<P> In biology, abiotic factors can include water, light, radiation, temperature, humidity, atmosphere, and soil . The macroscopic climate often influences each of the above . Pressure and sound waves may also be considered in the context of marine or sub-terrestrial environments . Abiotic factors in ocean environments also include aerial exposure, substrate, water clarity, solar energy and tides . Consider the differences in the mechanics of C3, C4, and CAM plants in regulating the influx of carbon dioxide to the Calvin - Benson Cycle in relation to their abiotic stressors . C3 plants have no mechanisms to manage photorespiration, whereas C4 and CAM plants utilize a separate PEP Carboxylase enzyme to prevent photorespiration, thus increasing the yield of photosynthetic processes in certain high energy environments . </P> <P> Many Archea require very high temperatures, pressures or unusual concentrations of chemical substances such as sulfur; this is due to their specialization into extreme conditions . In addition, fungi have also evolved to survive at the temperature, the humidity, and stability of their environment . </P> <P> For example, there is a significant difference in access in both water and humidity between temperate rain forests and deserts . This difference in water availability causes a diversity in the types of plants and animals that survive in these areas . These differences in abiotic components alter the species present both by creating boundaries of what species can survive within the environment, as well as influencing competition between two species . Abiotic factors such as salinity can give one species a competitive advantage over another, creating pressures that lead to speciation and alteration of a species to and from generalist and specialist competitors . </P>

What are the abiotic and biotic components of an ecosystem