<Tr> <Td> "</Td> <Td> Madison's speech (his 1815 annual message to Congress) affirmed that the war had reinforced the evolution of mainstream Republicanism, moving it further away from its original and localist assumptions . The war's immense strain on the treasury led to new calls from nationalist Republicans for a national bank . The difficulties in moving and supplying troops exposed the wretchedness of the country's transportation links, and the need for extensive new roads and canals . A boom in American manufacturing during the prolonged cessation of trade with Britain created an entirely new class of enterprisers, most of them tied politically to the Republicans, who might not survive without tariff protection . More broadly, the war reinforced feelings of national identity and connection . </Td> <Td>" </Td> </Tr> <P> This spirit of nationalism was linked to the tremendous growth and economic prosperity of this post war era . However in 1819 the nation suffered its first financial panic and the 1820s turned out to be a decade of political turmoil that again led to fierce debates over competing views of the exact nature of American federalism . The "extreme democratic and agrarian rhetoric" that had been so effective in 1798 led to renewed attacks on the "numerous market - oriented enterprises, particularly banks, corporations, creditors, and absentee landholders". </P> <P> The Tariff of 1816 had some protective features, and it received support throughout the nation, including that of John C. Calhoun and fellow South Carolinian William Lowndes . The first explicitly protective tariff linked to a specific program of internal improvements was the Tariff of 1824 . Sponsored by Henry Clay, this tariff provided a general level of protection at 35% ad valorem (compared to 25% with the 1816 act) and hiked duties on iron, woolens, cotton, hemp, and wool and cotton bagging . The bill barely passed the federal House of Representatives by a vote of 107 to 102 . The Middle states and Northwest supported the bill, the South and Southwest opposed it, and New England split its vote with a majority opposing it . In the Senate the bill, with the support of Tennessee Senator Andrew Jackson, passed by four votes, and President James Monroe, the Virginia heir to the Jefferson - Madison control of the White House, signed the bill on March 25, 1824 . Daniel Webster of Massachusetts led the New England opposition to this tariff . </P> <P> Protest against the prospect and the constitutionality of higher tariffs began in 1826 and 1827 with William Branch Giles, who had the Virginia legislature pass resolutions denying the power of Congress to pass protective tariffs, citing the Virginia Resolutions of 1798 and James Madison's 1800 defense of them . Madison denied both the appeal to nullification and the unconstitutionality; he had always held that the power to regulate commerce included protection . Jefferson had, at the end of his life, written against protective tariffs . </P>

A significant supporter of the nullification doctrine was
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