<Li> η = (\ displaystyle \ eta =) turbine efficiency </Li> <Li> ρ = (\ displaystyle \ rho =) density of water (kg / m3) </Li> <Li> g = (\ displaystyle g =) acceleration of gravity (9.81 m / s2) </Li> <Li> h = (\ displaystyle h =) head (m). For still water, this is the difference in height between the inlet and outlet surfaces . Moving water has an additional component added to account for the kinetic energy of the flow . The total head equals the pressure head plus velocity head . </Li>

Who designed an outward-flow turbine that was significantly more efficient than previous designs