<P> The Republicans welcomed the Progressive Era at the state and local level . The first important reform mayor was Hazen S. Pingree of Detroit (1890--1897), who was elected governor of Michigan in 1896 . In New York City, the Republicans joined nonpartisan reformers to battle Tammany Hall and elected Seth Low (1902--1903). Golden Rule Jones was first elected mayor of Toledo as a Republican in 1897, but was reelected as an independent when his party refused to renominate him . Many Republican civic leaders, following the example of Mark Hanna, were active in the National Civic Federation, which promoted urban reforms and sought to avoid wasteful strikes . </P> <P> The party controlled the presidency throughout the 1920s, running on a platform of opposition to the League of Nations, high tariffs, and promotion of business interests . Warren G. Harding, Calvin Coolidge and Herbert Hoover were resoundingly elected in 1920, 1924 and 1928, respectively . The breakaway efforts of Senator Robert La Follette in 1924 failed to stop a landslide for Coolidge and his movement fell apart . The Teapot Dome Scandal threatened to hurt the party, but Harding died and Coolidge blamed everything on him as the opposition splintered in 1924 . </P> <P> The pro-business policies of the decade seemed to produce an unprecedented prosperity--until the Wall Street Crash of 1929 heralded the Great Depression . Although the party did very well in large cities and among ethnic Catholics in presidential elections of 1920--1924, it was unable to hold those gains in 1928 . By 1932, the cities--for the first time ever--had become Democratic strongholds . </P> <P> Hoover was by nature an activist and attempted to do what he could to alleviate the widespread suffering caused by the Depression, but his strict adherence to what he believed were Republican principles precluded him from establishing relief directly from the federal government . The Depression cost Hoover the presidency with the 1932 landslide election of Franklin D. Roosevelt . Roosevelt's New Deal coalition controlled American politics for most of the next three decades, excepting the two - term presidency of Republican Dwight Eisenhower . The Democrats made major gains in the 1930 midterm elections, giving them congressional parity (though not control) for the first time since Woodrow Wilson's presidency . </P>

What ideas did the republican party support in 1860