<P> A philosophy of mind that regards the degrees of freedom between mental and physical well - being as not necessarily synonymous and thus implying an experiential dualism between body and mind . As example of these disparate degrees of freedom is given by Allan Wallace who notes that it is, "experientially apparent that one may be physically uncomfortable--for instance, while engaging in a strenuous physical workout--while mentally cheerful; conversely, one may be mentally distraught while experiencing physical comfort ." Experiential dualism notes that our subjective experience of merely seeing something in the physical world seems qualitatively different than mental processes like grief that comes from losing a loved one for instance . This philosophy also is a proponent of causal dualism which is defined as the dual ability for mental states and physical states to affect one another . Mental states can cause changes in physical states and vice versa . </P> <P> However, unlike cartesian dualism or some other systems, experiential dualism does not posit two fundamental substances in reality: mind and matter . Rather, experiential dualism is to be understood as a conceptual framework that gives credence to the qualitative difference between the experience of mental and physical states . Experiential dualism is accepted as the conceptual framework of Madhyamaka Buddhism . </P> <P> Madhayamaka Buddhism goes even further, finding fault with the monist view of physicalist philosophies of mind as well in that these generally posit matter and energy as the fundamental substance of reality . Nonetheless, this does not imply that the cartesian dualist view is correct, rather Madhyamaka regards as error any affirming view of a fundamental substance to reality . </P> <P> In denying the independent self - existence of all the phenomena that make up the world of our experience, the Madhyamaka view departs from both the substance dualism of Descartes and the substance monism--namely, physicalism--that is characteristic of modern science . The physicalism propounded by many contemporary scientists seems to assert that the real world is composed of physical things - in - themselves, while all mental phenomena are regarded as mere appearances, devoid of any reality in and of themselves . Much is made of this difference between appearances and reality . </P>

He presented the idea of mind as a principle philosophical explanation