<P> The final major anatomist of ancient times was Galen, active in the 2nd century . He compiled much of the knowledge obtained by previous writers, and furthered the inquiry into the function of organs by performing vivisection on animals . Due to a lack of readily available human specimens, discoveries through animal dissection were broadly applied to human anatomy as well . Galen served as chief physician to the gladiators in Pergamum (AD 158). Through his position with the gladiators, Galen was able to study all kinds of wounds without performing any actual human dissection . By default, Galen was able to view much of the abdominal cavity . His study on pigs and apes, however, gave him more detailed information about the organs and provided the basis for his medical tracts . Around 100 of these tracts survive and fill 22 volumes of modern text . His two great anatomical works are On anatomical procedure and On the uses of the parts of the body of man . The information in these tracts became the foundation of authority for all medical writers and physicians for the next 1300 years until they were challenged by Vesalius and Harvey in the 16th century . </P> <P> It was through his experiments that Galen was able to overturn many long - held beliefs, such as the theory that the arteries contained air which carried it to all parts of the body from the heart and the lungs . This belief was based originally on the arteries of dead animals, which appeared to be empty . Galen was able to demonstrate that living arteries contain blood, but in his error, which became the established medical orthodoxy for centuries, was to assume that the blood goes back and forth from the heart in an ebb - and - flow motion . </P> <P> From the 3rd century BCE until the 12th century . human anatomy was mainly learned through books and animal dissection . While it was claimed by 19th century polemicists that human dissection became restricted after Boniface VIII passed a papal bull that forbade the dismemberment and boiling of corpses for funerary purposes and this is still repeated in some generalist works, this claim has been debunked as a myth by modern historians of science . For many decades human dissection was thought unnecessary when all the knowledge about a human body could be read about from early authors such as Galen . In the 12th century, as universities were being established in Italy, Emperor Frederick II made it mandatory for students of medicine to take courses on human anatomy and surgery . Students who had the opportunity to watch Vesalius in dissection at times had the opportunity to interact with the animal corpse . At the risk of letting their eagerness to participate become a distraction to their professors, medical students preferred this interactive teaching style at the time . In the universities the lectern would sit elevated before the audience and instruct someone else in the dissection of the body, but in his early years Mondino de Luzzi performed the dissection himself making him one of the first and few to use a hands on approach to teaching human anatomy. Specifically in 1315, Mondino de' Liuzzi is credited with having "performed the first human dissection recorded for Western Europe ." </P> <P> Mondino de Luzzi "Mundinus" was born around 1276 and died in 1326; from 1314 to 1324 he presented many lectures on human anatomy at Bologna university . Mondino de'Luzzi put together a book called "Anathomia" in 1316 that consisted of detailed dissections that he had performed, this book was used as a text book in universities for 250 years . "Mundinus" carried out the first systematic human dissections since Herophilus of Chalcedon and Erasistratus of Ceos 1500 years earlier . The first major development in anatomy in Christian Europe since the fall of Rome occurred at Bologna, where anatomists dissected cadavers and contributed to the accurate description of organs and the identification of their functions . Following de Liuzzi's early studies, 15th century anatomists included Alessandro Achillini and Antonio Benivieni . Pathological anatomy </P>

Who used dissection to draw the human body