<P> With the Berlin conference of 1884 / 85 as a foundation, Africa was apportioned among the European powers . In 1914 only Ethiopia and Liberia were left as independent states, the remainder of the continent was under British, French, Portuguese, German, Belgian, Italian or Spanish control . It was the interest of these powers that governed the borders . The continent had almost no urban population and the colonial powers had not started to invest much in its "pieces" (Hernæs, 2003a). A good example is Northern Nigeria Protectorate that in 1900 had a budget of £ 100,000, a military force of 2000 Hausa - soldiers and 120 British officers . With this they were to govern an enormous area with a population of about 10 million people . </P> <P> The economic and administrative politics had the greatest effect on urbanization . The important export products cash crops (including cotton, maize, tobacco, sugar, coffee, tea, palm oil, and groundnuts) and minerals had to be transported to the harbour towns for export . For this railway transport was needed, and to run the colony administration and personnel was needed . The central administration was often placed in harbour town, but there was not developed any network of small and middle - sized cities (Aase, 2003: 3). </P> <P> New cities were placed in an existing settlement or at a completely new site . Completely new cities were especially developed in the copper zone to house the mine workers . Examples include Johannesburg and Kimberley in South Africa, Ndola and Kitwe in Zambia and Lubumbashi in DR Congo . </P> <P> A strong centralised political system was also important in the development of early urban centres for example in the ndebele kingdom under Mzilikazi and later on lobengula </P>

What are the two least urbanized countries in africa