<P> Peer Review is a form of self - regulation by qualified members of a profession within the relevant field . Peer review methods are employed to maintain standards of quality, improve performance, and provide credibility . In academia, scholarly peer review is often used to determine an academic paper's suitability for publication . Usually, the peer review process involves experts in the same field who are consulted by editors to give a review of the scholarly works produced by a colleague of theirs from an unbiased and impartial point of view, and this is usually done free of charge . The tradition of peer reviews being done for free has however brought many pitfalls which are also indicative of why most peer reviewers decline many invitations to review . It was observed that publications from periphery countries rarely rise to the same elite status as those of North America and Europe, because limitations on the availability of resources including high - quality paper and sophisticated image - rendering software and printing tools render these publications less able to satisfy standards currently carrying formal or informal authority in the publishing industry . These limitations in turn result in the under - representation of scholars from periphery nations among the set of publications holding prestige status relative to the quantity and quality of those scholars' research efforts, and this under - representation in turn results in disproportionately reduced acceptance of the results of their efforts as contributions to the body of knowledge available worldwide . </P> <P> The open access movement assumes that all information generally deemed useful should be free and belongs to a "public domain", that of "humanity". This idea gained prevalence as a result of Western colonial history and ignores alternative conceptions of knowledge circulation . For instance, most indigenous communities consider that access to certain information proper to the group should be determined by relationships . </P> <P> There is alleged to be a double standard in the Western knowledge system . On the one hand, "digital right management" used to restrict access to personal information on social networking platforms is celebrated as a protection of privacy, while simultaneously when similar functions are utilised by cultural groups (i.e. indigenous communities) this is denounced as "access control" and reprehended as censorship . </P> <P> Even though Western dominance seems to be prominent in research, some scholars, such as Simon Marginson, argue for "the need (for) a plural university world". Marginson argues that the East Asian Confucian model could take over the Western model . </P>

Which of the following would be considered a useful presentation of background research