<Li> some mechanisms for dealing with address spaces, required for managing memory protection </Li> <Li> some execution abstraction to manage CPU allocation, typically threads or scheduler activations </Li> <Li> inter-process communication, required to invoke servers running in their own address spaces </Li> <P> This minimal design was pioneered by Brinch Hansen's Nucleus and the hypervisor of IBM's VM . It has since been formalised in Liedtke's minimality principle: </P>

Why is macos x is not considered a true micro-kernel architecture