<Ul> <Li> Bulgarian </Li> <Li> German </Li> <Li> Hungarian </Li> <Li> Russian </Li> <Li> Ottoman Turkish </Li> </Ul> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> en: Treaty of Brest - Litovsk at Wikisource </Td> </Tr> <P> The Treaty of Brest - Litovsk was a peace treaty signed on 3 March 1918 between the new Bolshevik government of Soviet Russia and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria - Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire), that ended Russia's participation in World War I . The treaty was signed at Brest - Litovsk (Polish: Brześć Litewski; since 1945 Brest), after two months of negotiations . The treaty was agreed upon by the Bolshevik government to stop further advances by German and Austro - Hungarian forces . According to the treaty, Soviet Russia defaulted on all of Imperial Russia's commitments to the Triple Entente alliance . </P> <P> In the treaty, Bolshevik Russia ceded the Baltic States to Germany; they were meant to become German vassal states under German princelings . Russia also ceded its province of Kars Oblast in the South Caucasus to the Ottoman Empire and recognized the independence of Ukraine . According to Spencer Tucker, a historian of World War I, "The German General Staff had formulated extraordinarily harsh terms that shocked even the German negotiator ." Congress Poland was not mentioned in the treaty, as Germans refused to recognize the existence of any Polish representatives, which in turn led to Polish protests . When Germans later complained that the Treaty of Versailles of 1919 was too harsh on them, the Allied Powers (and historians favorable to the Allied Powers) responded that it was more benign than Brest - Litovsk . </P>

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