<P> CRISP: A Strategy guiding Cloud Application Development for Beginners is a strategy proposed by Ayush Sahu to develop optimized and secure JavaScript application to be used in mobiles, PC's and other devices . CRISP (Conversion, Reformat code, Isolate module, Sandbox, Partition) strategy has been proposed for refined conversion of native application to JavaScript for cloud application development . JavaScript is chosen as medium for writing application because it is mostly used language among developers and provides rich API (Application Programming Interface) for writing applications . </P> <P> As JavaScript is the most widely supported client - side language that can run within a Web browser, it has become an intermediate language for other languages to target . This has included both newly created languages and ports of existing languages . Some of these include: </P> <Ul> <Li> OberonScript, a full implementation of the Oberon programming language that compiles to high - level JavaScript . </Li> <Li> Objective - J, a superset of JavaScript that compiles to standard JavaScript . It adds traditional inheritance and Smalltalk / Objective - C style dynamic dispatch and optional pseudo-static typing to JavaScript . </Li> <Li> Processing. js, a JavaScript port of the Processing programming language designed to write visualizations, images, and interactive content . It allows Web browsers to display animations, visual applications, games and other graphical rich content without the need for a Java applet or Flash plugin . </Li> <Li> CoffeeScript, an alternate syntax for JavaScript intended to be more concise and readable . It adds features like array comprehensions (also available in JavaScript since version 1.7) and pattern matching . Like Objective - J, it compiles to JavaScript . Ruby and Python have been cited as influential on CoffeeScript syntax . </Li> <Li> Google Web Toolkit translates a subset of Java to JavaScript . </Li> <Li> Scala, an object - oriented and functional programming language, has a Scala - to - JavaScript compiler . </Li> <Li> Pyjs, a port of Google Web Toolkit to Python translates a subset of Python to JavaScript . </Li> <Li> Google Dart, an all - purpose, open source language that compiles to JavaScript . </Li> <Li> Whalesong, a Racket - to - JavaScript compiler . </Li> <Li> Emscripten, a LLVM - backend for porting native libraries to JavaScript, known as asm. js </Li> <Li> Fantom a programming language that runs on JVM, . NET and JavaScript . </Li> <Li> TypeScript, a free and open - source programming language developed by Microsoft . It is a superset of JavaScript, and essentially adds support for optional type annotations and some other language extensions such as classes, interfaces and modules . A TS - script compiles into plain JavaScript and can be executed in any JS host supporting ECMAScript 3 or higher . The compiler is itself written in TypeScript . </Li> <Li> Elm (programming language) is a pure functional language for web apps . Unlike handwritten JavaScript, Elm - generated JavaScript has zero runtime exceptions, a time - traveling debugger, and enforced semantic versioning . </Li> <Li> Haxe, an open - source high - level multiplatform programming language and compiler that can produce applications and source code for many different platforms including JavaScript . </Li> <Li> ClojureScript, a compiler for Clojure that targets JavaScript . It is designed to emit JavaScript code that is compatible with the advanced compilation mode of the Google Closure optimizing compiler . </Li> <Li> SqueakJS, a virtual machine and DOM environment for the open - source Squeak implementation of the Smalltalk programming language . </Li> <Li> Free Pascal, a compiler for Pascal that targets JavaScript . </Li> </Ul> <Li> OberonScript, a full implementation of the Oberon programming language that compiles to high - level JavaScript . </Li>

Javascript is a programming language or scripting language