<P> The peroxide anion is a stronger nucleophile than hydroxide and displaces hydroxyl from oxyanions e.g. forming perborates and percarbonates . Sodium perborate and sodium percarbonate are important consumer and industrial bleaching agents; they stabilize hydrogen peroxide and limit side reactions (e.g. reduction and decomposition note below). The peroxide anion forms an adduct with urea, hydrogen peroxide--urea . </P> <P> Hydrogen peroxide is both an oxidizing agent and reducing agent . The oxidation of hydrogen peroxide by sodium hypochlorite yields singlet oxygen . The net reaction of a ferric ion with hydrogen peroxide is a ferrous ion and oxygen . This proceeds via single electron oxidation and hydroxyl radicals . This is used in some organic chemistry oxidations, e.g. in the Fenton's reagent . Only catalytic quantities of iron ion is needed since peroxide also oxidizes ferrous to ferric ion . The net reaction of hydrogen peroxide and permanganate or manganese dioxide is manganous ion; however, until the peroxide is spent some manganous ions are reoxidized to make the reaction catalytic . This forms the basis for common monopropellant rockets . </P> <P> Hydrogen peroxide is formed in human and animals as a short - lived product in biochemical processes and is toxic to cells . The toxicity is due to oxidation of proteins, membrane lipids and DNA by the peroxide ions . The class of biological enzymes called SOD (superoxide dismutase) is developed in nearly all living cells as an important antioxidant agent . They promote the disproportionation of superoxide into oxygen and hydrogen peroxide, which is then rapidly decomposed by the enzyme catalase to oxygen and water . </P> <Dl> <Dd> 2 O 2 − + 2 H + → SOD H 2 O 2 + O 2 (\ displaystyle (\ ce (2O2 ^ - + 2H+ -> ((\ ce (SOD))) H2O2 + O2))) </Dd> <Dd> Formation of hydrogen peroxide by superoxide dismutase (SOD) </Dd> </Dl>

H2 o2 toxicity in a cell is controlled by
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