<Dl> <Dt> Outside conspiracies </Dt> </Dl> <P> Many explain the bloodshed as the work of conspiracies by outside forces--"the forces of hegemony and Zionism which aim to weaken (Arabs)" (Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani and Yusuf al - Qaradawi), unspecified "enemies" (Iran president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad), or "oppressive pressure by the imperialist front ." (Mahmoud Ahmadinejad). </P> <Dl> <Dt> Islamic revival </Dt> </Dl> <P> Others lay the blame for the strife at a very different source, the unintended effects of the Islamic revival . According to scholar Vali Nasr, as the Muslim world was decolonialised and Arab nationalism lost its appeal, fundamentalism blossomed and reasserted the differences and conflicts between the two movements, particularly in the strict teachings of Sunni scholar Ibn Taymiyyah . The Iranian Islamic revolution changed the Shia--Sunni power equation in Muslim countries "from Lebanon to India" arousing the traditionally subservient Shia to the alarm of traditionally dominant and very non-revolutionary Sunni . "Where Iranian revolutionaries saw Islamic revolutionary stirrings, Sunnis saw mostly Shia mischief and a threat to Sunni predominance ." </P>

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