<P> The 1960 Winter Olympics, officially known as the VIII Olympic Winter Games, was a winter multi-sport event held between February 18--28, 1960 in Squaw Valley, California, United States . Squaw Valley was chosen to host the Games at the 1956 meeting of the International Olympic Committee (IOC). It was an undeveloped resort in 1955, so from 1956 to 1960 the infrastructure and all of the venues were built at a cost of US $80,000,000 . It was designed to be intimate, allowing spectators and competitors to walk to nearly all the venues . Squaw Valley hosted athletes from thirty nations who competed in four sports and twenty - seven events . Women's speed skating and biathlon made their Olympic debuts . The organizers decided the bobsled events did not warrant the cost to build a venue, so for the first and only time bobsled was not on the Winter Olympic program . </P> <P> Cold War politics forced the IOC to debate the participation of China, Taiwan, North Korea and East Germany . In 1957 the United States government threatened to deny visas to athletes from Communist countries . The IOC responded with a threat to revoke Squaw Valley's right to host the 1960 Games . The United States conceded and allowed entry to athletes from Communist countries . </P> <P> Squaw Valley was a struggling ski resort with minimal facilities, which made its selection to host the 1960 Winter Olympics a surprise . Wayne Poulsen and Alexander Cushing, who were inspired to an Olympic bid by a newspaper article mentioning that Reno, Nevada, and Anchorage, Alaska, had expressed interest in the Games . Poulsen, president of the Squaw Valley Development Company, petitioned California Governor Goodwin Knight to support a bid to host the Olympic Games . Knight's administration agreed and recommended that the California Legislature appropriate $1,000,000 to the effort . Based on the financial support received from the State of California, the United States Olympic Committee (USOC) approved the bid on January 7, 1955 . Cushing and the USOC received a resolution passed by the United States Congress and signed by President Dwight Eisenhower, calling on the International Olympic Committee (IOC) to consider Squaw Valley's bid for the 1960 Games . Preliminary reports were drafted and submitted to the IOC, which was considering bids from Innsbruck, Austria, St. Moritz, Switzerland and Chamonix, France . Squaw Valley was provisionally awarded the right to host the Games, but IOC president Avery Brundage warned the Organizing Committee that unless more funds were secured by April 1956, the bid would be awarded to Innsbruck . Another $4,000,000 were committed by the State Legislature, which met Brundage's requirements . On April 4, 1956, the right to host the 1960 Winter Olympics was officially awarded to Squaw Valley . Competitors and officials from European nations were angered by the selection; they felt that the alpine ski courses were not up to specifications and that the altitude would prove too stressful on the athletes . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="7"> 1960 Winter Olympics bidding results </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> City / Site </Th> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> Round 1 </Td> <Td> Round 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Squaw Valley </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Innsbruck </Td> <Td> Austria </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Garmisch - Partenkirchen </Td> <Td> West Germany </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td>--</Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> St. Moritz </Td> <Td> Switzerland </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td>--</Td> </Tr> </Table>

Who opened and closed the 1960 winter olympics