<P> While immigrants to the United States from European nations during the period before the McCarran--Walter Act of 1952 were able to immigrate legally if with relative levels of ease depending on country of origin, the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 barred almost all Chinese from immigrating to the United States . Nonetheless, many Chinese immigrants arrived in America by obtaining false documents . The Chinese Exclusion Act allowed the Chinese Americans already settled in the United States to stay and provided for limited numbers of family members of Chinese Americans to immigrate with the correct paperwork . This loophole and the fateful 1906 earthquake that destroyed San Francisco's public records provided Chinese immigrants, almost entirely men, with the potential to immigrate with false documents stating their familial relationship to a Chinese American . These Chinese immigrants were called "paper sons," because of their false papers . "Paper sons" relied on networks built by chain migration to buy documentation, develop strategies for convincing authorities on Angel Island of their legal status, and for starting a life in America . </P> <P> The information and personal connections that lead to chain migration lead to transplanted communities from one nation to another . Throughout the history of the Americas, ethnic enclaves have been built and sustained by immigration . Different ethnic groups claimed distinct physical space in city neighborhoods to provide a reception for chain migration and maintain the community network it created . Examples of this trend include the many neighborhoods called Kleindeutschland, Little Italy, and Chinatown throughout the United States . </P> <P> The same was true of rural areas in the eighteenth and early nineteenth century . Some rural towns in the Midwestern United States and in southern Brazil were founded by immigrants and directly advertised in home countries . (Prominent examples include New Glarus, Wisconsin in the United States and Blumenau, Santa Catarina in Brazil .) This case was especially true for many agricultural German immigrants of the nineteenth century . Certain towns were built on a homogeneous group from a particular German principality . Additionally, many of these towns exclusively spoke German until the mid-1900s in the United States and the late 1900s in Brazil . These enclaves and their contemporaries represent the close relationship between family, community, and immigration . </P> <P> In the late nineteenth century, distinct Italian provinces and towns immigrated to the United States and Argentina via chain migration . Regional ties in Italy initially divided Italian ethnic identity in cities like New York and Buenos Aires, and certain enclaves included only Southern Italians or immigrants from Naples . The community ties remained strong with first generation immigrants concerning social life . These communities were originally composed of only men who immigrated for work . Once they had made enough money, many Italian men interested in settling began to bring their wives and families to their new homes in the Americas . </P>

Which of the following is an example of chain migration