<P> Efforts were then made by the Government to confine higher education and secondary education leading to higher education to boys in affluent, circumstances . This again was done not in the interests of sound education but for political reasons . Rules were made calculated to restrict the diffusion of education generally and among the poorer boys in particular . Conditions for recognition for "grants"--stiff and various--were laid down and enforced, and the non-fulfilment of any one of these conditions was liable to be followed by serious consequences . Fees were raised to a degree which considering the circumstances of the classes that resort to schools, were abnormal . When it was objected that the minimum fee would be a great hardship to poor students the answer was--such students had no business to receive that kind of education . Managers of private schools who remitted fees in whole or in part were penalized by reduced grants - in - aid . These rules had undoubtedly the effect of checking the great expansion of education that would have taken place . This is the real explanation of the very unsatisfactory character of the nature and progress of secondary education and it will never be remedied till we are prepared either to give education to the boys ourselves or to make sufficient grants to the private schools to enable them to be staffed with competent teachers . We are at present not prepared to do either . English education, according to this policy, is to be confined to the well - to - do classes. They, it was believed, would give no trouble to Government . For this purpose, the old system of education under which a pupil could prosecute his studies from the lowest to the highest class was altered . </P> <P> The Jesuits introduced India to both the European college system and the printing of books, through founding Saint Paul's College, Goa in 1542 . The French traveler François Pyrard de Laval, who visited Goa c. 1608, described the College of St Paul, praising the variety of the subjects taught there free of charge . Like many other European travelers who visited the College, he recorded that at this time it had 3,000 students, from all the missions of Asia . Its Library was one of the biggest in Asia, and the first printing press was mounted there . </P> <P> The British made education, in English--a high priority hoping it would speed modernization and reduce the administrative charges . The colonial authorities had a sharp debate over policy . This was divided into two schools - the orientalists, who believed that education should happen in Indian languages (of which they favoured classical or court languages like Sanskrit or Persian) or utilitarians (also called anglicists) like Thomas Babington Macaulay, who strongly believed that traditional India had nothing to teach regarding modern skills; the best education for them would happen in English . Macaulay introduced English education in India, especially through his famous minute of February 1835 . He called for an educational system that would create a class of anglicised Indians who would serve as cultural intermediaries between the British and the Indians . Macaulay succeeded in implementing ideas previously put forward by Lord William Bentinck, the governor general since 1829 . Bentinck favoured the replacement of Persian by English as the official language, the use of English as the medium of instruction, and the training of English - speaking Indians as teachers . He was inspired by utilitarian ideas and called for "useful learning ." However, Bentinck's ideas were rejected by the Court of Directors of the East India Company and he retired as governor general . </P> <P> Frykenberg examines the 1784 to 1854 period to argue that education helped integrate the diverse elements Indian society, thereby creating a new common bond from among conflicting loyalties . The native elite demanded modern education . The University of Madras, founded in 1857, became the single most important recruiting ground for generations of ever more highly trained officials . This exclusive and select leadership was almost entirely "clean - caste" and mainly Brahman . It held sway in both the imperial administration and within princely governments to the south . The position of this mandarin class was never seriously challenged until well into the twentieth century . </P>

Who founded the first english institution of higher learning in india