<P> The English enjoyed some victories at Cádiz in 1587, and saw the Spanish Armada retreat in 1588, but then suffered severe defeats of the English Armada in 1589 and the Drake--Hawkins and Essex--Raleigh expeditions in 1595 and 1597 respectively . Two further Spanish armadas were sent in 1596 and 1597 but were frustrated in their objectives mainly because of adverse weather and poor planning . </P> <P> The war became deadlocked around the turn of the 17th century during campaigns in the Netherlands, France and Ireland . It was brought to an end with the Treaty of London, negotiated in 1604 between representatives of the new King of Spain, Philip III, and the new King of England, James I. England and Spain agreed to cease their military interventions in the Spanish Netherlands and Ireland, respectively, and the English ended high seas privateering . </P> <P> In the 1560s, Philip II of Spain was faced with increasing religious disturbances as Protestantism gained adherents in his domains in the Low Countries . As a defender of the Catholic Church, he sought to suppress the rising Protestant heresy in his territories, which eventually exploded into open rebellion in 1566 . Meanwhile, relations with the regime of Elizabeth I of England continued to deteriorate, following her restoration of royal supremacy over the Church of England through the Act of Supremacy in 1559; first instituted by her father Henry VIII and rescinded by her sister Mary I . The Act was considered by Catholics as a usurpation of papal authority . Calls by leading English Protestants to support the Protestant Dutch rebels against Philip increased tensions further as did the Catholic - Protestant disturbances in France, which saw both sides supporting the opposing French factions . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Opposing Monarchs </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Philip II of Spain </Li> <Li> Elizabeth I of England </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table>

Why were spain and england rivals in the late 1500s
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