<P> In 1921 Koffka published a Gestalt - oriented text on developmental psychology, Growth of the Mind . With the help of American psychologist Robert Ogden, Koffka introduced the Gestalt point of view to an American audience in 1922 by way of a paper in Psychological Bulletin . It contains criticisms of then - current explanations of a number of problems of perception, and the alternatives offered by the Gestalt school . Koffka moved to the United States in 1924, eventually settling at Smith College in 1927 . In 1935 Koffka published his Principles of Gestalt Psychology . This textbook laid out the Gestalt vision of the scientific enterprise as a whole . Science, he said, is not the simple accumulation of facts . What makes research scientific is the incorporation of facts into a theoretical structure . The goal of the Gestaltists was to integrate the facts of inanimate nature, life, and mind into a single scientific structure . This meant that science would have to swallow not only what Koffka called the quantitative facts of physical science but the facts of two other "scientific categories": questions of order and questions of Sinn, a German word which has been variously translated as significance, value, and meaning . Without incorporating the meaning of experience and behavior, Koffka believed that science would doom itself to trivialities in its investigation of human beings . </P> <P> Having survived the onslaught of the Nazis up to the mid-1930s, all the core members of the Gestalt movement were forced out of Germany to the United States by 1935 . Köhler published another book, Dynamics in Psychology, in 1940 but thereafter the Gestalt movement suffered a series of setbacks . Koffka died in 1941 and Wertheimer in 1943 . Wertheimer's long - awaited book on mathematical problem - solving, Productive Thinking, was published posthumously in 1945 but Köhler was now left to guide the movement without his two long - time colleagues . </P> <P> As a result of the conjunction of a number of events in the early 20th century, behaviorism gradually emerged as the dominant school in American psychology . First among these was the increasing skepticism with which many viewed the concept of consciousness: although still considered to be the essential element separating psychology from physiology, its subjective nature and the unreliable introspective method it seemed to require, troubled many . William James' 1904 Journal of Philosophy...article "Does Consciousness Exist?", laid out the worries explicitly . </P> <P> Second was the gradual rise of a rigorous animal psychology . In addition to Edward Lee Thorndike's work with cats in puzzle boxes in 1898, the start of research in which rats learn to navigate mazes was begun by Willard Small (1900, 1901 in American Journal of Psychology). Robert M. Yerkes's 1905 Journal of Philosophy...article "Animal Psychology and the Criteria of the Psychic" raised the general question of when one is entitled to attribute consciousness to an organism . The following few years saw the emergence of John Broadus Watson (1878--1959) as a major player, publishing his dissertation on the relation between neurological development and learning in the white rat (1907, Psychological Review Monograph Supplement; Carr & Watson, 1908, J. Comparative Neurology & Psychology). Another important rat study was published by Henry H. Donaldson (1908, J. Comparative Neurology & Psychology). The year 1909 saw the first English - language account of Ivan Pavlov's studies of conditioning in dogs (Yerkes & Morgulis, 1909, Psychological Bulletin). </P>

Who were noted as being the founders of psychology