<P> Woodrow Wilson made a drastic lowering of tariff rates a major priority for his presidency . The 1913 Underwood Tariff cut rates, but the coming of World War I in 1914 radically revised trade patterns . Reduced trade and, especially, the new revenues generated by the federal income tax (bolstered by the ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913) made tariffs much less important in terms of economic impact and political rhetoric . </P> <P> The Wilson administration desired a' revamping' of the current banking system, "...so that the banks may be the instruments, not the masters, of business and of individual enterprise and initiative .". President Wilson achieved this in the Federal Reserve Act of 1913 . Working with the bullish Senator Aldrich and former presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan, he perfected a way to centralize the banking system to allow Congress to closely allocate paper money production . The Federal Reserve Act, with the Sixteenth Amendment of the Constitution, would create a trend of new forms of government funding . </P> <P> When the Republicans regained power after the war they restored the usual high rates, with the Fordney - McCumber Tariff of 1922 . When the Great Depression hit, international trade shrank drastically . The crisis baffled the GOP, and it tried to raise tariffs again with the Smoot - Hawley Tariff Act of 1930 . This time it backfired, as Canada, Britain, Germany, France and other industrial countries retaliated with their own tariffs and special, bilateral trade deals . American imports and exports both went into a tailspin . Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Dealers made promises about lowering tariffs on a reciprocal country - by - country basis (which they did), hoping this would expand foreign trade (which it did not .) Frustrated, they gave much more attention to domestic remedies for the depression; by 1936 the tariff issue had faded from politics, and the revenue it raised was small . In World War II both tariffs and reciprocity were insignificant compared to trade channeled through Lend Lease . </P> <P> Many economists hold the opinion that the tariff act did not greatly worsen the great depression: </P>

In the 1930s what caused canada to respond by raising tax on goods imported from the united states