<P> From the fourth century CE to about 1500, the biggest library collections in China were three to four times larger than the largest collections in Europe . The imperial government book collections in the Tang numbered about 5,000 to 6,000 titles (89,000 juan) in 721 . The Song imperial collections at their height in the early twelfth century may have risen to 4,000 to 5,000 titles . These are indeed impressive numbers, but the imperial libraries were exceptional in China and their use was highly restricted . Only very few libraries in the Tang and Song held more than one or two thousand titles (a size not even matched by the manuscript collections of the grandest of the great cathedral libraries in Europe). </P> <P> However despite the initial advantage afforded to China by the paper medium, by the 9th century its spread and development in the middle east had closed the gap between the two regions . Between the 9th to early 12th centuries, libraries in Cairo, Baghdad, and Cordoba held collections larger than even the ones in China, and dwarfed those in Europe . From about 1500 the maturation of paper making and printing in Southern Europe also had an effect in closing the gap with the Chinese . The Venetian Domenico Grimani's collection numbered 15,000 volumes by the time of his death in 1523 . After 1600, European collections completely overtook those in China . The Bibliotheca Augusta numbered 60,000 volumes in 1649 and surged to 120,000 in 1666 . In the 1720s the Bibliotheque du Roi numbered 80,000 books and the Cambridge University 40,000 in 1715 . After 1700, libraries in North America also began to overtake those of China, and toward the end of the century, Thomas Jefferson's private collection numbered 4,889 titles in 6,487 volumes . The European advantage only increased further into the 19th century as national collections in Europe and America exceeded a million volumes while a few private collections, such as that of Lord Action, reached 70,000 . </P> <P> European book production began to catch up with China after the introduction of the mechanical printing press in the mid fifteenth century . Reliable figures of the number of imprints of each edition are as hard to find in Europe as they are in China, but one result of the spread of printing in Europe was that public and private libraries were able to build up their collections and for the first time in over a thousand years they began to match and then overtake the largest libraries in China . </P> <P> Paper became central to the three arts of China--poetry, painting, and calligraphy . In later times paper constituted one of the' Four Treasures of the Scholar's Studio,' alongside the brush, the ink, and the inkstone . </P>

How did invention of paper and ink influence history