<P> In two appeals from state courts, the Taney Court considered, and rejected, double jeopardy claims arising from the hypothetical prospect of prosecution by the federal and state governments for the same conduct . </P> <P> The first Supreme Court decisions to reverse state criminal convictions for constitutional procedural reasons involved the exclusion of African - Americans for grand and petit juries--Strauder v. West Virginia (1880), Virginia v. Rives (1880), Neal v. Delaware (1881), Carter v. Texas (1900), Rogers v. Alabama (1904), and Norris v. Alabama (1935)--and the conviction African - American defendants for crimes involving white victims in the southern states: by a mob - dominated trial, as in Moore v. Dempsey (1923); and without counsel, as in Powell v. Alabama (1932). </P> <P> U.S. Const . amend . VIII provides: </P> <Dl> <Dd> Excessive bail shall not be required...</Dd> </Dl>

Which amendments deal with the rights of criminal defendants