<Li> fermentation of ethanol is used in the production of vinegar . </Li> <P> Preparative methods for small scale reactions for research or for production of fine chemicals often employ expensive consumable reagents . </P> <Ul> <Li> oxidation of primary alcohols or aldehydes with strong oxidants such as potassium dichromate, Jones reagent, potassium permanganate, or sodium chlorite . The method is amenable to laboratory conditions compared to the industrial use of air, which is "greener", since it yields less inorganic side products such as chromium or manganese oxides . </Li> <Li> Oxidative cleavage of olefins by ozonolysis, potassium permanganate, or potassium dichromate . </Li> <Li> Carboxylic acids can also be obtained by the hydrolysis of nitriles, esters, or amides, in general with acid - or base - catalysis . </Li> <Li> Carbonation of a Grignard and organolithium reagents: </Li> </Ul> <Li> oxidation of primary alcohols or aldehydes with strong oxidants such as potassium dichromate, Jones reagent, potassium permanganate, or sodium chlorite . The method is amenable to laboratory conditions compared to the industrial use of air, which is "greener", since it yields less inorganic side products such as chromium or manganese oxides . </Li>

Evaluate the chemical properties of the carboxylic acids