<Li> Iris dilator muscle </Li> <Li> Seminal tract, resulting in ejaculation </Li> <P> Activation of α - adrenergic receptors produces anorexia and partially mediates the efficacy of appetite suppressants like phenylpropanolamine and amphetamine in the treatment of obesity . Norepinephrine has been shown to decrease cellular excitability in all layers of the temporal cortex, including the primary auditory cortex . In particular, norepinephrine decreases glutamatergic excitatory postsynaptic potentials by the activation of α - adrenergic receptors . α1 - adrenergic receptor subtypes increase inhibition in the olfactory system, suggesting a synaptic mechanism for noradrenergic modulation of olfactory driven behaviors . </P> <Ul> <Li> Both positive and negative inotropic effects on heart muscle </Li> <Li> Secretion from salivary gland </Li> <Li> Increase salivary potassium levels </Li> <Li> Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in liver . </Li> <Li> Secretion from sweat glands </Li> <Li> Contraction of the urinary bladder urothelium and lamina propria </Li> <Li> Na reabsorption from kidney <Ul> <Li> Stimulate proximal tubule NHE3 </Li> <Li> Stimulate proximal tubule basolateral Na - K ATPase </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Activate mitogenic responses and regulate growth and proliferation of many cells </Li> <Li> Involved in the detection of mechanical feedback on the hypoglossal motor neurons which allow a long - term facilitation in respiration in response to repeated apneas . </Li> </Ul>

Stimulation of a1 adrenergic receptors by norepinephrine results in
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