<P> An abuser can be a spouse, partner, relative, a friend or neighbor, a volunteer worker, a paid worker, practitioner, solicitor, or any other individual with the intent to deprive a vulnerable person of their resources . Relatives include adult children and their spouses or partners, their offspring and other extended family members . Children and living relatives who have a history of substance abuse or have had other life troubles are of particular concern . For example, Hybrid Financial Exploitation (HFE) abusive individuals are more likely to be a relative, chronically unemployed, and dependent on the elderly person . Additionally, past studies have estimated that between 16% and 38% of all elder abusers have a history of mental illness . Elder abuse perpetrated by individuals with mental illnesses can be decreased by lessening the level of dependency that persons with serious mental illness have on family members . This can be done by funneling more resourced into housing assistance programs, intensive care management services, and better welfare benefits for individuals with serious mental illness . People with substance abuse and mental health disorders typically have very small social networks, and this confinement contributes to the overall occurrence of elder abuse . </P> <P> Perpetrators of elder abuse can include anyone in a position of trust, control or authority over the individual . Family relationships, neighbors and friends, are all socially considered as relationships of trust, whether or not the older adult actually thinks of the people as "trustworthy". Some perpetrators may "groom" an older person (befriend or build a relationship with them) in order to establish a relationship of trust . Older people living alone who have no adult children living nearby are particularly vulnerable to "grooming" by neighbors and friends who would hope to gain control of their estates . </P> <P> The majority of abusers are relatives, typically the older adult's spouse / partner or sons and daughters, although the type of abuse differs according to the relationship . In some situations the abuse is "domestic violence grown old", a situation in which the abusive behavior of a spouse or partner continues into old age . In some situations, an older couple may be attempting to care and support each other and failing, in the absence of external support . With sons and daughters it tends to be financial abuse, justified by a belief that it is nothing more than the "advance inheritance" of property, valuables and money . </P> <P> Within paid care environments, abuse can occur for a variety of reasons . Some abuse is the willful act of cruelty inflicted by a single individual upon an older person . In fact, a case study in Canada suggests that the high elder abuse statistics are from repeat offenders who, like in other forms of abuse, practice elder abuse for the schadenfreude associated with the act . More commonly, institutional abuses or neglect may reflect lack of knowledge, lack of training, lack of support, or insufficient resourcing . Institutional abuse may be the consequence of common practices or processes that are part of the running of a care institution or service . Sometimes this type of abuse is referred to as "poor practice", although this term reflects the motive of the perpetrator (the causation) rather than the impact upon the older person . </P>

Where does most elder abuse and neglect take place
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