<P> The Fundamental Rights--embodied in Part III of the constitution--guarantee liberties such that all Indians can lead their lives in peace as citizens of India . The six fundamental rights are right to equality, right to freedom, right against exploitation, right to freedom of religion, cultural and educational rights and right to constitutional remedies . </P> <P> These include individual rights common to most liberal democracies, incorporated in the fundamental law of the land and are enforceable in a court of law . Violations of these rights result in punishments as prescribed in the Indian Penal Code, subject to discretion of the judiciary . These rights are neither absolute nor immune from constitutional amendments . They have been aimed at overturning the inequalities of pre-independence social practices . Specifically, they resulted in abolishment of un-touchability and prohibit discrimination on the grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth . They forbid human trafficking and unfree labour . They protect cultural and educational rights of ethnic and religious minorities by allowing them to preserve their languages and administer their own educational institutions . </P> <P> All people, irrespective of race, religion, caste or sex, have the right to approach the High Courts or the Supreme Court for the enforcement of their fundamental rights . It is not necessary that the aggrieved party has to be the one to do so . In public interest, anyone can initiate litigation in the court on their behalf . This is known as "Public interest litigation". High Court and Supreme Court judges can also act on their own on the basis of media reports . </P> <P> The Fundamental Rights emphasize equality by guaranteeing to all citizens the access and use of public institutions and protections, irrespective of their background . The rights to life and personal liberty apply for persons of any nationality, while others, such as the freedom of speech and expression are applicable only to the citizens of India (including non-resident Indian citizens). The right to equality in matters of public employment cannot be conferred to overseas citizens of India . </P>

Which institution is the primary actor in defining civil liberties in the united states