<P> Household heavy cavalry (knights) became common in the 11th century across Europe, and tournaments were invented . Although the heavy capital investment in horse and armor was a barrier to entry, knighthood became known as a way for serfs to earn their freedom . In the 12th century, the Cluny monks promoted ethical warfare and inspired the formation of orders of chivalry, such as the Templar Knights . Inherited titles of nobility were established during this period . In 13th - century Germany, knighthood became another inheritable title, although one of the less prestigious, and the trend spread to other countries . </P> <P> The East--West Schism of 1054 formally separated the Christian church into two parts: Western Catholicism in Western Europe and Eastern Orthodoxy in the east . It occurred when Pope Leo IX and Patriarch Michael I excommunicated each other, mainly over disputes as to the existence of papal authority over the four Eastern patriarchs, as well as disagreement over the filioque . </P> <P> The Crusades occurred between the 11th and 13th centuries . They were conducted under papal authority with the intent of reestablishing Christian rule in The Holy Land by taking the area from the Muslim Fatimid Caliphate . The Fatimids had captured Palestine in AD 970, lost it to the Seljuk Turks in 1073 and recaptured it in 1098, just before they lost it again in 1099 as a result of the First Crusade . </P> <P> In the context of the crusades, monastic military orders were founded that would become the template for the late medieval chivalric orders . </P>

One of the greatest innovations during the year 1000 was the rise of