<P> The Geneva Conventions of 1949 may be seen, therefore, as the result of a process which began in 1864 . Today they have "achieved universal participation with 194 parties". This means that they apply to almost any international armed conflict . The Additional Protocols, however, have yet to achieve near - universal acceptance, since the United States and several other significant military powers (like Iran, Israel, India and Pakistan) are currently not parties to them . </P> <P> With the adoption of the 1977 Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions, the two strains of law began to converge, although provisions focusing on humanity could already be found in the Hague law (i.e. the protection of certain prisoners of war and civilians in occupied territories). The 1977 Additional Protocols, relating to the protection of victims in both international and internal conflict, not only incorporated aspects of both the Law of The Hague and the Law of Geneva, but also important human rights provisions . </P> <Ol> <Li> Persons who are hors de combat (outside of combat), and those who are not taking part in hostilities in situation of armed conflict (e.g., neutral nationals), shall be protected in all circumstances . </Li> <Li> The wounded and the sick shall be cared for and protected by the party to the conflict which has them in its power . The emblem of the "Red Cross", or of the "Red Crescent," shall be required to be respected as the sign of protection . </Li> <Li> Captured persons must be protected against acts of violence and reprisals . They shall have the right to correspond with their families and to receive relief . </Li> <Li> No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment . </Li> <Li> Parties to a conflict do not have an unlimited choice of methods and means of warfare . </Li> <Li> Parties to a conflict shall at all times distinguish between combatants and non-combatants . Attacks shall be directed solely against legitimate military targets . </Li> </Ol> <Li> Persons who are hors de combat (outside of combat), and those who are not taking part in hostilities in situation of armed conflict (e.g., neutral nationals), shall be protected in all circumstances . </Li>

What are the fundamental principles of international humanitarian law
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