<P> In May 2014, the World Bank reviewed and proposed revisions to its poverty calculation methodology of 2005 and purchasing - power - parity basis for measuring poverty . According to the revised methodology, the world had 872.3 million people below the new poverty line, of which 179.6 million lived in India . With 17.5% of total world's population, India had a 20.6% share of world's poorest in 2013 . According to a 2005--2006 survey, India had about 61 million children under the age of 5 who were chronically malnourished . A 2011 UNICEF report stated that between 1990 and 2010, India achieved a 45 percent reduction in under age 5 mortality rates, and now ranks 46th of 188 countries on this metric . </P> <P> Since the early 1960s, successive governments have implemented various schemes to alleviate poverty, under central planning, that have met with partial success . In 2005, the government enacted the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), guaranteeing 100 days of minimum wage employment to every rural household in all the districts of India . In 2011, it was widely criticised and beset with controversy for corrupt officials, deficit financing as the source of funds, poor quality of infrastructure built under the programme, and unintended destructive effects . Other studies suggest that the programme has helped reduce rural poverty in some cases . Yet other studies report that India's economic growth has been the driver of sustainable employment and poverty reduction, though a sizeable population remains in poverty . </P> <P> Agricultural and allied sectors accounted for about 52.1% of the total workforce in 2009--10 . While agriculture employment has fallen over time in percentage of labour employed, services which includes construction and infrastructure have seen a steady growth accounting for 20.3% of employment in 2012--13 . Of the total workforce, 7% is in the organised sector, two - thirds of which are in the government - controlled public sector . About 51.2% of the workforce in India is self - employed . According to a 2005--06 survey, there is a gender gap in employment and salaries . In rural areas, both men and women are primarily self - employed, mostly in agriculture . In urban areas, salaried work was the largest source of employment for both men and women in 2006 . </P> <P> Unemployment in India is characterised by chronic (disguised) unemployment . Government schemes that target eradication of both poverty and unemployment--which in recent decades has sent millions of poor and unskilled people into urban areas in search of livelihoods--attempt to solve the problem by providing financial assistance for starting businesses, honing skills, setting up public sector enterprises, reservations in governments, etc . The decline in organised employment, due to the decreased role of the public sector after liberalisation, has further underlined the need for focusing on better education and created political pressure for further reforms . India's labour regulations are heavy, even by developing country standards, and analysts have urged the government to abolish or modify them in order to make the environment more conducive for employment generation . The 11th five - year plan has also identified the need for a congenial environment to be created for employment generation, by reducing the number of permissions and other bureaucratic clearances required . Inequalities and inadequacies in the education system have been identified as an obstacle, which prevents the benefits of increased employment opportunities from reaching all sectors of society . </P>

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