<P> Before effective treatments were available, syphilis could sometimes be disfiguring in the long term, leading to defects of the face and nose ("nasal collapse"). Syphilis was a stigmatized disease due to its sexually transmissible nature . Such defects marked the person as a social pariah, and a symbol of sexual deviancy . Artificial noses were sometimes used to improve this appearance . The pioneering work of the facial surgeon Gasparo Tagliacozzi in the 16th century marked one of the earliest attempts to surgically reconstruct nose defects . Before the invention of the free flap, only local tissue adjacent to the defect could be harvested for use, as the blood supply was a vital determining factor in the survival of the flap . Tagliacozzi's technique was to harvest tissue from the arm without removing its pedicle from the blood supply on the arm . The patient would have to stay with their arm strapped to their face until new blood vessels grew at the recipient site, and the flap could finally be separated from the arm during a second procedure . </P> <P> As the disease became better understood, more effective treatments were found . An antimicrobial used for treating disease was the organo - arsenical drug Salvarsan, developed in 1908 by Sahachiro Hata in the laboratory of Nobel prize winner Paul Ehrlich . This group later discovered the related arsenic, Neosalvarsan, which is less toxic . </P> <P> It was observed that sometimes patients who developed high fevers were cured of syphilis . Thus, for a brief time malaria was used as treatment for tertiary syphilis because it produced prolonged and high fevers (a form of pyrotherapy). This was considered an acceptable risk because the malaria could later be treated with quinine, which was available at that time . Malaria as a treatment for syphilis was usually reserved for late disease, especially neurosyphilis, and then followed by either Salvarsan or Neosalvarsan as adjuvant therapy . This discovery was championed by Julius Wagner - Jauregg, who won the 1927 Nobel Prize for Medicine for his discovery of the therapeutic value of malaria inoculation in the treatment of neurosyphilis . Later, hyperthermal cabinets (sweat - boxes) were used for the same purpose . These treatments were finally rendered obsolete by the discovery of penicillin, and its widespread manufacture after World War II allowed syphilis to be effectively and reliably cured . </P> <P> In 1905, Schaudinn and Hoffmann discovered Treponema pallidum in tissue of patients with syphilis . One year later, the first effective test for syphilis, the Wassermann test, was developed . Although it had some false positive results, it was a major advance in the detection and prevention of syphilis . By allowing testing before the acute symptoms of the disease had developed, this test allowed the prevention of transmission of syphilis to others, even though it did not provide a cure for those infected . In the 1930s the Hinton test, developed by William Augustus Hinton, and based on flocculation, was shown to have fewer false positive reactions than the Wassermann test . Both of these early tests have been superseded by newer analytical methods . </P>

When did they find a cure for syphillis
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