<P> The Bureau was a major employer of American Indians and the debate regarding "race loyalty" virtually eliminated one of the Society's major constituencies . Sloan, a candidate for the position of U.S. Indian Commissioner urged prudence, "The Indian Bureau has grown to be a necessity for a great many employees in United States government . In case the reservations were destroyed, jobs would have to be sought for by a great many people who are now in the Indian service, and this seems that that cannot be done at one stroke ." Most of the leadership believed that the reservation system should go and the Indian Bureau abolished . But as much as they resented the Bureau, could not reconcile themselves to a policy which would deliver older Indians into the hands of rapacious enemies and destroy forever the possibility protecting the Indian land base . </P> <P> Fayette Avery McKenzie was the first American sociologist to specialize in Indian affairs . McKenzie criticized the government's Indian policy and was well connected to the political establishment in Washington, D.C. Arthur C. Parker, Secretary of the Society from 1911--1915, regarded McKenzie as the "father of the movement ." McKenzie respected the Society's mantra of "for Indians and by Indians" and understood Indians' distrust of Whites . McKenzie downplayed his role as "Local Representative" for the Society and worked behind the scenes . He wrote to Parker, "Whatever I may say is subject to two suspicions: First that my race prevents me understanding the situation . Second, that I may have some ulterior motive ." "I am always embarrassed by doubt in my mind as to whether I shall act and speak, or whether I shall contribute most by silence . Everyone who says anything to me tells me to proceed and that the Indians have confidence in me and I am glad and believe that is so, even though doubtful as to what extent that confidence involves action ." While Parker was determined that the Society should be run by Indians, it did not diminish his desire for McKenzie's counsel and assistance in managing the organization . In short time, Parker was overwhelmed with the volume of Society work and contemplated resigning . McKenzie exhorted him to stay with the Society, noting "it is not impossible that you are the only man who can save the situation and that you may have to do it by constant correspondence, keeping all in touch one with the other, and keeping all satisfied that equal justice is being arranged for ." Parker teamed with McKenzie to manage the Society and navigate politics . Responsibilities included publications, planning conferences, drafting and lobbying legislation and membership services . McKenzie's organizational principles were to ensure harmony and unity within the Society, work cooperatively with the white establishment and uphold standards of quality and achievement for Indians . He wrote, "No issue, no bill, no policy is comparable in importance with a demonstration that Indians can maintain unity and cordial feelings even at times of difference upon specific points ." McKenzie was well connected to the political establishment in Washington, D.C., and by 1914, he solicited over 400 Non-native associate memberships from influential academicians, politicians and Progressive organizations . Parker noted, "I am sure that we all wish you to secure for us as many members as you can and win for us the right kind of friends ." Parker was deeply grateful for McKenzie's support and assistance through the Society's most productive years, and in 1913 nominated McKenzie for Commissioner of Indian Affairs to Franklin K. Lane, then U.S. Secretary of the Interior . Writing without McKenzie's knowledge, Parker cited "his friend's broad experience, special knowledge of the Indian, rare understanding of the legal and social status of our native wards . I know of no fitter person for the difficult task that falls upon the Office of the Indian Commissioner ." McKenzie and Parker collaborated until 1915, when McKenzie departed Ohio State University and his friends in Columbus to assume the Presidency of Fisk University in Nashville, Tennessee . Parker and McKenzie remained lifelong friends and colleagues . </P> <P> The Society's Quarterly Journal was the first twentieth - century forum for professional American Indian writers and one of the Society's most enduring testimonials . The new "American Indian literature" covered a wide array of topics editorial comments on national and local reservation problems . Distinguished American Indian editors and writers for the Quarterly Journal included: Arthur Parker, Rev. Sherman Coolidge, Henry Roe Cloud, John M. Oskison, Gertrude Bonnin, Carlos Montezuma and Dennison Wheelock . Luther Standing Bear, Dr. Charles Eastman and Gertrude Simmons Bonnin who were born and raised in the oral traditions American Indian culture and educated in Euro - American customs, wrote significant historic accounts of their people and history in English . </P> <P> The first issue of the Quarterly Journal, authorized in Columbus, was published on April 15, 1913 . The journal masthead carried on one side the Society's emblem, the American Eagle, and on the other a lighted torch . Underneath was the legend, taken from the Society statement of purposes: "The honor of the race and the good of the country shall be paramount ." Arthur C. Parker, was the editor - general, while contributing editors included Sherman Coolidge, Henry Roe Cloud, Howard Gansworth, Carlos Montezuma and John M. Oskison . An editorial in the first issue proclaimed that the publication marked "a new departure in the history of the race ." </P>

Which of the following was not a goal of the american progressives apex