<Dd> (a) a court or such a tribunal may exclude from its proceedings persons other than the parties thereto or their legal practitioners in the interest of defence, public safety, public order, public morality, the welfare of persons who have not attained the age of eighteen years, the protection of the private lives of the parties or to such extent as it may consider necessary by reason of special circumstances in which publicity would be contrary to the interests of justice; </Dd> <Dd> (b) if in any proceedings before a court or such a tribunal, a Minister of the Government of the Federation or a commissioner of the government of a State satisfies the court or tribunal that it would not be in the public interest for any matter to be publicly disclosed, the court or tribunal shall make arrangements for evidence relating to that matter to be heard in private and shall take such other action as may be necessary or expedient to prevent the disclosure of the matter . </Dd> <Dd> (5) Every person who is charged with a criminal offence shall be presumed to be innocent until he is proved guilty; </Dd> <Dd> Provided that nothing in this section shall invalidate any law by reason only that the law imposes upon any such person the burden of proving particular facts . </Dd>

Which constitution introduced the elective principle into the nigeria polity