<P> Legal challenges have continued under the Voting Rights Act, primarily in areas of redistricting and election systems, for instance, challenging at - large election systems that effectively reduce the ability of minority groups to elect candidates of their choice . Such challenges have particularly occurred at the county and municipal level, including for school boards, where exclusion of minority groups and candidates at such levels has been persistent in some areas of the country . This reduces the ability of women and minorities to participate in the political system and gain entry - level experience . </P> <P> A parallel, yet separate, movement was that for women's suffrage . Leaders of the suffrage movement included Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Alice Paul . In some ways this, too, could be said to have grown out of the American Civil War, as women had been strong leaders of the abolition movement . Middle - and upper - class women generally became more politically active in the northern tier during and after the war . </P> <P> In 1848, the Seneca Falls Convention, the first women's rights convention, was held in Seneca Falls, New York . Of the 300 present, 68 women and 32 men signed the Declaration of Sentiments which defined the women's rights movement . The first National Women's Rights Convention took place in 1850 in Worcester, Massachusetts, attracting more than 1,000 participants . This national convention was held yearly through 1860 . </P> <P> When Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton formed the National Women Suffrage Association, their goal was to help women gain voting rights through reliance on the Constitution . Also, in 1869 Lucy Stone and Henry Blackwell formed the American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA). However, AWSA focused on gaining voting rights for women through the amendment process . Although these two organization were fighting for the same cause, it was not until 1890 that they merged to form the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA). After the merger of the two organizations, the (NAWSA) waged a state - by - state campaign to obtain voting rights for women . </P>

Which of the following is the constitutional amendment gave former slaves the right to vote