<P> New York City's importance as a theatrical center grew until it became the primary theatre center during the century, and the Theater District slowly moved north from lower Manhattan until it finally arrived in midtown at the end of the century . On the musical stage, Harrigan and Hart innovated with comic musical plays from the 1870s, but London imports came to dominate, beginning with Victorian burlesque, then Gilbert and Sullivan from 1880, and finally Edwardian musical comedies at the end of the century . </P> <P> In Germany, drama entered a state of decline from which it did not recover until the 1890s . The major playwrights of the period were Otto Ludwig and Gustav Freytag . The lack of new dramatists was not keenly felt because the plays of Shakespeare, Lessing, Goethe, and Schiller were prominent in the repertory . The most important theatrical force in later 19th - century Germany was that of Georg II, Duke of Saxe - Meiningen and his Meiningen Ensemble, under the direction of Ludwig Chronegk . The Ensemble's productions are often considered the most historically accurate of the 19th century, although his primary goal was to serve the interests of the playwright . The Ensemble's productions utilised detailed, historically accurate costumes and furniture, something that was unprecedented in Europe at the time . The Meiningen Ensemble stands at the beginning of the new movement toward unified production (or what Richard Wagner would call the Gesamtkunstwerk) and the rise of the director (at the expense of the actor) as the dominant artist in theatre - making . </P> <P> The Meiningen Ensemble traveled throughout Europe from 1874--1890 and met with unparalleled success wherever they went . Audiences had grown tired with regular, shallow entertainment theatre and were beginning to demand a more creatively and intellectually stimulating form of expression that the Ensemble was able to provide . Therefore, the Meiningen Ensemble can be seen as the forerunners of the art - theatre movement which appeared in Europe at the end of the 1880s . </P> <P> Richard Wagner (1813--1883) rejected the contemporary trend toward realism and argued that the dramatist should be a myth maker who portrays an ideal world through the expression of inner impulses and aspirations of a people . Wagner used music to defeat performers' personal whims . The melody and tempo of music allowed him to have greater personal control over performance than he would with spoken drama . As with the Meininger Ensemble, Wagner believed that the author - composer should supervise every aspect of production to unify all the elements into a "master art work ." Wagner also introduced a new type of auditorium that abolished the side boxes, pits, and galleries that were a prominent feature of most European theatres and replaced them with a 1,745 seat fan - shaped auditorium that was 50 feet (15 m) wide at the proscenium and 115 feet (35 m) at the rear . This allowed every seat in the auditorium to enjoy a full view of the stage and meant that there were no "good" seats . </P>

Which of the following was standard in theatres by the end of the nineteenth century