<P> One unique aspect of local government, found mostly in the New England region of the United States, is the town meeting . Once a year, sometimes more often if needed, the registered voters of the town meet in open session to elect officers, debate local issues, and pass laws for operating the government . As a body, they decide on road construction and repair, construction of public buildings and facilities, tax rates, and the town budget . The town meeting, which has existed for more than three centuries in some places, is often cited as the purest form of direct democracy, in which the governmental power is not delegated, but is exercised directly and regularly by all the people . </P> <P> Successful participation, especially in federal elections, requires large amounts of money, especially for television advertising . This money is very difficult to raise by appeals to a mass base, although in the 2008 election, candidates from both parties had success with raising money from citizens over the Internet, as had Howard Dean with his Internet appeals . Both parties generally depend on wealthy donors and organizations--traditionally the Democrats depended on donations from organized labor while the Republicans relied on business donations . This dependency on donors is controversial, and has led to laws limiting spending on political campaigns being enacted (see campaign finance reform). Opponents of campaign finance laws cite the First Amendment's guarantee of free speech, and challenge campaign finance laws because they attempt to circumvent the people's constitutionally guaranteed rights . Even when laws are upheld, the complication of compliance with the First Amendment requires careful and cautious drafting of legislation, leading to laws that are still fairly limited in scope, especially in comparison to those of other countries such as the United Kingdom, France or Canada . </P> <P> Fundraising plays a large role in getting a candidate elected to public office . Without money, a candidate may have little chance of achieving their goal . In the 2004 general elections, 95% of House races and 91% of senate races were won by the candidates who spent the most on their campaigns . Attempts to limit the influence of money on American political campaigns dates back to the 1860s . Recently, Congress passed legislation requiring candidates to disclose sources of campaign contributions, how the campaign money is spent, and regulated use of "soft money" contributions . </P> <P> The United States Constitution does not mention political parties, primarily because the Founding Fathers did not intend for American politics to be partisan . In Federalist Papers No. 9 and No. 10, Alexander Hamilton and James Madison, respectively, wrote specifically about the dangers of domestic political factions . In addition, the first President of the United States, George Washington, was not a member of any political party at the time of his election or during his tenure as president . Washington hoped that political parties would not be formed, fearing conflict and stagnation . Nevertheless, the beginnings of the American two - party system emerged from his immediate circle of advisers . Hamilton and Madison ended up being the core leaders in this emerging party system . </P>

Beginning in the 1820s which type of deference characterized american politics