<P> Whether Raimond actually started a truly central, organized effort at translation, later generalized as the Toledo School of Translators, remains unknown . What is known is that most translations coming out of Spain dealt with either medicine or astronomy . Hugo of Santalla, for example, translated a large selection of Arabic works all dealing with astronomy, as well as tracing the history of astronomic thought through history, underscoring the work of the Greeks, Persians, Hellenists, and Arabs in one large preface to his volume . </P> <P> By the 13th century, translation had declined in Spain, but it was on the rise in Italy and Sicily, and from there to all of Europe . Adelard of Bath, an Englishman, traveled to Sicily and the Arab world, translating works on astronomy and mathematics, including the first complete translation of Euclid's Elements . Powerful Norman kings gathered men of high knowledge from Italy, and other areas, into their courts, as signs of prestige . Even the Byzantines experienced an Aristotelian revival in the mid-12th century, and gathered men from Italy as well . </P>

Who saved the knowledge and books of ancient greece and rome