<P> Transit instruments are installed to be perpendicular to the local level (which is a plane perpendicular to a plumb line). In 1884, the International Meridian Conference took place to establish an internationally recognised single meridian . The meridian chosen was that which passed through the Airy transit circle at Greenwich and it became the prime meridian . </P> <P> At around the time of this conference, scientists were making measurements to determine the deflection of the vertical on a large scale . One might expect that plumb lines set up in various locations, if extended downward, would all pass through a single point, the centre of the Earth, but this is not the case, primarily due to the Earth being an ellipsoid, not a sphere . The downward extended plumb lines don't even all intersect the rotation axis of the Earth; this much smaller effect is due to the uneven distribution of the Earth's mass . To make computations feasible, scientists defined ellipsoids of revolution; a given ellipsoid would be a good compromise for measurements in a given area, such as a country or continent . The difference between the direction of a plumb line or vertical, and a line perpendicular to the surface of the ellipsoid of revolution--a normal to said ellipsoid--at a particular observatory, is the deflection of the vertical . </P> <P> When the Airy transit circle was built, a mercury basin was used to align the telescope to the perpendicular . Thus the circle was aligned with the local vertical or plumb line, which is deflected slightly from the normal, or line perpendicular, to the reference ellipsoid used to define geodetic latitude and longitude in the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (which is nearly the same as the WGS - 84 system used by GPS). While the local vertical defined at the Airy transit circle still points to the modern celestial meridian (the intersection of the prime meridian plane with the celestial sphere), it does not pass through the Earth's rotation axis . As a result of this, the ITRF zero meridian, defined by a plane passing through the Earth's rotation axis, is 102 metres to the east of the prime meridian . A 2015 analysis by Malys et al. shows the offset between the Airy transit circle and the ITRF / WGS 84 meridians can be explained by this deflection of the vertical alone; other possible sources of the offset that have been proposed in the past are smaller than the current uncertainty in the deflection of the vertical near the observatory . The astronomical longitude of the Greenwich prime meridian was found to be 0.19" ± 0.47" East, i.e. the plane defined by the local vertical on the Greenwich prime meridian and the plane passing through the Earth's rotation axis on the ITRF zero meridian are effectively parallel . However, the claim, found, e.g., in a BBC article that this difference between astronomical and geodetic coordinates means that any measurements of transit time across the IRTF zero meridian will occur 0.352 seconds (or 0.353 sidereal seconds) before the transit across the "intended meridian" is based on a failure of understanding . The explanation by Malys et al. on the other hand is both lucid and correct . </P> <P> As of 2017 the Greenwich meridian passes through: </P>

Who defined the greenwich meridian as zero longitude