<P> In the later part of the 1990s,' paradigm shift' emerged as a buzzword, popularized as marketing speak and appearing more frequently in print and publication . In his book Mind The Gaffe, author Larry Trask advises readers to refrain from using it, and to use caution when reading anything that contains the phrase . It is referred to in several articles and books as abused and overused to the point of becoming meaningless . </P> <P> The term "paradigm shift" has found uses in other contexts, representing the notion of a major change in a certain thought - pattern--a radical change in personal beliefs, complex systems or organizations, replacing the former way of thinking or organizing with a radically different way of thinking or organizing: </P> <Ul> <Li> M.L. Handa, a professor of sociology in education at O.I.S.E. University of Toronto, Canada, developed the concept of a paradigm within the context of social sciences . He defines what he means by "paradigm" and introduces the idea of a "social paradigm". In addition, he identifies the basic component of any social paradigm . Like Kuhn, he addresses the issue of changing paradigms, the process popularly known as "paradigm shift". In this respect, he focuses on the social circumstances which precipitate such a shift . Relatedly, he addresses how that shift affects social institutions, including the institution of education . </Li> <Li> The concept has been developed for technology and economics in the identification of new techno - economic paradigms as changes in technological systems that have a major influence on the behaviour of the entire economy (Carlota Perez; earlier work only on technological paradigms by Giovanni Dosi). This concept is linked to Joseph Schumpeter's idea of creative destruction . Examples include the move to mass production and the introduction of microelectronics . </Li> <Li> Two photographs of the Earth from space, "Earthrise" (1968) and "The Blue Marble" (1972), are thought to have helped to usher in the environmentalist movement which gained great prominence in the years immediately following distribution of those images . </Li> <Li> Hans Küng applies Thomas Kuhn's theory of paradigm change to the entire history of Christian thought and theology . He identifies six historical "macromodels": 1) the apocalyptic paradigm of primitive Christianity, 2) the Hellenistic paradigm of the patristic period, 3) the medieval Roman Catholic paradigm, 4) the Protestant (Reformation) paradigm, 5) the modern Enlightenment paradigm, and 6) the emerging ecumenical paradigm . He also discusses five analogies between natural science and theology in relation to paradigm shifts . Küng addresses paradigm change in his books, Paradigm Change in Theology and Theology for the Third Millennium: An Ecumenical View . </Li> </Ul> <Li> M.L. Handa, a professor of sociology in education at O.I.S.E. University of Toronto, Canada, developed the concept of a paradigm within the context of social sciences . He defines what he means by "paradigm" and introduces the idea of a "social paradigm". In addition, he identifies the basic component of any social paradigm . Like Kuhn, he addresses the issue of changing paradigms, the process popularly known as "paradigm shift". In this respect, he focuses on the social circumstances which precipitate such a shift . Relatedly, he addresses how that shift affects social institutions, including the institution of education . </Li>

Paradigm shift in the nature of discipline in hindi