<Ul> <Li> Kazakhstan: The independence struggle began with the Jeltoqsan uprising in 1986 . Former Communist leader Nursultan Nazarbayev has been in power since 1990 when he started serving as President of Kazakh SSR . </Li> <Li> Kyrgyzstan: Askar Akayev retained power until the Tulip Revolution in 2005 . </Li> <Li> Tajikistan: Rahmon Nabiyev retained power, which led to the civil war in Tajikistan . Emomalii Rahmon has succeeded Nabiyev and has retained power since 1992 . </Li> <Li> Turkmenistan: Saparmurat Niyazov retained power until his death in 2006 and was criticized as one of the world's most totalitarian and repressive leaders, maintaining his own cult of personality . </Li> <Li> Uzbekistan: Islam Karimov retained power until his death in 2016, and was widely criticized for repressing the political opposition throughout his tenure . </Li> </Ul> <Li> Kazakhstan: The independence struggle began with the Jeltoqsan uprising in 1986 . Former Communist leader Nursultan Nazarbayev has been in power since 1990 when he started serving as President of Kazakh SSR . </Li> <Li> Kyrgyzstan: Askar Akayev retained power until the Tulip Revolution in 2005 . </Li> <Li> Tajikistan: Rahmon Nabiyev retained power, which led to the civil war in Tajikistan . Emomalii Rahmon has succeeded Nabiyev and has retained power since 1992 . </Li>

Poland is a postcommunist developed country that did not experience a democratic revolution is