<Li> Spearman's rank correlation coefficient: measures statistical dependence between two variables using a monotonic function </Li> <Li> Squared ranks test: tests equality of variances in two or more samples </Li> <Li> Tukey--Duckworth test: tests equality of two distributions by using ranks </Li> <Li> Wald--Wolfowitz runs test: tests whether the elements of a sequence are mutually independent / random </Li>

Many non-parametric methods convert raw values to ranks and then analyze ranks