<P> Perspectives on emotions from evolutionary theory were initiated during the mid-late 19th century with Charles Darwin's 1872 book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals . Darwin argued that emotions actually served a purpose for humans, in communication and also in aiding their survival . Darwin, therefore, argued that emotions evolved via natural selection and therefore have universal cross-cultural counterparts . Darwin also detailed the virtues of experiencing emotions and the parallel experiences that occur in animals . This led the way for animal research on emotions and the eventual determination of the neural underpinnings of emotion . </P> <Dl> <Dt> Contemporary </Dt> </Dl> <P> More contemporary views along the evolutionary psychology spectrum posit that both basic emotions and social emotions evolved to motivate (social) behaviors that were adaptive in the ancestral environment . Current research suggests that emotion is an essential part of any human decision - making and planning, and the famous distinction made between reason and emotion is not as clear as it seems . Paul D. MacLean claims that emotion competes with even more instinctive responses, on one hand, and the more abstract reasoning, on the other hand . The increased potential in neuroimaging has also allowed investigation into evolutionarily ancient parts of the brain . Important neurological advances were derived from these perspectives in the 1990s by Joseph E. LeDoux and António Damásio . </P> <P> Research on social emotion also focuses on the physical displays of emotion including body language of animals and humans (see affect display). For example, spite seems to work against the individual but it can establish an individual's reputation as someone to be feared . Shame and pride can motivate behaviors that help one maintain one's standing in a community, and self - esteem is one's estimate of one's status . </P>

Which of the following is an emotion that would likely be recognized