<P> From the 1950s on, the students were also used for unpaid work at schools, where they cleaned and performed repairs . This practice has continued in the Russian Federation, where up to 21 days of the summer holidays is sometimes set aside for school works . By law, this is only allowed as part of specialised occupational training and with the students' and parents' permission, but those provisions are widely ignored . In 2012 there was an accident near city of Nalchik where a car killed several pupils cleaning up a highway shoulder during their "holiday work" as well as their teacher who was supervising them . </P> <P> Out of former Soviet Union republics Uzbekistan continued and expanded the program of child labour on industrial scale to increase profits on the main source of Islam Karimov's income, cotton harvesting . In September, when school normally starts, the classes are suspended and children are sent to cotton fields for work, where they are assigned daily quotas of 20 to 60 kg of raw cotton they have to collect . This process is repeated in spring, when collected cotton needs to be hoed and weeded . In 2006 it is estimated that 2.7 million children were forced to work this way . </P> <P> As in many other countries, child labour in Switzerland affected among the so - called Kaminfegerkinder ("chimney sweep children") and children working p.e. in spinning mills, factories and in agriculture in 19th - century Switzerland, but also to the 1960s so - called Verdingkinder (literally: "contract children" or "indentured child laborers") were children who were taken from their parents, often due to poverty or moral reasons--usually mothers being unmarried, very poor citizens, of Gypsy--Yeniche origin, so - called Kinder der Landstrasse, etc.--and sent to live with new families, often poor farmers who needed cheap labour . </P> <P> There were even Verdingkinder auctions where children were handed over to the farmer asking the least amount of money from the authorities, thus securing cheap labour for his farm and relieving the authority from the financial burden of looking after the children . In the 1930s 20% of all agricultural labourers in the Canton of Bern were children below the age of 15 . Swiss municipality guardianship authorities acted so, commonly tolerated by federal authorities, to the 1960s, not all of them of course, but usually communities affected of low taxes in some Swiss cantons Swiss historian Marco Leuenberger investigated, that in 1930 there were some 35,000 indentured children, and between 1920 and 1970 more than 100,000 are believed to have been placed with families or homes . 10,000 Verdingkinder are still alive . Therefore, the so - called Wiedergutmachungsinitiative was started in April 2014 . In April 2014 the collection of targeted at least authenticated 100,000 signatures of Swiss citizens has started, and still have to be collected to October 2015 . </P>

What is child labour in the industrial revolution