<Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <P> The number π (/ ˈpaɪ /) is a mathematical constant . Originally defined as the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter, it now has various equivalent definitions and appears in many formulas in all areas of mathematics and physics . It is approximately equal to 3.14159 . It has been represented by the Greek letter "π" since the mid-18th century, though it is also sometimes spelled out as "pi". </P> <P> Being an irrational number, π cannot be expressed exactly as a fraction (equivalently, its decimal representation never ends and never settles into a permanent repeating pattern). Still, fractions such as 22 / 7 and other rational numbers are commonly used to approximate π . The digits appear to be randomly distributed . In particular, the digit sequence of π is conjectured to satisfy a specific kind of statistical randomness, but to date no proof of this has been discovered . Also, π is a transcendental number; that is, a number that is not the root of any non-zero polynomial having rational coefficients . This transcendence of π implies that it is impossible to solve the ancient challenge of squaring the circle with a compass and straightedge . </P> <P> Ancient civilizations required fairly accurate computed values for π for practical reasons . It was calculated to seven digits, using geometrical techniques, in Chinese mathematics, and to about five digits in Indian mathematics in the 5th century AD . The historically first exact formula for π, based on infinite series, was not available until a millennium later, when in the 14th century the Madhava--Leibniz series was discovered in Indian mathematics . In the 20th and 21st centuries, mathematicians and computer scientists discovered new approaches that, when combined with increasing computational power, extended the decimal representation of π to many trillions of digits after the decimal point . Practically all scientific applications require no more than a few hundred digits of π, and many substantially fewer, so the primary motivation for these computations is the quest to find more efficient algorithms for calculating lengthy numeric series, as well as the desire to break records . The extensive calculations involved have also been used to test supercomputers and high - precision multiplication algorithms . </P>

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