in Africa rather than from their own local heritage . </P>

Which of the following african civilizations does this mask represent