<P> The Dawes Commission, set up under an Indian Office appropriation bill in 1893, was created to try to persuade the Five Civilized Tribes to agree to allotment plans . (They had been excluded from the Dawes Act by their treaties .) This commission registered the members of the Five Civilized Tribes on what became known as the Dawes Rolls . </P> <P> The Curtis Act of 1898 amended the Dawes Act to extend its provisions to the Five Civilized Tribes; it required abolition of their governments, allotment of communal lands to people registered as tribal members, and sale of lands declared surplus, as well as dissolving tribal courts . This completed the extinguishment of tribal land titles in Indian Territory, preparing it to be admitted to the Union as the state of Oklahoma . </P> <P> During the ensuing decades, the Five Civilized Tribes sold off 90 million acres of former communal lands to non-Natives . In addition, many individuals, unfamiliar with land ownership, became the target of speculators and criminals, were stuck with allotments that were too small for profitable farming, and lost their household lands . Tribe members also suffered from the breakdown of the social structure of the tribes . </P> <P> During the Great Depression, the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration supported passage on June 18, 1934 of the US Indian Reorganization Act (also known as the Wheeler - Howard Law). It ended land allotment and created a "New Deal" for Native Americans, renewing their rights to reorganize and form their self - governments . </P>

How effective was the dawes act in promoting