<P> The approach by the Supreme Court on free expression has been that in deciding whether a restriction on freedom of expression is justified, the harms done by the particular form of expression must be weighed against the harm that would be done by the restriction itself . This makes the justification of limits of free expression difficult to determine . Those who are against pornography argue that pornography is basically treated as defamation rather than as discrimination . As Catharine MacKinnon, a feminist and activist based in the United States, says: "It is conceived in terms of what it says, which is imagined more or less effective or harmful as someone then acts on it, rather than in terms of what it does . Fundamentally, in this view, a form of communication cannot, as such, do anything bad except offend". Pornography also raises issues concerning rape, violation of women and child pornography . </P> <P> Communication has an importance in times of crisis to warn communities of disasters and help follow the impact of it . The terms of Canada's renewed Official Secrets Act causes fears in Canadian media in which they may not be free to report on abuses in the national security sphere because they could be prosecuted . The Canadian attitude to criminalizing speech associated with terrorism has so far been somewhat careful . Canada amended its 2001 Anti-terrorism Bill to provide that "for a greater certainty, the expression of a political, religious, or ideological thought, belief or opinion" will not constitute a terrorist activity unless the expression satisfies the other definition of terrorist activities . Canada did increase the ability to seize and remove hate propaganda from the Internet and new penalties for damage to religious property in connection to terrorism and hate speech . </P> <P> Despite the War Measures Act, the federal cabinet has power to censor the media by declaring a war emergency or an international emergency . The Emergencies Act does require that the acknowledgment of an emergency be presented before Parliament within seven days where the Parliament can have a chance to revoke it . Julian Sher, president of the 1000 - member Canadian Association of Journalists, predicted that the media would launch a court challenge if the Charter of Rights was violated . However, cases in the past have seen courts approving military censorship . For example, during the Canadian army's confrontation with Mohawk warriors at Oka, Que, there were restrictions on the media including the cutoff of cellular telephones . In 1970, during the October crisis in Quebec, the War Measures Act was imposed and the media were not allowed to publish the manifestos of the Front de Liberation du Quebec and even some journalists were jailed . </P>

When was freedom of speech established in canada