<Dd> b 2 ′ = 4 π d 3 / 3 = 8 × (4 π r 3 / 3) (\ displaystyle b'_ (2) = 4 \ pi d ^ (3) / 3 = 8 \ times (4 \ pi r ^ (3) / 3)), </Dd> <P> which, divided by two (the number of colliding particles), gives the excluded volume per particle: </P> <Dl> <Dd> b ′ = b 2 ′ / 2 → b ′ = 4 × (4 π r 3 / 3) (\ displaystyle b' = b'_ (2) / 2 \ quad \ rightarrow \ quad b' = 4 \ times (4 \ pi r ^ (3) / 3)), </Dd> </Dl> <Dd> b ′ = b 2 ′ / 2 → b ′ = 4 × (4 π r 3 / 3) (\ displaystyle b' = b'_ (2) / 2 \ quad \ rightarrow \ quad b' = 4 \ times (4 \ pi r ^ (3) / 3)), </Dd>

Derivation of critical constants from van der waals constant