<P> Like his contemporary Palestrina, the Flemish composer Jacobus de Kerle (1531 / 32--1591) was also credited with giving a model of composition for the Council of Trent . His composition in four - parts, Preces, marks the "official turning point of the Counter Reformation's a cappella ideal ." Kerle was the only ranking composer of the Netherlands to have acted in conformity with the Council . Another musical giant on equal standing with Palestrina, Orlando di Lasso (1530 / 32--1594) was an important figure in music history though less of a purist than Palestrina . He expressed sympathy for the Council's concerns but still showed favor for the "Parady chanson Masses ." </P> <P> Despite the dearth of edicts from the Council regarding polyphony and textual clarity, the reforms that followed from the 22nd session filled in the gaps left by the Council in stylistic areas . In the 24th session the Council gave authority to "Provincial Synods" to discern provisions for church music . The decision to leave practical application and stylistic matters to local ecclesiastical leaders was important in shaping the future of Catholic church music . It was left then up to the local church leaders and church musicians to find proper application for the Council's decrees . </P> <P> Though originally theological and directed towards the attitudes of the musicians, the Council's decrees came to be thought of by church musicians as a pronouncement on proper musical styles . This understanding was most likely spread through musicians who sought to implement the Council's declarations but did not read the official Tridentine pronouncements . Church musicians were probably influenced by order from their ecclesiastical patrons . Composers who reference the Council's reforms in prefaces to their compositions do not adequately claim a musical basis from the Council but a spiritual and religious basis of their art . </P> <P> The Cardinal Archbishop of Milan, Charles Borromeo, was a very important figure in reforming church music after the Council of Trent . Though Borromeo was an aide to the pope in Rome and was unable to be in Milan, he eagerly pushed for the decrees of the Council to be quickly put into practice in Milan . Borromeo kept in contact with his church in Milian through letters and eagerly encouraged the leaders there to implement the reforms coming from the Council of Trent . In one of his letters to his vicar in the Milan diocese, Nicolo Ormaneto of Verona, Borromeo commissioned the master of the chapel, Vincenzo Ruffo (1508--1587), to write a mass that would make the words as easy to understand as possible . Borromeo also suggested that if Don Nicola, a composer of a more chromatic style, was in Milan he too could compose a mass and the two be compared for textural clarity . Borromeo was likely involved or heard of the questions regarding textual clarity because of his request to Ruffo . </P>

Political and economic impact of counter reformation in europe