<P> The Philippine Declaration of Independence was not recognized by either the United States or Spain, and the Spanish government ceded the Philippines to the United States in the 1898 Treaty of Paris, which was signed on December 10, 1898, in consideration for an indemnity for Spanish expenses and assets lost . </P> <P> On January 1, 1899, Aguinaldo was declared President of the Philippines--the only president of what would be later called the First Philippine Republic . He later organized a Congress at Malolos in Bulacan to draft a constitution . </P> <P> On April 22, 1898, while in exile, Aguinaldo had a private meeting in Singapore with United States Consul E. Spencer Pratt, after which he decided to again take up the mantle of leadership in the Philippine Revolution . According to Aguinaldo, Pratt had communicated with Commodore George Dewey (commander of the Asiatic Squadron of the United States Navy) by telegram, and passed assurances from Dewey to Aguinaldo that the United States would recognize the independence of the Philippines under the protection of the United States Navy . Pratt reportedly stated that there was no necessity for entering into a formal written agreement because the word of the Admiral and of the United States Consul were equivalent to the official word of the United States government . With these assurances, Aguinaldo agreed to return to the Philippines . </P> <P> Pratt later contested Aguinaldo's account of these events, and denied any "dealings of a political character" with Aguinaldo . Admiral Dewey also refuted Aguinaldo's account, stating that he had promised nothing regarding the future: </P>

Who led the revolt against american rule in the philippines
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