<Li> Leading Researcher (Leading Research Associate) </Li> <Li> Chief Researcher (Chief Research Associate) </Li> <P> Academic publishing is a system that is necessary for academic scholars to peer review the work and make it available for a wider audience . The system varies widely by field and is also always changing, if often slowly . Most academic work is published in journal article or book form . There is also a large body of research that exists in either a thesis or dissertation form . These forms of research can be found in databases explicitly for theses and dissertations . In publishing, STM publishing is an abbreviation for academic publications in science, technology, and medicine . </P> <P> Most established academic fields have their own scientific journals and other outlets for publication, though many academic journals are somewhat interdisciplinary, and publish work from several distinct fields or subfields . The kinds of publications that are accepted as contributions of knowledge or research vary greatly between fields, from the print to the electronic format . A study suggests that researchers should not give great consideration to findings that are not replicated frequently . It has also been suggested that all published studies should be subjected to some measure for assessing the validity or reliability of its procedures to prevent the publication of unproven findings . Business models are different in the electronic environment . Since about the early 1990s, licensing of electronic resources, particularly journals, has been very common . Presently, a major trend, particularly with respect to scholarly journals, is open access . There are two main forms of open access: open access publishing, in which the articles or the whole journal is freely available from the time of publication, and self - archiving, where the author makes a copy of their own work freely available on the web . </P>

Which of the following definitions does not fit the word research