<P> The notoriety of Goldman and Berkman as convicted anti-war agitators allowed the press and public to imagine that all the deportees had similar backgrounds . The New York Times called them all "Russian Reds ." Most of the press approved enthusiastically . The Cleveland Plain Dealer wrote: "It is hoped and expected that other vessels, larger, more commodious, carrying similar cargoes, will follow in her wake ." The New York Evening Mail said: "Just as the sailing of the Ark that Noah built was a pledge for the preservation of the human race, so the sailing of the Ark of the Soviet is a pledge for the preservation of America ." Goldman later wrote a book about her experiences after being deported to Russia, called My Disillusionment in Russia . </P> <P> On January 7, 1920, at the first session of the New York State Assembly, Assembly Speaker Thaddeus C. Sweet attacked the Assembly's five Socialist members, declaring they had been "elected on a platform that is absolutely inimical to the best interests of the state of New York and the United States ." The Socialist Party, Sweet said, was "not truly a political party," but was rather "a membership organization admitting within its ranks aliens, enemy aliens, and minors ." It had supported the revolutionaries in Germany, Austria, and Hungary, he continued, and consorted with international Socialist parties close to the Communist International . The Assembly suspended the five by a vote of 140 to 6, with just one Democrat supporting the Socialists . A trial in the Assembly, lasting from January 20 to March 11, resulted in a recommendation that the five be expelled and the Assembly voted overwhelmingly for expulsion on April 1, 1920 . </P> <P> Opposition to the Assembly's actions was widespread and crossed party lines . From the start of the process, former Republican Governor, Supreme Court Justice, and presidential candidate Charles Evans Hughes defended the Socialist members: "Nothing...is a more serious mistake at this critical time than to deprive Socialists or radicals of their opportunities for peaceful discussion and thus to convince them that the Reds are right and that violence and revolution are the only available means at their command ." Democratic Governor Al Smith denounced the expulsions: "To discard the method of representative government leads to the misdeeds of the very extremists we denounce and serves to increase the number of enemies of orderly free government ." Hughes also led a group of leading New York attorneys in a protest that said: "We have passed beyond the stage in political development when heresy - hunting is a permitted sport ." </P> <P> America's newspapers continually reinforced their readers' pro-American views and presented a negative attitude toward the Soviet Union and communism . They presented a threat of imminent conflict with the Soviet Union that would be justified by the clash with American ideals and goals . </P>

Which of these was not a result of the red scare