<P> The Fertile Crescent includes Mesopotamia, the land in and around the Tigris and Euphrates rivers; and the Levant, the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea . The modern - day countries with significant territory within the Fertile Crescent are Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Cyprus, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, Egypt, as well as the southeastern fringe of Turkey and the western fringes of Iran . </P> <P> The region saw the development of some of the earliest human civilizations, which flourished thanks to the water supplies and agricultural resources available in the Fertile Crescent . Technological advances made in the region include the development of writing, glass, the wheel, agriculture, and the use of irrigation . </P> <P> The term "Fertile Crescent" was popularized by University of Chicago archaeologist James Henry Breasted, beginning with his high school textbooks Outlines of European History in 1914 and Ancient Times, A History of the Early World in 1916 . Breasted's 1916 textbook description of the Fertile Crescent: </P> <P> The westernmost extension of Asia is an irregular region roughly included within the circuit of waters marked out by the Caspian and Black seas on the north, by the Mediterranean and Red seas on the west, and by the Indian Ocean and the Persian Gulf on the south and east . It is a region consisting chiefly of mountains in the north and desert in the south . The earliest home of men in this great arena of Western Asia is a borderland between the desert and the mountains, a kind of cultivable fringe of the desert, a fertile crescent having the mountains on one side and the desert on the other . This fertile crescent is approximately a semicircle, with the open side toward the south, having the west end at the southeast corner of the Mediterranean, the center directly north of Arabia, and the east end at the north end of the Persian Gulf (see map, p. 100). It lies like an army facing south, with one wing stretching along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean and the other reaching out to the Persian Gulf, while the center has its back against the northern mountains . The end of the western wing is Palestine; Assyria makes up a large part of the center; while the end of the eastern wing is Babylonia . This great semicircle, for lack of a name, may be called the Fertile Crescent . It may also be likened to the shores of a desert - bay, upon which the mountains behind look down--a bay not of water but of sandy waste, some eight hundred kilometres across, forming a northern extension of the Arabian desert and sweeping as far north as the latitude of the northeast corner of the Mediterranean . This desert - bay is a limestone plateau of some height--too high indeed to be watered by the Tigris and Euphrates, which have cut cañons obliquely across it . Nevertheless, after the meager winter rains, wide tracts of the northern desert - bay are clothed with scanty grass, and spring thus turns the region for a short time into grasslands . The history of Western Asia may be described as an age - long struggle between the mountain peoples of the north and the desert wanderers of these grasslands--a struggle which is still going on--for the possession of the Fertile Crescent, the shores of the desert - bay . There is no name, either geographical or political, which includes all of this great semicircle (see map, p. 100). Hence we are obliged to coin a term and call it the Fertile Crescent . </P>

Where did the name fertile crescent come from