<P> "There are...(conditions of society) in which, there being no spring of spontaneous improvement in the people themselves, their almost only hope of making any steps in advance (to' a higher civilisation') depends on the chances of a good despot . Under a native despotism, a good despot is a rare and transitory accident: but when the dominion they are under is that of a more civilised people, that people ought to be able to supply it constantly . The ruling country ought to be able to do for its subjects all that could be done by a succession of absolute monarchs guaranteed by irresistible force against the precariousness of tenure attendant on barbarous despotisms, and qualified by their genius to anticipate all that experience has taught to the more advanced nation . Such is the ideal rule of a free people over a barbarous or semi-barbarous one . We need not expect to see that ideal realised; but unless some approach to it is, the rulers are guilty of a dereliction of the highest moral trust which can devolve upon a nation: and if they do not even aim at it, they are selfish usurpers, on a par in criminality with any of those whose ambition and rapacity have sported from age to age with the destiny of masses of mankind" </P> <P> but Mill went on to warn of the difficulties this posed in practice; difficulties which whatever the merits of the Act of 1835 do not seem to have suggested themselves to Macaulay: </P> <P> It is always under great difficulties, and very imperfectly, that a country can be governed by foreigners; even when there is no disparity, in habits and ideas, between the rulers and the ruled . Foreigners do not feel with the people . They cannot judge, by the light in which a thing appears to their own minds, or the manner in which it affects their feelings, how it will affect the feelings or appear to the minds of the subject population . What a native of the country, of average practical ability, knows as it were by instinct, they have to learn slowly, and after all imperfectly, by study and experience . The laws, the customs, the social relations, for which they have to legislate, instead of being familiar to them from childhood, are all strange to them . For most of their detailed knowledge they must depend on the information of natives; and it is difficult for them to know who to trust . They are feared, suspected, probably disliked by the population; seldom sought by them except for interested purposes; and they are prone to think the servilely submissive are the trustworthy . Their danger is of despising the natives; that of the natives is of disbelieving that anything the strangers do can be intended for their good . </P>

Who introduced english as the official language in india