<Ol> <Li> Expectancy: effort → performance (E → P) </Li> <Li> Instrumentality: performance → outcome (P → O) </Li> <Li> Valence: V (R) outcome → reward </Li> </Ol> <Li> Expectancy: effort → performance (E → P) </Li> <Li> Instrumentality: performance → outcome (P → O) </Li> <Li> Valence: V (R) outcome → reward </Li>

According to expectancy theory an outcome that the person would prefer to avoid has