<Li> In the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), primary stress is indicated by a high vertical line before the stressed element, secondary stress by a low vertical line . For example, (sɪˌlæbəfɪˈkeɪʃən) or / sɪˌlæbəfɪˈkeɪʃən / . Extra stress can be indicated by doubling the symbol: ˈˈ ◌ . Most commonly, the stress mark is placed before the beginning of the stressed syllable, where a syllable is definable . However, it is occasionally placed immediately before the vowel . </Li> <Li> Linguists frequently mark primary stress with an acute accent over the vowel, and secondary stress by a grave accent . Example: (sɪlæ̀bəfɪkéɪʃən) or / sɪlæ̀bəfɪkéɪʃən / . This has the advantage that it does not require a decision about syllable boundaries . </Li> <Li> In English dictionaries that show pronunciation by respelling, stress is typically marked with a prime mark placed after the stressed syllable: / si - lab ′ - ə - fi - kay ′ - shən / . </Li> <Li> In ad hoc pronunciation guides, stress is often indicated using a combination of bold text and capital letters . For example, si - lab - if - i - KAY - shun or si - LAB - if - i - KAY - shun </Li>

What are the kinds of stress in english