<Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <P> Collective action refers to action taken together by a group of people whose goal is to enhance their status and achieve a common objective . It is a term that has formulations and theories in many areas of the social sciences including psychology, sociology, anthropology, political science and economics . </P> <P> Researchers Martijn van Zomeren, Tom Postmes, and Russell Spears conducted a meta - analysis of over 180 studies of collective action, in an attempt to integrate three dominant socio - psychological perspectives explaining antecedent conditions to this phenomenon--injustice, efficacy, and identity . In their resultant 2008 review article, an integrative Social Identity Model of Collective Action (SIMCA) was proposed which accounts for interrelationships among the three predictors as well as their predictive capacities for collective action . An important assumption of this approach is that people tend to respond to subjective states of disadvantage, which may or may not flow from objective physical and social reality . </P> <P> Examining collective action through perceived injustice was initially guided by relative deprivation theory (RDT). RDT focuses on a subjective state of unjust disadvantage, proposing that engaging in fraternal (group - based) social comparisons with others may result in feelings of relative deprivation that foster collective action . Group - based emotions resulting from perceived injustice, such as anger, are thought to motivate collective action in an attempt to rectify the state of unfair deprivation . The extent to which individuals respond to this deprivation involves several different factors and varies from extremely high to extremely low across different settings . Meta - analysis results confirm that effects of injustice causally predict collective action, highlighting the theoretical importance of this variable . </P>

Who developed the idea of the collective action problem