<P> Jack Miller and Frank Layton "did unlawfully...transport in interstate commerce from...Claremore...Oklahoma to...Siloam Springs...Arkansas a certain firearm...a double barrel...shotgun having a barrel less than 18 inches in length...at the time of so transporting said firearm in interstate commerce...not having registered said firearm as required by Section 1132d of Title 26, United States Code...and not having in their possession a stamp - affixed written order...as provided by Section 1132C ..." </P> <P> In a unanimous opinion authored by Justice McReynolds, the Supreme Court stated "the objection that the Act usurps police power reserved to the States is plainly untenable ." As the Court explained: </P> <P> In the absence of any evidence tending to show that possession or use of a' shotgun having a barrel of less than eighteen inches in length' at this time has some reasonable relationship to any preservation or efficiency of a well regulated militia, we cannot say that the Second Amendment guarantees the right to keep and bear such an instrument . Certainly it is not within judicial notice that this weapon is any part of the ordinary military equipment or that its use could contribute to the common defense . </P> <P> Gun rights advocates claim that the Court in Miller ruled that the Second Amendment protected the right to keep arms that are part of "ordinary military equipment ." They also claim that the Court did not consider the question of whether the sawed - off shotgun in the case would be an applicable weapon for personal defense, instead looking solely at the weapon's suitability for the "common defense ." Law professor Andrew McClurg states, "The only certainty about Miller is that it failed to give either side a clear - cut victory . Most modern scholars recognize this fact ." </P>

Who was the president when the second amendment was passed