<P> The experience of community alienation among police officers is closely tied to the experience of mastery, the state of mind in which an individual feels autonomous and experiences confidence in his or her ability, skill, and knowledge to control or influence external events . Community policing requires departments to flatten their organizational pyramid and place even more decision - making and discretion in the hands of line officers . As the level of community alienation or isolation that officers experience increases, there will be a corresponding decrease in officers' sense of mastery in carrying out their expanded discretionary role . Second, a strong sense of community integration for police officers would seem to be vital to the core community policing focus of proactive law enforcement . Proactive enforcement is usually defined as the predisposition of police officers to be actively committed to crime prevention, community problem - solving, and a more open, dynamic quality - oriented law enforcement - community partnership . </P> <P> A lack of community support resulted in an increased sense of alienation and a greater degree of apathy among police officers . A lack of community support and working in a larger populated community was associated with an increased sense of alienation and a greater degree of inactivity among police officers . An increased sense of alienation resulted in a greater degree of negative feelings and lethargy among police officers . The more police officers felt socially isolated from the community they served, the more they withdrew and the more negative they felt towards its citizens . </P> <P> Traditionally, determining whether police or policies are effective or not can be done by evaluating the crime rate for a geographic area . A crime rate in the United States is determined using the FBI's "Uniform Crime Reports" (UCR) or "National Incident - Based Reporting System" (NIBRS) as well as the Bureau of Justice Statistics' "National Crime Victimization Survey" (NCVS). </P> <P> Community policing is more complicated than simply comparing crime rates and there is no universally - accepted criteria for evaluating community policing . However, there are some structures that are commonly used . One possible way to determine whether or not community policing is effective in an area is for officers and key members of the community to set a specific mission and goals when starting out . Once specific goals are set, participation at every level is essential in obtaining commitment and achieving goals . Street - level officers, supervisors, executives, and the entire community should feel the goals represent what they want their police department to accomplish . </P>

Components of community policing include which of the following