<P> Athletes stay low to the ground by keeping their arms pumping low, close to their hips . If one sees a racewalker's shoulders rising, it may be a sign that the athlete is losing contact with the ground . What appears to be an exaggerated swivel to the hip is, in fact, a full rotation of the pelvis . Athletes aim to move the pelvis forward, and to minimize sideways motion in order to achieve maximum forward propulsion . Speed is achieved by stepping quickly with the aim of rapid turnover . This minimizes the risk of the feet leaving the ground . Strides are short and quick, with pushoff coming forward from the ball of the foot, again to minimize the risk of losing contact with the ground . World - class racewalkers (male and female) can average under four and five minutes per kilometre in a 20 - km racewalk . </P> <P> Races have been walked at distances as short as 3 kilometres (1.9 mi)--at the 1920 Summer Olympics--and as long as 100 km (62.1 mi). The men's world record for the 50 - mile race walk is held by Israeli Shaul Ladany, whose time of 7: 23: 50 in 1972 beat the world record that had stood since 1935 . The modern Olympic events are the 20 km (12.4 mi) race walk (men and women) and 50 km (31 mi) race walk (men only). One example of a longer racewalking competition is the annual Paris - Colmar which is 450 to 500 km . </P> <P> There are judges on the course to monitor form . Three judges submitting "red cards" for violations results in disqualification . There is a scoreboard placed on the course so competitors can see their violation status . If the third violation is received, the chief judge removes the competitor from the course by showing a red paddle . For monitoring reasons, races are held on a looped course or on a track so judges get to see competitors several times during a race . A judge could also "caution" a competitor that he or she is in danger of losing form by showing a paddle that indicates either losing contact or bent knees . No judge may submit more than one card for each walker and the chief judge may not submit any cards; it is his or her job only to disqualify the offending walker . Disqualifications are routine at the elite level, such as the famous case of Jane Saville, disqualified within sight of a gold medal in front of her home crowd in the 2000 Summer Olympics, or Yet Lyu, disqualified 20 meters before the finish line at the 2017 World Championships in Athletics . </P> <P> Racewalking developed as one of the original track and field events of the first meeting of the English Amateur Athletics Association in 1880 . The first racewalking codes came from an attempt to regulate rules for popular 19th century long distance competitive walking events, called pedestrianism . Pedestrianism had developed, like footraces and horse racing, as a popular working class British and American pastime, and a venue for wagering . Walkers organised the first English amateur walking championship in 1866, which was won by John Chambers, and judged by the "fair heel and toe" rule . This rather vague code was the basis for the rules codified at the first Championships Meeting in 1880 of the Amateur Athletics Association in England, the birth of modern athletics . With football (soccer), cricket, and other sports codified in the 19th century, the transition from professional pedestrianism to amateur racewalking was, while relatively late, part of a process of regularisation occurring in most modern sports at this time . </P>

Who has the power to disqualify the athlete in race walking during the competition