<P> In contrast to Lijphart, several political scientists and policy analysts have condemned consociationalism . One of the many critiques is that consociationalism locks in ethnic tensions and identities . This assumes a primordial stance that ethnic identities are permanent and not subject to change . Furthermore, this does not allow for any "others" that might want to partake in the political process . As of 2012 a Jewish Bosnian is suing the Bosnian government from precluding him from running for presidential office since only a Croat, Serb, or Bosniak can run under the consociational government . Determining ethnic identities in advance and implementing a power sharing system on the basis of these fixed identities is inherently discriminatory against minority groups that might be not be recognized . Moreover, it discriminates against those who do not choose to define their identity on an ethnic or communal basis . In power sharing - systems that are based on pre-determined identities, there is a tendency to rigidly fix shares of representation on a permanent basis which will not reflect changing demographics over time . The categorization of individuals in particular ethnic groups might be controversial anyway and might in fact fuel ethnic tensions . </P> <P> The inherent weaknesses in using pre-determined ethnic identities to form power sharing systems has led Ljiphart to argue that adopting a constructivist approach to consociationalism can increase its likelihood of success . The self - determination of ethnic identities is more likely to be "non-discriminatory, neutral, flexible and self - adjusting ." For example, in South Africa, the toxic legacy of apartheid meant that successful consociation could only be built on the basis of the self - determination of groups . Ljiphart claims that because ethnic identities are often "unclear, fluid and flexible," self - determination is likely to be more successful than pre-determination of ethnic groups . A constructivist approach to consociational theory can therefore strengthen its value as a method to resolve ethnic conflict . </P> <P> Another critique points to the privileging of ethnic identity over personal political choice . Howard has deemed consociationalism as a form of ethnocracy and not a path to true pluralistic democracy . Consociationalism assumes that a politician will best represent the will of his co-ethnics above other political parties . This might lead to the polarization of ethnic groups and the loss of non-ethnic ideological parties . </P> <P> Horowitz has argued that a single transferable vote system could prevent the ethnification of political parties because voters cast their ballots in order of preference . This means that a voter could cast some of his votes to parties other than his co-ethnic party . This in turn would compel political parties to broaden their manifestos to appeal to voters across the ethnic divide to hoover up second and third preference votes . </P>

What region of the world has the most ethnonationalist conflict