<P> Disposal of solid waste is most commonly conducted in landfills, but incineration, recycling, composting and conversion to biofuels are also avenues . In the case of landfills, advanced countries typically have rigid protocols for daily cover with topsoil, where underdeveloped countries customarily rely upon less stringent protocols . The importance of daily cover lies in the reduction of vector contact and spreading of pathogens . Daily cover also minimises odor emissions and reduces windblown litter . Likewise, developed countries typically have requirements for perimeter sealing of the landfill with clay - type soils to minimize migration of leachate that could contaminate groundwater (and hence jeopardize some drinking water supplies). </P> <P> For incineration options, the release of air pollutants, including certain toxic components is an attendant adverse outcome . Recycling and biofuel conversion are the sustainable options that generally have superior lifecycle costs, particularly when total ecological consequences are considered . Composting value will ultimately be limited by the market demand for compost product . </P> <P> Sanitation within the food industry means the adequate treatment of food - contact surfaces by a process that is effective in destroying vegetative cells of microorganisms of public health significance, and in substantially reducing numbers of other undesirable microorganisms, but without adversely affecting the food or its safety for the consumer (U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Code of Federal Regulations, 21CFR110, USA). Sanitation Standard Operating Procedures are mandatory for food industries in United States . Similarly, in Japan, food hygiene has to be achieved through compliance with food sanitation law . </P> <P> In the food and biopharmaceutical industries, the term "sanitary equipment" means equipment that is fully cleanable using clean - in - place (CIP) and sterilization - in - place (SIP) procedures: that is fully drainable from cleaning solutions and other liquids . The design should have a minimum amount of deadleg, or areas where the turbulence during cleaning is insufficient to remove product deposits . In general, to improve cleanability, this equipment is made from Stainless Steel 316L, (an alloy containing small amounts of molybdenum). The surface is usually electropolished to an effective surface roughness of less than 0.5 micrometre to reduce the possibility of bacterial adhesion . </P>

Discuss how to maintain high standards of sanitations