<P> The Tanzimat, meaning reorganization of the Ottoman Empire, was a period of reformation that began in 1839 and ended with the First Constitutional Era in 1876 . The Tanzimat reform era was characterized by various attempts to modernize the Ottoman Empire, to secure its territorial integrity against nationalist movements and aggressive powers . The reforms encouraged Ottomanism among the diverse ethnic groups of the Empire, attempting to stem the tide of nationalist movements within the Ottoman Empire . The reforms attempted to integrate non-Muslims and non-Turks more thoroughly into Ottoman society by enhancing their civil liberties and granting them equality throughout the Empire . </P> <P> Atatürk's Reforms were a series of significant political, legal, cultural, social and economic changes that were implemented under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in the early years of the Republic of Turkey . Between the years 1905 and 1918 Mustafa Kemal was deservedly awarded high - ranking posts in the military chain of command . He became Chief of General Staff of the army that was sent out from Saloniki to put down the uprising of the 13 April 1909, a movement designed to return the country to Hamadic Absolutism and which had started with the non recognition of the Constitution that had been declared on 23 July 1908 . Mustafa Kemal proved to have special qualities in the organisation and management of this army of oppression, known as the Army of the Movement . In 1910 he led the Turkish forces during military manoeuvres in the Province of Picardy in France . In 1911 he fought in Tripoli against the Italians, and in 1914 whilst serving as Military Attaché in Sofia, he successfully drew the government's attention to the catastrophic results connected with Turkey's entry into the war with Germany and its allies . </P> <P> During World War I Mustafa Kemal fought against the Allied Forces at the Dardanelles, the Russians on the Muş Front, in the east and against the British in Syria and Iraq . During the war he visited Germany as military adviser, together with hereditary Prince Vahdettin . At the time of signing the Armistice Declaration on 30 October 1918 Mustafa Kemal remained at the head of his troops, a command given to him by the German General Liman von Sanders . In the years between 1919 and 1923 Mustafa Kemal was at the forefront of the Turkish War of Independence and involved with the eradication of the antiquated institutions of the Osmanic Empire and in laying the foundations of the new Turkish State . He approached the National Congresses of Erzurum and Sivas to organise and lift the morale of the people in its determined opposition to the Forces of the Entente who were occupying Anatolia . </P> <P> By the end of these conventions he had managed to convey the message that the idea and the ideals of outdated imperialism ought be dropped so that people within the national boundaries could make decisions in accordance with the principles and general guidelines of an effective national policy . After the occupation of Istanbul by the Forces of the Entente he laid the foundations for the new Turkish State when in 1920 he united the Great National Assembly in Ankara . With the government of the Great National Assembly, of which he was President, Mustafa Kemal fought the Forces of the Entente and the Sultan's army which had remained there in collaboration with the occupying forces . Finally, on 9 September 1922 he succeeded in driving the Allied Forces back to Izmir, along with the other forces which had managed to penetrate the heartland of Anatolia . By this action he saved the country from invasion by foreign forces . </P>

What reform or reforms did the british chartist movement call for