<P> Although a few of Harding's cabinet appointees were scandal - tarred, Coolidge initially retained all of them, out of an ardent conviction that as successor to a deceased elected president he was obligated to retain Harding's counselors and policies until the next election . He kept Harding's able speechwriter Judson T. Welliver; Stuart Crawford replaced Welliver in November 1925 . Coolidge appointed C. Bascom Slemp, a Virginia Congressman and experienced federal politician, to work jointly with Edward T. Clark, a Massachusetts Republican organizer whom he retained from his vice-presidential staff, as Secretaries to the President (a position equivalent to the modern White House Chief of Staff). </P> <P> Perhaps the most powerful person in Coolidge's Cabinet was Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon, who controlled the administration's financial policies and was regarded by many, including House Minority Leader John Nance Garner, as more powerful than Coolidge himself . Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover also held a prominent place in Coolidge's Cabinet, in part because Coolidge found value in Hoover's ability to win positive publicity with his pro-business proposals . Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes directed Coolidge's foreign policy until he resigned in 1925 following Coolidge's re-election . He was replaced by Frank B. Kellogg, who had previously served as a Senator and as the ambassador to Great Britain . Coolidge made two other appointments following his re-election, with William M. Jardine taking the position of Secretary of Agriculture and John G. Sargent becoming Attorney General . Coolidge did not have a vice president during his first term, but Charles Dawes became vice president during Coolidge's second term, and Dawes and Coolidge clashed over farm policy and other issues . </P> <P> Coolidge appointed one justice to the Supreme Court of the United States, Harlan Fiske Stone in 1925 . Stone was Coolidge's fellow Amherst alumnus, a Wall Street lawyer and conservative Republican . Stone was serving as dean of Columbia Law School when Coolidge appointed him to be attorney general in 1924 to restore the reputation tarnished by Harding's Attorney General, Harry M. Daugherty . It does not appear that Coolidge considered appointing anyone other than Stone . Stone proved to be a firm believer in judicial restraint and was regarded as one of the court's three liberal justices who would often vote to uphold New Deal legislation . President Franklin D. Roosevelt later appointed Stone to be chief justice . </P> <P> Coolidge nominated 17 judges to the United States Courts of Appeals, and 61 judges to the United States district courts . He appointed judges to various specialty courts as well, including Genevieve R. Cline, who became the first woman named to the federal judiciary when Coolidge placed her on the United States Customs Court in 1928 . Coolidge also signed the Judiciary Act of 1925 into law, allowing the Supreme Court more discretion over its workload . </P>

What u.s. president refused to use the phone while in office