<P> Clumped distribution in species acts as a mechanism against predation as well as an efficient mechanism to trap or corner prey . African wild dogs, Lycaon pictus, use the technique of communal hunting to increase their success rate at catching prey . Studies have shown that larger packs of African wild dogs tend to have a greater number of successful kills . A prime example of clumped distribution due to patchy resources is the wildlife in Africa during the dry season; lions, hyenas, giraffes, elephants, gazelles, and many more animals are clumped by small water sources that are present in the severe dry season . It has also been observed that extinct and threatened species are more likely to be clumped in their distribution on a phylogeny . The reasoning behind this is that they share traits that increase vulnerability to extinction because related taxa are often located within the same broad geographical or habitat types where human - induced threats are concentrated . Using recently developed complete phylogenies for mammalian carnivores and primates it has been shown that the majority of instances threatened species are far from randomly distributed among taxa and phylogenetic clades and display clumped distribution . </P> <P> Less common than clumped distribution, uniform distribution, also known as even distribution, is evenly spaced . Uniform distributions are found in populations in which the distance between neighboring individuals is maximized . The need to maximize the space between individuals generally arises from competition for a resource such as moisture or nutrients, or as a result of direct social interactions between individuals within the population, such as territoriality . For example, penguins often exhibit uniform spacing by aggressively defending their territory among their neighbors . The burrows of great gerbils for example are also regularly distributed, which can be seen on satellite images . Plants also exhibit uniform distributions, like the creosote bushes in the southwestern region of the United States . Salvia leucophylla is a species in California that naturally grows in uniform spacing . This flower releases chemicals called terpenes which inhibit the growth of other plants around it and results in uniform distribution . This is an example of allelopathy, which is the release of chemicals from plant parts by leaching, root exudation, volatilization, residue decomposition and other processes . Allelopathy can have beneficial, harmful, or neutral effects on surrounding organisms . Some allelochemicals even have selective effects on surrounding organisms; for example, the tree species Leucaena leucocephala exudes a chemical that inhibits the growth of other plants but not those of its own species, and thus can affect the distribution of specific rival species . Allelopathy usually results in uniform distributions, and its potential to suppress weeds is being researched . Farming and agricultural practices often create uniform distribution in areas where it would not previously exist, for example, orange trees growing in rows on a plantation . </P> <P> Random distribution, also known as unpredictable spacing, is the least common form of distribution in nature and occurs when the members of a given species are found in environments in which the position of each individual is independent of the other individuals: they neither attract nor repel one another . Random distribution is rare in nature as biotic factors, such as the interactions with neighboring individuals, and abiotic factors, such as climate or soil conditions, generally cause organisms to be either clustered or spread . Random distribution usually occurs in habitats where environmental conditions and resources are consistent . This pattern of dispersion is characterized by the lack of any strong social interactions between species . For example; When dandelion seeds are dispersed by wind, random distribution will often occur as the seedlings land in random places determined by uncontrollable factors . Oyster larvae can also travel hundreds of kilometers powered by sea currents, which can result in their random distribution . </P> <P> Species distribution can now be potentially predicted based on the pattern of biodiversity at spatial scales . A general hierarchical model can integrate disturbance, dispersal and population dynamics . Based on factors of dispersal, disturbance, resources limiting climate, and other species distribution, predictions of species distribution can create a bio-climate range, or bio-climate envelope . The envelope can range from a local to a global scale or from a density independence to dependence . The hierarchical model takes into consideration the requirements, impacts or resources as well as local extinctions in disturbance factors . Models can integrate the dispersal / migration model, the disturbance model, and abundance model . Species distribution models (SDMs) can be used to assess climate change impacts and conservation management issues . Species distribution models include: presence / absence models, the dispersal / migration models, disturbance models, and abundance models . A prevalent way of creating predicted distribution maps for different species is to reclassify a land cover layer depending on whether or not the species in question would be predicted to habit each cover type . This simple SDM is often modified through the use of range data or ancillary information - such as elevation or water distance . </P>

What types of species would be expected to have a high population density