<P> The salient features of each type are as follows: </P> <Ol> <Li> In negotiation, participation is voluntary and there is no third party who facilitates the resolution process or imposes a resolution . (NB--a third party like a chaplain or organizational ombudsperson or social worker or a skilled friend may be coaching one or both of the parties behind the scene, a process called "Helping People Help Themselves"--see Helping People Help Themselves, in Negotiation Journal July 1990, pp. 239--248, which includes a section on helping someone draft a letter to someone who is perceived to have wronged them .) </Li> <Li> In mediation, there is a third party, a mediator, who facilitates the resolution process (and may even suggest a resolution, typically known as a "mediator's proposal"), but does not impose a resolution on the parties . In some countries (for example, the United Kingdom), ADR is synonymous with what is generally referred to as mediation in other countries . </Li> <Li> In collaborative law or collaborative divorce, each party has an attorney who facilitates the resolution process within specifically contracted terms . The parties reach agreement with support of the attorneys (who are trained in the process) and mutually agreed experts . No one imposes a resolution on the parties . However, the process is a formalized process that is part of the litigation and court system . Rather than being an Alternative Resolution methodology it is a litigation variant that happens to rely on ADR like attitudes and processes . </Li> <Li> In arbitration, participation is typically voluntary, and there is a third party who, as a private judge, imposes a resolution . Arbitrations often occur because parties to contracts agree that any future dispute concerning the agreement will be resolved by arbitration . This is known as a' Scott Avery Clause' . In recent years, the enforceability of arbitration clauses, particularly in the context of consumer agreements (e.g., credit card agreements), has drawn scrutiny from courts . Although parties may appeal arbitration outcomes to courts, such appeals face an exacting standard of review . </Li> </Ol> <Li> In negotiation, participation is voluntary and there is no third party who facilitates the resolution process or imposes a resolution . (NB--a third party like a chaplain or organizational ombudsperson or social worker or a skilled friend may be coaching one or both of the parties behind the scene, a process called "Helping People Help Themselves"--see Helping People Help Themselves, in Negotiation Journal July 1990, pp. 239--248, which includes a section on helping someone draft a letter to someone who is perceived to have wronged them .) </Li> <Li> In mediation, there is a third party, a mediator, who facilitates the resolution process (and may even suggest a resolution, typically known as a "mediator's proposal"), but does not impose a resolution on the parties . In some countries (for example, the United Kingdom), ADR is synonymous with what is generally referred to as mediation in other countries . </Li>

Which of the following is not a form of adr a. litigation b. mediation c. arbitration d. negotiation