<P> There are five primary stakeholders involved in NPS water pollution regulation: government agencies, environmental advocacy groups, potentially regulated entities, and the public . Government stakeholders are government agencies responsible for regulating NPS pollution . In addition to scientific results, agencies are concerned with how new regulations may influence their funding . Environmental advocacy stakeholders are organizations that aim to solve environmental problems, such as the Natural Resources Defense Council . These groups focus on the involvement of concerned citizens . The potentially regulated entities are the industries that will be regulated under new regulation . The public is a key stackholder group, and various measures have been taken to engage the public on NPS water pollution, including the publication of citizen handbooks on NPS water pollution and online information . Environmental regulations for nonpoint sources must be expressed in directives that are specifically understandable by the regulatory target and enforceable by subsequent government intervention . The legal section above noted a number of policy options that have been used for regulating NPS water pollution . Some of the options include: volunteerism, command and control regulations, incentive based instruments, design standards, emissions limits, product bans, trading systems, subsidies, liability rules, and other options . </P> <P> Volunteerism mainly depends on polluters' moral constraints and social pressure . Public education and information about nonpoint pollution provide control mechanism . This is a weak, but common, option for NPS regulation when compared to other regulatory options . It is weak because it doesn't require any action be taken; it relies on polluters taking action themselves . </P> <P> Command and control policies are direct government regulations . The Clean Water Act (CWA) is designed with this kind of direct command and control regulation for point source pollution . However, command and control regulations through the CWA apply to nonpoint source pollution a lesser extent . Total maximum daily loads (TMDLs) are one tool in the CWA that directly regulates NPS effluent . As noted earlier, the CWA requires state governments to set TMDLs based on both point source and NPS effluent . However, conventional command and control policies could potentially influence industry structure and cause political reluctance in the event that it could bankrupt businesses . </P> <P> Incentive based instruments include performance incentives, like taxes on nonpoint pollution sources; design incentives, like subsidies on inputs and control technology; market - based approaches, like trading and / or abatement allowances . Economic incentives are frequently used to control NPS pollution, and include things like the CWA section 319 and 208 grants . Below, different economic incentives are listed along with explanations and how they apply to NPS pollution . </P>

How are point sources of pollution regulated by the cwa