<P> Deductive assessment construction begins by selecting a domain or construct to measure . The construct is thoroughly defined by experts and items are created which fully represent all the attributes of the construct definition . Test items are then selected or eliminated based upon which will result in the strongest internal validity for the scale . Measures created through deductive methodology are equally valid and take significantly less time to construct compared to inductive and empirical measures . The clearly defined and face valid questions that result from this process make them easy for the person taking the assessment to understand . Although subtle items can be created through the deductive process, these measure often are not as capable of detecting lying as other methods of personality assessment construction . </P> <P> Inductive assessment construction begins with the creation of a multitude of diverse items. The items created for an inductive measure to not intended to represent any theory or construct in particular . Once the items have been created they are administered to a large group of participants . This allows researchers to analyze natural relationships among the questions and label components of the scale based upon how the questions group together . Several statistical techniques can be used to determine the constructs assessed by the measure . Exploratory Factor Analysis and Confirmatory Factor Analysis are two of the most common data reduction techniques that allow researchers to create scales from responses on the initial items . </P> <P> The Five Factor Model of personality was developed using this method . Advanced statistical methods include the opportunity to discover previously unidentified or unexpected relationships between items or constructs . It also may allow for the development of subtle items that prevent test takers from knowing what is being measured and may represent the actual structure of a construct better than a pre-developed theory . Criticisms include a vulnerability to finding item relationships that do not apply to a broader population, difficulty identifying what may be measured in each component because of confusing item relationships, or constructs that were not fully addressed by the originally created questions . </P> <P> Empirically derived personality assessments also require statistical techniques . One of the central goals of empirical personality assessment is to create a test that validity discriminates between two personality features . For example, this may include depressed and non-depressed individuals, or individuals high or low in levels of aggression . In order to accomplish this goal items are selected that differentiate between the personality trait being assessed . The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory was initially developed using this method . </P>

Which of the following is not one of the personality assessments created