<P> While the turnout at federal elections did substantially increase following the electoral reforms, the effect fell short of Wolfinger and Rosenstone's expectations while Cloward's and Piven's hope of improving the demographic representativeness of the electorate wasn't fulfilled at all . Political scientist Adam Berinsky concluded in a 2005 article that the reforms designed to make voting "easier" in their entirety had an opposite effect, actually increasing the preexisting socioeconomic biases by ensuring "that those citizens who are most engaged with the political world--those with politically relevant resources--continue to participate, whereas those individuals without such resources fall by the wayside ." As Berinsky reaffirms in a 2016 piece, the only way to increase turnout while improving representativeness is making more people become interested in politics . </P> <P> Traditionally, voters have had to register at government offices to vote, but in 1993 Congress passed the National Voter Registration Act of 1993, also known as the "Motor Voter" law, which came into effect on January 1, 1995, to make registering easier, in an attempt to increase turnout . The law requires state governments to provide opt - in registration services through drivers' license registration centers, disability centers, schools, libraries, and mail - in registration, though the States which since March 11, 1993, have not required voter registration for federal elections or had same - day voter registration on Election Day were exempt from the Act . Six states qualify for the exemption: North Dakota (which does not have registration), Idaho, Minnesota, New Hampshire, Wisconsin and Wyoming . </P> <P> An increasing number of states allow online voter registration . As of May 9, 2016, the states that have online registration are: </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> State </Th> <Th> Year enacted </Th> <Th> Bill number </Th> <Th> Year implemented </Th> <Th> Website </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alabama </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> <Td> No legislation required </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Alabama Votes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alaska </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> <Td> No legislation required </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Alaska Online Voter Registration </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Arizona </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> <Td> No legislation required </Td> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> EZ Voter Registration </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> California </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> SB 397 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> California Online Voter Registration </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Colorado </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> HB 1160 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Go Vote Colorado </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Connecticut </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> HB 5024 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Connecticut Online Voter Registration </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Delaware </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> <Td> No legislation required </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> I Vote Delaware </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> District of Columbia </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> B20 - 0264 </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> District of Columbia Online Voter Registration </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Florida </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> SB 228 </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Register to Vote Florida Voter Registration </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Georgia </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> SB 92 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Georgia Online Voter Registration </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hawaii </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> HB 1755 </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Hawaii Online Voter Registration </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Idaho </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> SB 1297 </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Idaho Votes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Illinois </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> HB 2418 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Illinois Online Voter Registration </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Indiana </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> HB 1346 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Indiana Online Voter Registration </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Iowa </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> <Td> No legislation required </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Iowa Online Voter Registration </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kansas </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> <Td> No legislation required </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Kansas Online Voter Registration </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kentucky </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> <Td> No legislation required </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Kentucky Online Voter Registration </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Louisiana </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> HB 520 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Geaux Vote </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maryland </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> HB 740 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Maryland Online Voter Registration </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Massachusetts </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> HB 3788 </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Massachusetts Online Voter Registration </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Minnesota </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> HF 2096 </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> MN Votes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Missouri </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> <Td> No legislation required </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Vote Missouri </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nebraska </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> LB 661 </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Nebraska Online Voter Registration </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nevada </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> AB 82 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Nevada Online Voter Registration </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Mexico </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> SB 643 </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> New Mexico Online Voter Registration </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New York </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> <Td> No legislation required </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> New York Electronic Voter Registration </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Oklahoma </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> SB 313 </Td> <Td> 2020 (Estimated) </Td> <Td> Not implemented yet </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Oregon </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> HB 2386 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> OreStar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pennsylvania </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> <Td> No legislation required </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> PA Online Voter Registration </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rhode Island </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> SB 2513 </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> RI Online Voter Registration </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Carolina </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> HB 4945 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> S.C. Online Voter Registration </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tennessee </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> SB1626 / HB1472 </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> <P> GoVote TN Voter Registration </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Utah </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> SB 25 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Utah Online Voter Registration </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vermont </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> <Td> No legislation required </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Vermont Online Voter Registration </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Virginia </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> HB 2341 </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Virginia Voter Registration </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Washington </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> HB 1528 </Td> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> MyVote </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> West Virginia </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> SB 477 </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> West Virginia Online Voter Registration </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wisconsin </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> SB 295 </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> <P> My Vote Wisconsin </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table>

Which of the following is true of the voter registration process in the united states