<P> The Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, usually referred to as simply the Freedmen's Bureau, was an agency of the United States Department of War to "direct such issues of provisions, clothing, and fuel, as he may deem needful for the immediate and temporary shelter and supply of destitute and suffering refugees and freedmen and their wives and children ." </P> <P> The Freedmen's Bureau Bill, which established the Freedmen's Bureau on March 3, 1865, was initiated by President Abraham Lincoln and was intended to last for one year after the end of the Civil War . The Freedmen's Bureau was an important agency of early Reconstruction, assisting freedmen in the South . The Bureau was made a part of the United States Department of War, as it was the only agency with an existing organization that could be assigned to the South . Headed by Union Army General Oliver O. Howard, the Bureau started operations in 1865 . Throughout the first year, its representatives learned that these tasks would be very difficult, as Southern legislatures passed laws for Black Codes that restricted movement, conditions of labor, and other civil rights of African Americans, nearly duplicating conditions of slavery . The Freedmen's Bureau controlled limited arable land . </P> <P> The Bureau's powers were expanded to help African Americans find family members from whom they had become separated during the war . It arranged to teach them to read and write, considered critical by the freedmen themselves as well as the government . Bureau agents also served as legal advocates for African Americans in both local and national courts, mostly in cases dealing with family issues . The Bureau encouraged former major planters to rebuild their plantations and urged freed blacks to return to work for them, kept an eye on contracts between the newly free laborers and planters, and pushed whites and blacks to work together as employers and employees rather than as masters and slaves . </P>

Who headed the freedmen's bureau following the civil war