<P> The new supreme rulers disposed of the legal fiction of the early Empire (seeing the emperor as but the first among equals); emperors from Aurelian (reigned 270--275) onwards openly styled themselves as dominus et deus, "lord and god", titles appropriate for a master - slave relationship . An elaborate court ceremonial developed, and obsequious flattery became the order of the day . Under Diocletian, the flow of direct requests to the emperor rapidly reduced and soon ceased altogether . No other form of direct access replaced them, and the emperor received only information filtered through his courtiers . </P> <P> Official cruelty, supporting extortion and corruption, may also have become more commonplace . While the scale, complexity, and violence of government were unmatched, the emperors lost control over their whole realm insofar as that control came increasingly to be wielded by anyone who paid for it . Meanwhile, the richest senatorial families, immune from most taxation, engrossed more and more of the available wealth and income, while also becoming divorced from any tradition of military excellence . One scholar identifies a great increase in the purchasing power of gold, two and a half fold from 274 to the later fourth century, which may be an index of growing economic inequality between a gold - rich elite and a cash - poor peasantry . </P> <P> Within the late Roman military, many recruits and even officers had barbarian origins, and soldiers are recorded as using possibly - barbarian rituals such as elevating a claimant on shields . Some scholars have seen this as an indication of weakness; others disagree, seeing neither barbarian recruits nor new rituals as causing any problem with the effectiveness or loyalty of the army . </P> <P> In 313 Constantine I declared official toleration of Christianity, followed over the ensuing decades by establishment of Christian orthodoxy and by official and private action against pagans and non-orthodox Christians . His successors generally continued this process, and Christianity became the religion of any ambitious civil official . Under Constantine the cities lost their revenue from local taxes, and under Constantius II (r . 337--361) their endowments of property . This worsened the existing difficulty in keeping the city councils up to strength, and the services provided by the cities were scamped or abandoned . Public building projects became fewer, more often repairs than new construction, and now provided at state expense rather than by local grandees wishing to consolidate long - term local influence . A further financial abuse was Constantius's increased habit of granting to his immediate entourage the estates of persons condemned of treason and other capital charges; this reduced future though not immediate income, and those close to the emperor gained a strong incentive to stimulate his suspicion of plots . </P>

What was the result in the inclusion of barbarians in the army
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