<P> The first development of modern ceramic brakes was made by British engineers working in the railway industry for TGV applications in 1988 . The objective was to reduce weight, the number of brakes per axle, as well as provide stable friction from very high speeds and all temperatures . The result was a carbon - fibre - reinforced ceramic process that is now used in various forms for automotive, railway, and aircraft brake applications . </P> <P> Brake fade and rotor warping can be reduced through proper braking technique; when running down a long downgrade that would require braking simply select a lower gear (for automatic transmissions this may necessitate a brief application of the throttle after selecting the gear). Also, periodic, rather than continuous application of the brakes will allow them to cool between applications . Continuous light application of the brakes can be particularly destructive in both wear and adding heat to the brake system . Finally, new brakes are prone to a phenomenon termed "green fade", where resin on the brake pad evaporates at the high temperatures involved in heavy braking and the resulting pressurised gas forces the brake lining away from the disk, reducing friction . </P> <P> High performance brake components provide enhanced stopping power by improving friction while reducing brake fade . Improved friction is provided by lining materials that have a higher coefficient of friction than standard brake pads, while brake fade is reduced through the use of more expensive binding resins with a higher melting point, along with slotted, drilled, or dimpled discs / rotors that reduce the gaseous boundary layer, in addition to providing enhanced heat dissipation . Heat buildup in brakes can be further addressed by body modifications that direct cold air to the brakes . </P> <P> The "gaseous boundary layer" is a hot rod mechanics explanation for failing self servo effect of drum brakes because it felt like a brick under the brake pedal when it occurred . To counter this effect, brake shoes were drilled and slotted to vent gas . In spite of that, drum brakes were abandoned for their self - servo effect . Disks do not have that because application force is applied at right angles to the resulting braking force . There is no interaction . </P>

Which of the following are types of brake fade