<Li> Natural Selection Acts on Emergent Traits: The interactions of the individuals can be considered as part of the extended phenotype of the queen . These interactions produce emergent properties upon which natural selection can act . </Li> <Li> Multi-level selection: More cooperative groups out - compete less cooperative groups . </Li> <P> Nowak's paper, however, received major criticisms for erroneously separating inclusive fitness theory from "standard natural selection". Over 150 authors replied arguing that Nowak, et al. misrepresent 40 years of empirical literature . </P>

Eusocial hymenopteran societies are thought to have evolved from