<Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> European states in 1815 Monarchies (55) Republics (9) </Td> <Td> European states in 1914 Monarchies (22) Republics (4) </Td> <Td> European states in 1930 Monarchies (20) Republics (15) </Td> <Td> European states in 1950 Monarchies (13) Republics (21) </Td> <Td> European states in 2015 Monarchies (12) Republics (35) </Td> </Tr> <P> The French Second Republic was created in 1848, but abolished by Napoleon III who proclaimed himself Emperor in 1852 . The French Third Republic was established in 1870, when a civil revolutionary committee refused to accept Napoleon III's surrender during the Franco - Prussian War . Spain briefly became the First Spanish Republic in 1873--74, but the monarchy was soon restored . By the start of the 20th century France, Switzerland and San Marino remained the only republics in Europe . This changed when, after the 1908 Lisbon Regicide, the 5 October 1910 revolution established the Portuguese Republic . </P> <P> In East Asia, China had seen considerable anti-Qing sentiment during the 19th century, and a number of protest movements developed calling for constitutional monarchy . The most important leader of these efforts was Sun Yat - sen, whose Three Principles of the People combined American, European, and Chinese ideas . Under his leadership the Republic of China was proclaimed on January 1, 1912 . </P>

What does republic mean according to the indian constitution