<P> G.E.M. Anscombe objects to consequentialism on the grounds that it does not provide ethical guidance in what one ought to do because there is no distinction between consequences that are foreseen and those that are intended . </P> <P> Bernard Williams has argued that consequentialism is alienating because it requires moral agents to put too much distance between themselves and their own projects and commitments . Williams argues that consequentialism requires moral agents to take a strictly impersonal view of all actions, since it is only the consequences, and not who produces them, that are said to matter . Williams argues that this demands too much of moral agents--since (he claims) consequentialism demands that they be willing to sacrifice any and all personal projects and commitments in any given circumstance in order to pursue the most beneficent course of action possible . He argues further that consequentialism fails to make sense of intuitions that it can matter whether or not someone is personally the author of a particular consequence . For example, that participating in a crime can matter, even if the crime would have been committed anyway, or would even have been worse, without the agent's participation . </P> <P> Some consequentialists--most notably Peter Railton--have attempted to develop a form of consequentialism that acknowledges and avoids the objections raised by Williams . Railton argues that Williams's criticisms can be avoided by adopting a form of consequentialism in which moral decisions are to be determined by the sort of life that they express . On his account, the agent should choose the sort of life that will, on the whole, produce the best overall effects . </P> <Ul> <Li> R.M. Adams (born 1937) </Li> <Li> Jonathan Baron (born 1944) </Li> <Li> Jeremy Bentham (1748--1832) </Li> <Li> Richard B. Brandt (1910--1997) </Li> <Li> John Dewey (1857--1952) </Li> <Li> Julia Driver </Li> <Li> Milton Friedman (1912--2006) </Li> <Li> David Friedman </Li> <Li> William Godwin (1756--1836) </Li> <Li> R.M. Hare (1919--2002) </Li> <Li> John Harsanyi (1920--2000) </Li> <Li> Brad Hooker </Li> <Li> Francis Hutcheson (1694--1746) </Li> <Li> Shelly Kagan </Li> <Li> Niccolò Machiavelli (1469--1527) </Li> <Li> James Mill (1773--1836) </Li> <Li> John Stuart Mill (1806--1873) </Li> <Li> G.E. Moore (1873--1958) </Li> <Li> Mozi (470--391 BCE) </Li> <Li> Philip Pettit (born 1945) </Li> <Li> Peter Railton (born 1950) </Li> <Li> Henry Sidgwick (1838--1900) </Li> <Li> Peter Singer (born 1946) </Li> <Li> J.J.C. Smart (1920--2012) </Li> </Ul>

Who developed the idea that end justifies the means