<Li> 1948 to 1991: Widespread curbs on international and inter-state trade . India became a bastion of obsolete technology during the licence - permit raj . </Li> <Li> 1991 onwards: liberalization and globalization . Foreign capital, foreign technology, and many foreign goods are not excluded and doctrine of export - led growth resulted in modern industrialism . </Li> <P> The second Swadeshi movement started with the partition of Bengal by the Viceroy of India, Lord Curzon in 1905 and continued up to 1911 . It was the most successful of the pre-Gandhian movement . Its chief architects were Aurobindo Ghosh, Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal and Lala Lajpat Rai, V.O. Chidambaram Pillai, Babu Genu . Swadeshi, as a strategy, was a key focus of Mahatma Gandhi, who described it as the soul of Swaraj (self rule). It was strongest in Bengal and was also called vandemataram movement . Gandhi, at the time of the actual movement, remained loyal to the British Crown . </P> <P> Credit to starting the Swadeshi movement goes to Baba Ram Singh of the Sikh Namdhari sect, whose revolutionary movements which heightened around 1871 and 1872 . Naamdharis were instructed by Baba Ram Singh to only wear clothes made in the country and boycott foreign goods . The Namdharis resolved conflict in the peoples court and totally avoided British law and British courts they also boycotted the educational system as Baba Ram Singh prohibited children from attending British School, amongst other forms and measures he employeed . </P>

Who played an important role in spreading the swadeshi movement across india
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