<P> The Benedictions preceding and following the Shema are traditionally credited to the members of the Great Assembly . They were first instituted in the liturgy of the Temple in Jerusalem . </P> <P> According to the Talmud, the reading of the Shema morning and evening fulfils the commandment "You shall meditate therein day and night". As soon as a child begins to speak, his father is directed to teach him the verse "Moses commanded us a law, even the inheritance of the congregation of Jacob" (Deut. 33: 4), and teach him to read the Shema (Talmud, Sukkah 42a). The reciting of the first verse of the Shema is called "the acceptance of the yoke of the kingship of God" (kabalat ol malchut shamayim) (Mishnah Berachot 2: 5). Judah ha - Nasi, who spent all day involved with his studies and teaching, said just the first verse of the Shema in the morning (Talmud Berachot 13b) "as he passed his hands over his eyes" which appears to be the origin of the Jewish custom to cover the eyes with the right hand whilst reciting the first verse . </P> <P> The first verse of the Shema is recited aloud, simultaneously by the hazzan and the congregation, which responds with the rabbinically instituted Baruch Shem ("Blessed be the Name") in silence before continuing the rest of Shema . Only on Yom Kippur is this response said aloud . The remainder of the Shema is read in silence . Sephardim recite the whole of the Shema aloud, except the Baruch Shem . Reform Jews also recite the whole of the first paragraph of the Shema aloud . </P> <P> During Shacharit, there are two blessing before the Shema and one thereafter . These numbers, two before and one after, are based on the Mishnah Tractate Berachos, Chapter 11, which states: "In the morning one blesses two before and one after," though there is a question in Jewish law as to whether one recites these blessing on the Shema, or surrounding the Shema . The conclusion that has been drawn is that they are to be blessing surrounding the Shema, because the structure is similar to that of blessings of the Torah, and there is doubt as to whether such blessings would actually enhance the Shema . </P>

Hear oh israel the lord thy god is one god