<P> The United States Supreme Court ruled in Shaw v. Reno (1993) that a racial gerrymander may, in some circumstances, violate the Equal Protection Clause of the United States Constitution . </P> <P> The state legislature defended the two minority - majority districts as based on demographics, with the 12th representing people of the interior Piedmont area and the 1st the Coastal Plain . Subsequently, the 12th district was redrawn several times and was adjudicated in the Supreme Court on two additional occasions . The version created after the 2000 census was approved by the US Supreme Court in Hunt v. Cromartie . The district's configuration dating from the 2000 census had a small plurality of whites, and it was changed only slightly after the 2010 census . African Americans make up a large majority of registered voters and Hispanics constitute 7.1% of residents . </P> <P> On February 5, 2016, U.S. Circuit Judge Roger L. Gregory ruled that the district, along with North Carolina's 1st congressional district, must be redrawn from its post-2010 configuration, and that race could not be a mitigating factor in drawing the district . This decision, in the case of Cooper v. Harris, was subsequently upheld by a unanimous U.S. Supreme Court in a decision by Justice Elena Kagan on May 22, 2017 . In her decision, Justice Kagan noted that this marked the fifth time the 12th district had appeared before the Supreme Court, following Shaw v. Reno and Hunt v. Cromartie which had both been heard twice before the Court . </P> <P> In all of its configurations, it has been a Democratic stronghold . Its previous incarnation was dominated by black voters in Charlotte, Greensboro, and Winston - Salem . The redrawn map made the 12th a compact district comprising nearly all of Mecklenburg County, except the southeast and a sliver in the northeast . Due to Charlotte's heavy swing to the Democrats in recent years, the reconfigured 12th is no less Democratic than its predecessor . </P>

What type of gerrymandering took place in north carolina's 12th congressional district
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