<P> Psychological recovery or recovery model or the recovery approach to mental disorder or substance dependence emphasizes and supports a person's potential for recovery . Recovery is generally seen in this approach as a personal journey rather than a set outcome, and one that may involve developing hope, a secure base and sense of self, supportive relationships, empowerment, social inclusion, coping skills, and meaning . Recovery sees symptoms as a continuum of the norm rather than an aberration and rejects sane - insane dichotomy . </P> <P> William Anthony, Director of the Boston Center for Psychiatric Rehabilitation developed a quaint cornerstone definition of mental health recovery in 1993 . "Recovery is a deeply personal, unique process of changing one's attitudes, values, feelings, goals, skills and / or roles . It is a way of living a satisfying, hopeful, and contributing life even with limitations caused by the illness . Recovery involves the development of new meaning and purpose in one's life as one grows beyond the catastrophic effects of mental illness ." </P> <P> Originating from the 12 - Step Program of Alcoholics Anonymous, the use of the concept in mental health emerged as deinstitutionalization resulted in more individuals living in the community . It gained impetus as a social movement due to a perceived failure by services or wider society to adequately support social inclusion, and by studies demonstrating that many people do recover . A recovery approach has now been explicitly adopted as the guiding principle of the mental health or substance dependency policies of a number of countries and states . In many cases practical steps are being taken to base services on a recovery model, although a range of obstacles, concerns and criticisms have been raised both by service providers and by recipients of services . A number of standardized measures have been developed to assess aspects of recovery, although there is some variation between professionalized models and those originating in the psychiatric survivors movement . </P>

Who developed the recovery model in mental health