<Dd> Φ B = ∮ ∂ S A ⋅ d l, (\ displaystyle \ Phi _ (B) = \ oint \ limits _ (\ partial S) \ mathbf (A) \ cdot d (\ boldsymbol (\ ell)),) </Dd> <P> where the line integral is taken over the boundary of the surface S, which is denoted ∂ S . </P> <P> Gauss's law for magnetism, which is one of the four Maxwell's equations, states that the total magnetic flux through a closed surface is equal to zero . (A "closed surface" is a surface that completely encloses a volume (s) with no holes .) This law is a consequence of the empirical observation that magnetic monopoles have never been found . </P> <P> In other words, Gauss's law for magnetism is the statement: </P>

When is the magnetic flux on a section of a closed surface equal to zero