<P> By 1449, the French had retaken Rouen . In 1450 the Count of Clermont and Arthur de Richemont, Earl of Richmond, of the Montfort family (the future Arthur III, Duke of Brittany), caught an English army attempting to relieve Caen and defeated it at the Battle of Formigny . Richemont's force attacked the English army from the flank and rear just as they were on the verge of beating Clermont's army . </P> <P> After Charles VII's successful Normandy campaign in 1450, he concentrated his efforts on Gascony, the last province held by the English . Bordeaux, Gascony's capital, was besieged and surrendered to the French on 30 June 1451 . Largely due to the English sympathies of the Gascon people, this was reversed when John Talbot and his army retook the city on 23 October 1452 . However, the English were decisively defeated at the Battle of Castillon on 17 July 1453 . Talbot had been persuaded to engage the French army at Castillon near Bordeaux . During the battle the French appeared to retreat towards their camp . The French camp at Castillon had been laid out by Charles VII's ordnance officer Jean Bureau and this was instrumental in the French success as when the French cannon opened fire, from their positions in the camp, the English took severe casualties losing both Talbot and his son . </P> <P> Although the Battle of Castillon is considered the last battle of the Hundred Years' War, England and France remained formally at war for another 20 years, but the English were in no position to carry on the war as they faced unrest at home . Following defeat in the Hundred Years' War, English landowners complained vociferously about the financial losses resulting from the loss of their continental holdings; this is often considered a major cause of the Wars of the Roses, that started in 1455 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Burgundian Wars (1474--77) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Neuss </Li> <Li> Héricourt </Li> <Li> Planta </Li> <Li> Grandson </Li> <Li> Morat </Li> <Li> Nancy </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Guinegate </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table>

What happened to england after the hundred years war