<P> The ribosome has three sites for tRNA to bind . They are the aminoacyl site (abbreviated A), the peptidyl site (abbreviated P) and the exit site (abbreviated E). With respect to the mRNA, the three sites are oriented 5' to 3' E-P-A, because ribosomes move toward the 3' end of mRNA . The A site binds the incoming tRNA with the complementary codon on the mRNA . The P site holds the tRNA with the growing polypeptide chain . The E site holds the tRNA without its amino acid . When an aminoacyl - tRNA initially binds to its corresponding codon on the mRNA, it is in the A site . Then, a peptide bond forms between the amino acid of the tRNA in the A site and the amino acid of the charged tRNA in the P site . The growing polypeptide chain is transferred to the tRNA in the A site . Translocation occurs, moving the tRNA in the P site, now without an amino acid, to the E site; the tRNA that was in the A site, now charged with the polypeptide chain, is moved to the P site . The tRNA in the E site leaves and another aminoacyl - tRNA enters the A site to repeat the process . </P> <P> After the new amino acid is added to the chain, and after the mRNA is released out of the nucleus and into the ribosome's core, the energy provided by the hydrolysis of a GTP bound to the translocase EF - G (in prokaryotes) and eEF - 2 (in eukaryotes) moves the ribosome down one codon towards the 3' end . The energy required for translation of proteins is significant . For a protein containing n amino acids, the number of high - energy phosphate bonds required to translate it is 4n - 1 . The rate of translation varies; it is significantly higher in prokaryotic cells (up to 17 - 21 amino acid residues per second) than in eukaryotic cells (up to 6 - 9 amino acid residues per second). </P> <P> Even though the ribosomes are usually considered accurate and processive machines, the translation process is subject to errors that can lead either to the synthesis of erroneous proteins or to the premature abandonment of translation . The rate of error in synthesizing proteins has been estimated to be between 1 / 10 and 1 / 10 misincorporated amino acids, depending on the experimental conditions . The rate of premature translation abandonment, instead, has been estimated to be of the order of magnitude of 10 events per translated codon . The correct amino acid is covalently bonded to the correct transfer RNA (tRNA) by amino acyl transferases . The amino acid is joined by its carboxyl group to the 3' OH of the tRNA by an ester bond . When the tRNA has an amino acid linked to it, the tRNA is termed "charged". Initiation involves the small subunit of the ribosome binding to the 5' end of mRNA with the help of initiation factors (IF). Termination of the polypeptide happens when the A site of the ribosome faces a stop codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA) on the mRNA . tRNA usually cannot recognize or bind to stop codons . Instead, the stop codon induces the binding of a release factor protein that prompts the disassembly of the entire ribosome / mRNA complex and the hydrolysis and the release of the polypeptide chain from the ribosome . Drugs or special sequence motifs on the mRNA can change the ribosomal structure so that near - cognate tRNAs are bound to the stop codon instead of the release factors . In such cases of' translational readthrough', translation continues until the ribosome encounters the next stop codon . </P> <P> The process of translation is highly regulated in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms . Regulation of translation can impact the global rate of protein synthesis which is closely coupled to the metabolic and proliferative state of a cell . In addition, recent work has revealed that genetic differences and their subsequent expression as mRNAs can also impact translation rate in an RNA - specific manner . </P>

To begin the translation stage mrna binds to a ribosome with the help of
find me the text answering this question