<Ul> <Li> 50 . About this time Roman physician - surgeon Aulus Cornelius Celsus died, leaving De Medicina, which described the "dilated tortuous veins" surrounding a breast cancer, causing Galen to later give cancer (Latin for crab) its name . He advised against radical mastectomy involving the pectoral muscles, and warned that surgery should only be attempted in the benign stage (first of four). </Li> <Li> 1st / 2nd century CE . Soranus of Ephesus wrote a 4 - volume treatise on gynaecology . </Li> <Li> 200 . About this year Galen died after pioneering the use of catgut for suturing while clinging to Hippocrates Four Temperaments theory, viewing pus as beneficial, and viewing cancer as a result of melancholia caused by an excess of black bile, proven by its frequent occurrence in postmenopausal females, recommending surgical excision of a cancerous breast through healthy tissue to make sure that not "a single root" is left behind, while discouraging ligatures and cautery to allow drainage of black bile . </Li> <Li> 200 . About this year Leonidas of Alexandria began advocating the excision of breast cancer via a wide cut through normal tissues like Galen, but recommended alternate incision and cautery, which became the standard for the next 15 centuries . He provided the first detailed description of a mastectomy, which included the first description of nipple retraction as a clinical sign of breast cancer . </Li> <Li> 208 . Hua Tuo began using wine and cannabis as an anesthetic during surgery . </Li> <Li> 476 . The Fall of Rome ended the advance of scientific medical - surgical knowledge in Europe . </Li> <Li> 1162 . The Council of Tours banned the "barbarous practice" of surgery for breast cancers . </Li> <Li> 1180 . Rogerius published The Practice of Surgery . </Li> <Li> 1214 . Hugh of Lucca discovered that wine disinfects wounds . </Li> <Li> 1250 . Theodoric Borgognoni, student of Hugh of Lucca broke with Galen and fought pus with dry wound technique (wound cleansing and sutures). </Li> <Li> 1275 . William of Salicet broke with Galen's love of pus and promoted a surgical knife over cauterization . </Li> <Li> 1308 . The Worshipful Company of Barbers in London was first mentioned . </Li> <Li> 1350 . About this time the Black Death devastated Europe . </Li> <Li> 1453 . The Fall of Constantinople caused many scholars to flee to Europe bringing medical - surgical manuscripts with them . </Li> <Li> 1536 . Ambroise Pare discovered that cold poultices are better than hot oil . </Li> <Li> 1543 . Andreas Vesalius published The Fabric of the Human Body . </Li> <Li> 1721 . Lady Mary Wortley Montagu brought the Ottoman practice of inoculation to England using live smallpox virus . </Li> <Li> 1735 . Claudius Amyand performed the first successful appendectomy . </Li> <Li> 1773 . Bernard Peyrilhe treated breast cancer by radical mastectomy which included both the pectoral muscle and axillary lymph nodes . </Li> <Li> 1775 . Percivall Pott discovered that soot caused scrotal cancer in chimneysweeps . </Li> <Li> 1776 . John Hunter pioneered artificial insemination . </Li> <Li> 1796 . Edward Jenner pioneered smallpox inoculation with cowpox virus . </Li> <Li> 1800 . The Royal College of Surgeons of England was founded . </Li> <Li> 1805 . Astley Cooper pioneered ligation of arteries . </Li> <Li> 1842 . Crawford Williamson Long pioneered ether for anesthesia . </Li> <Li> 1844 . Horace Wells pioneered nitrous oxide for anesthesia . </Li> <Li> 1848 . James Young Simpson pioneered chloroform for anesthesia . </Li> <Li> 1851 . Antonius Mathijsen invented the Plaster of paris cast . </Li> <Li> 1852 . J. Marion Sims successfully repaired a vesicovaginal fistula . </Li> <Li> 1854 . John Snow disproved the miasma theory of contagion . </Li> <Li> 1879 . After becoming the first to diagnose the location based on neurological findings alone, Scottish surgeon William Macewen (1848--1924) performed the first successful non-primary (trephined) brain tumor removal, pioneering brain surgery . </Li> <Li> 1880 . German surgeon Ludwig Rehn performed the first thyroidectomy . </Li> <Li> 1882 . William Stewart Halsted of Johns Hopkins Hospital performed the first complete radical mastectomy in the U.S., which became the standard treatment . </Li> <Li> 1883 . Lawson Tait performed the first successful salpingectomy . </Li> <Li> 1884 . After English physician Alexander Hughes Bennett (1848--1901) diagnosed the location based on neurological findings alone, English surgeon Rickman Godlee (1849--1925) completed the first primary (exposed) brain tumor removal . </Li> <Li> 1884 . Austrian ophtalmologist Karl Koller first used cocaine as a local anesthetic for eye surgery . </Li> <Li> 1890 . German surgeon Themistocles Glück pioneered arthroplasty with a knee replacement and hip replacement using ivory . </Li> <Li> 1891 . St. Louis, Missouri surgeon Henry C. Dalton performed the first successful pericardial sac repair operation . </Li> <Li> 1893 . African - American surgeon Daniel Hale Williams of Chicago performed the second successful pericardial sac repair operation . </Li> <Li> 1895 . Wilhelm Roentgen discovered X-rays . </Li> <Li> 1895 . The first successful cardiac surgery was performed by Norwegian surgeon Axel Cappelen . The patient later died of complications, though the autopsy found it was for other reasons, as the wound had been satisfactorily closed . </Li> <Li> 1896 . The first successful cardiac surgery without any complications was performed by German surgeon Ludwig Rehn . </Li> <Li> 1900 . About this time the Cargile membrane was introduced into surgery . </Li> <Li> 1900 . About this time Harvey Cushing began pioneering brain surgery . </Li> <Li> 1901 . German surgeon Georg Kelling performed the first Laparoscopic surgery on dogs . </Li> <Li> 1901 . Austrian physician Karl Landsteiner discovered the basic A-B - AB - O blood types . </Li> <Li> 1903 . Dutch physician Willem Einthoven invented the Electrocardiograph . </Li> <Li> 1905 . Novocaine was first used as a local anesthetic . </Li> <Li> 1907 . Austrian surgeon Hermann Schloffer became the first to successfully remove a pituitary tumor . </Li> <Li> 1910 . Swiss physician Hans Christian Jacobaeus performed the first Laparoscopic surgery on humans . </Li> <Li> 1914 . Blood transfusion was pioneered . </Li> <Li> 1916 . Austrian surgeon Hermann Schloffer performed the first splenectomy operation . </Li> <Li> 1917 . Kiwi surgeon Harold Gillies pioneered modern plastic surgery for wounded British World War I soldiers . </Li> <Li> 1925 . The first open heart surgery by English surgeon Henry Souttar . </Li> <Li> 1929 . Werner Forssmann performed the first cardiac catheterization, on himself . </Li> <Li> 1931 . The first sex reassignment surgery . </Li> <Li> 1940 . The first successful metallic hip replacement surgery . </Li> <Li> 1948 . The first successful open heart surgery operations since 1925 . </Li> <Li> 1952 . The first successful open heart surgery using hypothermia . </Li> <Li> 1953 . The first carotid endarterectomy . </Li> <Li> 1954 . The first kidney transplant . </Li> <Li> 1955 . The first artificial cardiac pacemaker . </Li> <Li> 1955 . The first separation operation for conjoined twins . </Li> <Li> 1961 . The cochlear implant was invented by William F. House . </Li> <Li> 1961 . American surgeon Thomas J. Fogarty invented the Fogarty embolectomy catheter . </Li> <Li> 1962 . The first hip replacement surgery via Low Frictional Torque Arthroplasty (LFA) by Sir John Charnley . </Li> <Li> 1963 . The first liver transplant was performed by Thomas Starzl et al . </Li> <Li> 1964 . The laser scalpel was invented . </Li> <Li> 1967: The first successful heart transplant by Christiaan Barnard . </Li> <Li> 1967 . The first successful coronary artery bypass surgery . </Li> <Li> 1972 . The CT scan was perfected . </Li> <Li> 1974 . The first Tommy John surgery . </Li> <Li> 1974 . The first blunt tunneling (cannula - assisted) Liposuction . </Li> <Li> 1982 . The Jarvik - 7 artificial heart was successfully installed . </Li> <Li> 1983 . Robot - assisted surgery began with Arthrobot in Vancouver . </Li> <Li> 1985 . The first laparoscopic cholecystectomy . </Li> <Li> 1985 . Positron emission tomography was invented . </Li> <Li> 1987 . The first successful heart - lung transplant . </Li> <Li> 1998 . The first Stem Cell Therapy . </Li> <Li> 2000 . The da Vinci Surgical System was approved by the FDA . </Li> <Li> 2001 . The first self - contained artificial heart, AbioCor . </Li> <Li> 2001 . The first remote surgery, using the ZEUS robotic surgical system . </Li> <Li> 2005 . The first partial face transplant by French surgeon Jean - Michel Dubernard et al . </Li> <Li> 2008 . The first full face transplant by French surgeon Laurent Lantieri et al . </Li> <Li> 2011 . The first successful double leg transplant by Spanish surgeon Pedro Cavadas et al . </Li> <Li> 2012 . The first successful mother - daughter womb transplant . </Li> <Li> 2012 . The first human hand transplant by surgeons in Leeds, England . </Li> <Li> 2012 . The first double arm transplant by surgeons at Johns Hopkins University . </Li> <Li> 2013 . The first virtual surgery using Google Glass by surgeons at the University of Alabama, which they call Virtual Interactive Presence in Augmented Reality (VIPAAR). </Li> <Li> 2013 . The first growing of a replacement nose on a patient's forehead by surgeons at Imperial College in Fuzhou, China . </Li> <Li> 2014 . The first penis transplant by surgeons at Tygerberg Hospital in South Africa . </Li> <Li> 2015 . The first skull and scalp transplant by surgeons at MD Anderson Cancer Center and Houston Methodist Hospital in Texas . </Li> <Li> 2016 . The first penis transplant (in the United States) by surgeons at Massachusetts General Hospital . </Li> <Li> 2016 . The first uterus transplant in the U.S. at Cleveland Clinic . </Li> <Li> 2016 . The first HIV - to - HIV liver transplant at Johns Hopkins . </Li> </Ul> <Li> 50 . About this time Roman physician - surgeon Aulus Cornelius Celsus died, leaving De Medicina, which described the "dilated tortuous veins" surrounding a breast cancer, causing Galen to later give cancer (Latin for crab) its name . He advised against radical mastectomy involving the pectoral muscles, and warned that surgery should only be attempted in the benign stage (first of four). </Li> <Li> 1st / 2nd century CE . Soranus of Ephesus wrote a 4 - volume treatise on gynaecology . </Li> <Li> 200 . About this year Galen died after pioneering the use of catgut for suturing while clinging to Hippocrates Four Temperaments theory, viewing pus as beneficial, and viewing cancer as a result of melancholia caused by an excess of black bile, proven by its frequent occurrence in postmenopausal females, recommending surgical excision of a cancerous breast through healthy tissue to make sure that not "a single root" is left behind, while discouraging ligatures and cautery to allow drainage of black bile . </Li>

Who did the first surgery in the world