<P> As the war continued and casualty lists grew, the glory of volunteering faded, and both sides ultimately resorted to conscription to help fill the ranks . The Confederates enacted the first conscription law in American history in April 1862, followed by the federal government's own law in March 1863 . Throughout these first experiments in American conscription, both sides administered the programs in less than a fair and efficient way . Conscription laws tended to exempt wealthier citizens, and initially, draftees could hire substitutes or pay commutation fees . As a result, the average conscript maintained poor health, capability, and morale . Many eligible men, particularly in the South, enlisted to avoid the onus of being considered a conscript . Still, conscription or the threat of conscription ultimately helped provide a large number of soldiers . </P> <P> Conscription was never a popular program, and the North, in particular, tried several approaches to limit conscription requirements . These efforts included offering lucrative bounties, fees paid to induce volunteers to fill required quotas . In addition, the Federals offered a series of reenlistment bonuses, including money, 30 ‐ day furloughs, and the opportunity for veteran regiments to maintain their colors and be designated as "veteran" volunteer infantry regiments . The Federals also created an Invalid Corps (later renamed the Veteran Reserve Corps) of men unfit for front ‐ line service who performed essential rear area duties . In addition, the Union recruited almost 179,000 African - Americans, mostly in federally organized volunteer regiments . In the South, recruiting or conscripting slaves was so politically sensitive that it was not attempted until March 1865, far too late to influence the war . </P> <P> Whatever the faults of the manpower mobilization, it was an impressive achievement, particularly as a first effort on that scale . Various enlistment figures exist, but the best estimates are that approximately two million men enlisted in the Federal Army from 1861 to 1865 . Of that number, one million were under arms at the end of the war . Because the Confederate records are incomplete or lost, estimates of their enlistments vary from 600,000 to over 1.5 million . Most likely, between 750,000 and 800,000 men served the Confederacy during the war, with peak strength never exceeding 460,000 men . </P> <P> The unit structure into which the expanding armies were organized was generally the same for Federals and Confederates, reflecting the common roots of both armies . The Federals began the war with a Regular Army organized into an essentially Napoleonic, musket - equipped structure . Both sides used a variant of the old Regular Army structure for newly formed volunteer regiments . The Federal War Department established a volunteer infantry regimental organization with a strength that could range from 866 to 1,046 (varying in authorized strength by up to 180 infantry privates). The Confederate Congress field its 10 ‐ company infantry regiment at 1,045 men . Combat strength in battle, however, was always much lower (especially by the time of the Overland Campaign) because of casualties, sickness, leaves, details, desertions, and straggling . </P>

Who has a larger army in the civil war
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