<P> Noam Chomsky is critical of Marxism's dogmatic strains and the idea of Marxism itself, but still appreciates Marx's contributions to political thought . Unlike some anarchists, Chomsky does not consider Bolshevism "Marxism in practice", but he does recognize that Marx was a complicated figure who had conflicting ideas, while he also acknowledges the latent authoritarianism in Marx he also points to the libertarian strains which developed into the council communism of Rosa Luxemburg and Anton Pannekoek . His commitment to libertarian socialism however has led him to characterize himself as an anarchist with radical Marxist leanings . </P> <P> Marx's predictions have been criticized because they have allegedly failed, with some pointing towards the GDP per capita increasing generally in capitalist economies compared to less market oriented economics, the capitalist economies not suffering worsening economic crises leading to the overthrow of the capitalist system, and communist revolutions not occurring in the most advanced capitalist nations, but instead in undeveloped regions . </P> <P> Philosopher of science Karl Popper has argued that historical materialism is not falsifiable and therefore pseudoscience . Popper believed that Marxism was originally scientific, in that it was a theory that was genuinely predictive . When these predictions did not happen, Popper argues that the theory avoided falsification by ad hoc hypotheses which make it fit with the facts . Because of this, Popper believes it had degenerated into pseudoscientific dogma from a genuine science . </P> <P> Democratic socialists and social democrats reject the idea that socialism can be accomplished only through extra-legal class conflict and a proletarian revolution . The relationship between Marx and other socialist thinkers and organizations--rooted in Marxism's "scientific" and anti-utopian socialism, among other factors--has divided Marxists from other socialists since Marx's life . Also, after Marx's death and with the emergence of Marxism, there have been dissensions within Marxism itself; a notable example is the splitting of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks . Orthodox Marxism became counterposed to a less dogmatic, more innovative, or even revisionist Marxism . </P>

Which of the following is not one of the principle doctrines of marxism