<P> In the United States, Dr. Henry P. DeForrest used fingerprinting in the New York Civil Service in 1902, and by December 1905, New York City Police Department Deputy Commissioner Joseph A. Faurot, an expert in the Bertillon system and a fingerprint advocate at Police Headquarters, introduced the fingerprinting of criminals to the United States . </P> <P> The Uhlenhuth test, or the antigen--antibody precipitin test for species, was invented by Paul Uhlenhuth in 1901 and could distinguish human blood from animal blood, based on the discovery that the blood of different species had one or more characteristic proteins . The test represented a major breakthrough and came to have tremendous importance in forensic science . The test was further refined for forensic use by the Swiss chemist Maurice Müller in the 1960s . </P> <P> Forensic DNA analysis was first used in 1984 . It was developed by Sir Alec Jefferys, who realized that variation in the genetic code could be used to identify individuals and to tell individuals apart from one another . The first application of DNA profiles was used by Jefferys in a double murder mystery in a small England town called Narborough, Leicestershire in 1985 . A 15 - year - old school girl by the name of Lynda Mann was raped and murdered in Carlton Hayes psychiatric hospital . The police did not find a suspect but were able to obtain a semen sample . </P> <P> In 1986, Dawn Ashworth, 15 years old, was also raped and strangled in a nearby village of Enderby . Forensic evidence showed that both killers had the same blood type . Richard Buckland became the suspect because he worked at Carlton Hayes psychiatric hospital, had been spotted near Dawn Ashworth's murder scene and knew unreleased details about the body . He later confessed to Dawn's murder but not Lynda's . Jefferys was brought into the case to analyze the semen samples . He concluded that there was no match between the samples and Buckland, who became the first person to be exonerated using DNA . Jefferys confirmed that the DNA profiles were identical for the two murder semen samples . To find the perpetrator, DNA samples from the entire male population, more than 4,000 aged from 17 to 34, of the town were collected . They all were compared to semen samples from the crime . A friend of Colin Pitchfork was heard saying that he had given his sample to the police claiming to be Colin . Colin Pitchfork was arrested in 1987 and it was found that his DNA profile matched the semen samples from the murder . </P>

When was forensic evidence first used in court