<P> In 1971, Papa Doc entered into a 99 - year contract with Don Pierson representing Dupont Caribbean Inc. of Texas for a free port project on the old buccaneer stronghold of Tortuga island located some 10 miles (16 km) off the north coast of the main Haitian island of Hispaniola . </P> <P> On Duvalier's death in April 1971, power passed to his 19 - year - old son Jean - Claude Duvalier (known as "Baby Doc"). Under Jean - Claude Duvalier, Haiti's economic and political condition continued to decline, although some of the more fearsome elements of his father's regime were abolished . Foreign officials and observers also seemed more tolerant toward Baby Doc, in areas such as human - rights monitoring, and foreign countries were more generous to him with economic assistance . The United States restored its aid program in 1971 . In 1974, Baby Doc expropriated the Freeport Tortuga project and this caused the venture to collapse . Content to leave administrative matters in the hands of his mother, Simone Ovid Duvalier, while living as a playboy, Jean - Claude enriched himself through a series of fraudulent schemes . Much of the Duvaliers' wealth, amounting to hundreds of millions of dollars over the years, came from the Régie du Tabac (Tobacco Administration), a tobacco monopoly established by Estimé, which expanded to include the proceeds from all government enterprises and served as a slush fund for which no balance sheets were ever kept . His marriage, in 1980, to a beautiful mulatto divorcée, Michèle Bennett, in a $3 million ceremony, provoked widespread opposition, as it was seen as a betrayal of his father's antipathy towards the mulatto elite . At the request of Michèle, Papa Doc's widow Simone was expelled from Haiti . Baby Doc's kleptocracy left the regime vulnerable to unanticipated crises, exacerbated by endemic poverty, most notably the epidemic of African swine fever virus--which, at the insistence of USAID officials, led to the slaughter of the creole pigs, the principal source of income for most Haitians; and the widely publicized outbreak of AIDS in the early 1980s . Widespread discontent in Haiti began in 1983, when Pope John Paul II condemned the regime during a visit, finally provoking a rebellion, and in February 1986, after months of disorder, the army forced Duvalier to resign and go into exile . </P> <P> From 1986 to early 1988 Haiti was ruled by a provisional military government under General Namphy . In 1987, a new constitution was ratified, providing for an elected bicameral parliament, an elected president, and a prime minister, cabinet, ministers, and supreme court appointed by the president with parliament's consent . The Constitution also provided for political decentralization through the election of mayors and administrative bodies responsible for local government . The November 1987 elections was cancelled after troops massacred 30--300 voters on election day . Jimmy Carter later wrote that "Citizens who lined up to vote were mowed down by fusillades of terrorists' bullets . Military leaders, who had either orchestrated or condoned the murders, moved in to cancel the election and retain control of the Government ." The election was followed several months later by the Haitian presidential election, 1988, which was boycotted by almost all the previous candidates, and saw turnout of just 4% . </P> <P> The 1988 elections led to Professor Leslie Manigat becoming president, but three months later he too was ousted by the military . Further instability ensued, with several massacres, including the St Jean Bosco massacre in which the church of Jean - Bertrand Aristide was attacked and burned down . During this period, the Haitian National Intelligence Service (SIN), which had been set up and financed in the 80s by the Central Intelligence Agency as part of the war on drugs, participated in drug trafficking and political violence . </P>

Who is considered the founder of the haitian nation