<P> To perceive depth, infants as well as adults rely on several signals such as distances and kinetics . For instance, the fact that objects closer to the observer fill more space in our visual field than farther objects provides some cues into depth perception for infants . Evidence has shown that newborns' eyes do not work in the same fashion as older children or adults--mainly due to poor coordination of the eyes . Newborn's eyes move in the same direction only about half of the time . The strength of eye muscle control is positively correlated to achieve depth perception . Human eyes are formed in such a way that each eye reflects a stimulus at a slightly different angle thereby producing two images that are processed in the brain . These images provide the essential visual information regarding 3D features of the external world . Therefore, an infant's ability to control his eye movement and converge on one object is critical for developing depth perception . </P> <P> One of the important discoveries of infant depth perception is thanks to researchers Eleanor J. Gibson and R.D. Walk . Gibson and Walk developed an apparatus called the visual cliff that could be used to investigate visual depth perception in infants . In short, infants were placed on a centerboard to one side which contained an illusory steep drop ("deep side") and another which contained a platform of the centerboard ("shallow side"). In reality, both sides, covered in glass, was safe for infants to trek . From their experiment, Gibson and Walk found that a majority of infants ranging from 6--14 months - old would not cross from the shallow side to the deep side due to their innate sense of fear to heights . From this experiment, Gibson and Walk concluded that by six months an infant has developed a sense of depth . However, this experiment was limited to infants that could independently crawl or walk . To overcome the limitations of testing non-locomotive infants, Campos and his colleges devised an experiment that was dependent on heart rate reactions of infants when placed in environments that reflected different depth scenarios . Campos and his colleagues placed six week - old infants on the "deep end" of the visual cliff, the six week - old infants' heart rate decreased and a sense of fascination was seen in the infants . However, when seven month - old infants were lowered down on the same "deep end" illusion, their heart rates accelerated rapidly and they started to whimper . Gibson and Walk concluded that infants had developed a sense of visual depth prior to beginning locomotion . Therefore, it could be concluded that sometime at the spark of crawling around 4--5 months, depth perception begins to strongly present itself . </P> <P> From an infant's standpoint, depth perception can be inferred using three means: binocular, static, and kinetic cues . As mentioned previous, humans are binocular and each eye views the external world with a different angle--providing essential information into depth . The convergence of each eye on a particular object and the stereopsis, also known as the retinal disparity among two objects, provides some information for infants older than ten weeks . With binocular vision development, infants between four and five months also develop a sense of size and shape constancy objects, regardless of the objects location and orientation in space . From static cues based upon monocular vision, infants older of five month of age have the ability to predict depth perception from pictorial position of objects . In other words, edges of closer objects overlap objects in the distance . Lastly, kinetic cues are another factor in depth perception for humans, especially young infants . Infants ranging from three to five months are able to move when an object approaches them in the intent to hit them--implying that infants have depth perception . </P> <P> Color sensitivity improves steadily over the first year of life for humans due to strengthening of the cones of the eyes . Like adults, infants have chromatic discrimination using three photoreceptor types: long -, mid - and short - wavelength cones . These cones recombine in the precortical visual processing to form a luminance channel and two chromatic channels that help an infant to see color and brightness . The particular pathway used for color discrimination is the parvocellular pathway . There is a general debate among researchers with regards to the exact age that infants can detect different colors / chromatic stimuli due to important color factors such as brightness / luminance, saturation, and hue . Regardless of the exact timeline for when infants start to see particular colors, it is understood among researcher that infants' color sensitivity improves with age . </P>

When do infants develop stereoscopic or binocular vision
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