<Tr> <Th> Parent (s) </Th> <Td> Julian Clifford Jaynes (a minister) and Clara (Bullard) Jaynes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Notes </Th> </Tr> <P> Julian Jaynes (February 27, 1920--November 21, 1997) was an American psychologist, best known for his book The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind (1976), in which he argued that ancient peoples were not conscious . </P> <P> Jaynes' definition of consciousness is synonymous with what philosophers call "meta - consciousness" or "meta - awareness", i.e., awareness of awareness, thoughts about thinking, desires about desires, beliefs about beliefs . This form of reflection is also distinct from the kinds of "deliberations" seen in other higher animals such as crows insofar as it is dependent on linguistic cognition . </P>

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