<P> In neuroscience, long - term potentiation (LTP) is a persistent strengthening of synapses based on recent patterns of activity . These are patterns of synaptic activity that produce a long - lasting increase in signal transmission between two neurons . The opposite of LTP is long - term depression, which produces a long - lasting decrease in synaptic strength . </P> <P> It is one of several phenomena underlying synaptic plasticity, the ability of chemical synapses to change their strength . As memories are thought to be encoded by modification of synaptic strength, LTP is widely considered one of the major cellular mechanisms that underlies learning and memory . </P>

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