<P> Before the start of the 21st century, the electrodynamic tether being oriented at an angle to the local vertical between the object and a planet with a magnetic field cut the Earth's magnetic field and generated a current; thereby it converted some of the orbiting body's kinetic energy to electrical energy . The tether's far end can be left bare, making electrical contact with the ionosphere, creating a generator . As part of a tether propulsion system, crafts can use long, strong conductors to change the orbits of spacecraft . It has the potential to make space travel significantly cheaper . It is a simplified, very low - budget magnetic sail . It can be used either to accelerate or brake an orbiting spacecraft . When direct current is pumped through the tether, it exerts a force against the magnetic field, and the tether accelerates the spacecraft . </P> <P> There are a range of emerging energy technologies . By 2007, solid state micrometer - scale electric double - layer capacitors based on advanced superionic conductors had been for low - voltage electronics such as deep - sub-voltage nanoelectronics and related technologies (the 22 nm technological node of CMOS and beyond). Also, the nanowire battery, a lithium - ion battery, was invented by a team led by Dr. Yi Cui in 2007 . </P> <P> Reflecting the fundamental importance and applicability of Magnetic resonance imaging in medicine, Paul Lauterbur of the University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign and Sir Peter Mansfield of the University of Nottingham were awarded the 2003 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their "discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging". The Nobel citation acknowledged Lauterbur's insight of using magnetic field gradients to determine spatial localization, a discovery that allowed rapid acquisition of 2D images . </P> <P> Wireless electricity is a form of wireless energy transfer, the ability to provide electrical energy to remote objects without wires . The term WiTricity was coined in 2005 by Dave Gerding and later used for a project led by Prof. Marin Soljačić in 2007 . The MIT researchers successfully demonstrated the ability to power a 60 watt light bulb wirelessly, using two 5 - turn copper coils of 60 cm (24 in) diameter, that were 2 m (7 ft) away, at roughly 45% efficiency . This technology can potentially be used in a large variety of applications, including consumer, industrial, medical and military . Its aim is to reduce the dependence on batteries . Further applications for this technology include transmission of information--it would not interfere with radio waves and thus could be used as a cheap and efficient communication device without requiring a license or a government permit . </P>

Who discovered electromagnetic induction and who put it to practical use