<P> The countries agree to exchange data and co-operate in matters related to the treaty . For this purpose, treaty creates the Permanent Indus Commission, with a commissioner appointed by each country . It would follow the set procedure for adjudicating any future disputes arising over the allocation of waters . The Commission has survived three wars and provides an ongoing mechanism for consultation and conflict resolution through inspection, exchange of data and visits . The Commission is required to meet regularly to discuss potential disputes as well as cooperative arrangements for the development of the basin . Either party must notify the other of plans to construct any engineering works which would affect the other party and to provide data about such works . In cases of disagreement, a neutral expert is called in for mediation and arbitration . While neither side has initiated projects that could cause the kind of conflict that the Commission was created to resolve, the annual inspections and exchange of data continue, unperturbed by tensions on the subcontinent . </P> <P> The waters of the Indus basin begin in Tibet and the Himalayan mountains in the states of Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh . They flow from the hills through the states of Punjab, Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir and Sindh, converging in Pakistan and emptying into the Arabian Sea south of Karachi . Where once there was only a narrow strip of irrigated land along these rivers, developments over the last century have created a large network of canals and storage facilities that provide water for more than 26 million acres (110,000 km), the largest irrigated area of any one river system in the world . </P> <P> The partition of British India created a conflict over the plentiful waters of the Indus basin . The newly formed states were at odds over how to share and manage what was essentially a cohesive and unitary network of irrigation . Furthermore, the geography of partition was such that the source rivers of the Indus basin were in India . Pakistan felt its livelihood threatened by the prospect of Indian control over the tributaries that fed water into the Pakistani portion of the basin . Where India certainly had its own ambitions for the profitable development of the basin, Pakistan felt acutely threatened by a conflict over the main source of water for its cultivable land . </P> <P> During the first years of partition, the waters of the Indus were apportioned by the Inter-Dominion Accord of May 4, 1948 . This accord required India to release sufficient waters to the Pakistani regions of the basin in return for annual payments from the government of Pakistan . The accord was meant to meet immediate requirements and was followed by negotiations for a more permanent solution . However, neither side was willing to compromise their respective positions and negotiations reached a stalemate . From the Indian point of view, there was nothing that Pakistan could do to prevent India from any of the schemes to divert the flow of water in the rivers . Pakistan wanted to take the matter to the International Court of Justice, but India refused, arguing that the conflict required a bilateral resolution . </P>

Conflict over water from the indus between india and pakistan
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