<P> The American folk music revivalists of the 1930s approached folk music in different ways . Three primary schools of thought emerged: "Traditionalists" (e.g. Sarah Gertrude Knott and John Lomax) emphasized the preservation of songs as artifacts of deceased cultures . "Functional" folklorists (e.g. Botkin and Alan Lomax) maintained that songs only retain relevance when utilized by those cultures which retain the traditions which birthed those songs . "Left - wing" folk revivalists (e.g. Charles Seeger and Lawrence Gellert) emphasized music's role "in' people's' struggles for social and political rights". By the end of the 1930s these and others had turned American folk music into a social movement . </P> <P> Sometimes folk musicians became scholars and advocates themselves . For example, Jean Ritchie (born in 1922) was the youngest child of a large family from Viper, Kentucky that had preserved many of the old Appalachian traditional songs . Ritchie, living in a time when the Appalachians had opened up to outside influence, was university educated and ultimately moved to New York City, where she made a number of classic recordings of the family repertoire and published an important compilation of these songs . (See also Hedy West) </P> <P> In January 2012, the American Folklife Center at the Library of Congress, with the Association for Cultural Equity, announced that they would release Lomax's vast archive of 1946 and later recording in digital form . Lomax spent the last 20 years of his life working on an interactive multimedia educational computer project he called the Global Jukebox, which included 5,000 hours of sound recordings, 400,000 feet of film, 3,000 videotapes, and 5,000 photographs . As of March 2012, this has been accomplished . Approximately 17,400 of Lomax's recordings from 1946 and later have been made available free online . This material from Alan Lomax's independent archive, begun in 1946, which has been digitized and offered by the Association for Cultural Equity, is "distinct from the thousands of earlier recordings on acetate and aluminum discs he made from 1933 to 1942 under the auspices of the Library of Congress . This earlier collection--which includes the famous Jelly Roll Morton, Woody Guthrie, Lead Belly, and Muddy Waters sessions, as well as Lomax's prodigious collections made in Haiti and Eastern Kentucky (1937)--is the provenance of the American Folklife Center" at the library of Congress . </P> <P> Africa is a vast continent and its regions and nations have distinct musical traditions . The music of North Africa for the most part has a different history from Sub-Saharan African music traditions . </P>

Which of the following categories of african american folk music is not considered