<Tr> <Td> British </Td> <Td> Portuguese </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> French </Td> <Td> Spanish </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> German </Td> <Td> Independent </Td> </Tr> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Part of a series on the </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> New Imperialism </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Western imperialism in Asia </Li> <Li> "The Great Game" </Li> <Li> The "Scramble for Africa" </Li> <Li> Historiography of the British Empire </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Theory </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Expansion of England </Li> <Li> Gentlemanly capitalism </Li> <Li> The Imperialism of Free Trade </Li> <Li> Imperialism: A Study </Li> <Li> Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism </Li> <Li> Porter--MacKenzie debate </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> See also </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Imperialism </Li> <Li> Colonialism </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Decolonization </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table>

Which countries were involved in the scramble for africa apex