<Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs to be updated . In particular: This subsection's claims are potentially outdated in the "digital age" given that near - total penetration of Web access among scholars worldwide enables any scholar (s) to submit papers to any journal anywhere . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . (May 2017) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs to be updated . In particular: This subsection's claims are potentially outdated in the "digital age" given that near - total penetration of Web access among scholars worldwide enables any scholar (s) to submit papers to any journal anywhere . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . (May 2017) </Td> </Tr> <P> Peer Review is a form of self - regulation by qualified members of a profession within the relevant field . Peer review methods are employed to maintain standards of quality, improve performance, and provide credibility . In academia, scholarly peer review is often used to determine an academic paper's suitability for publication . Usually, the peer review process involves experts in the same field who are consulted by editors to give a review of the scholarly works produced by a colleague of theirs from an unbiased and impartial point of view, and this is usually done free of charge . The tradition of peer reviews being done for free has however brought many pitfalls which are also indicative of why most peer reviewers decline many invitations to review . It was observed that publications from periphery countries rarely rise to the same elite status as those of North America and Europe, because limitations on the availability of resources including high - quality paper and sophisticated image - rendering software and printing tools render these publications less able to satisfy standards currently carrying formal or informal authority in the publishing industry . These limitations in turn result in the under - representation of scholars from periphery nations among the set of publications holding prestige status relative to the quantity and quality of those scholars' research efforts, and this under - representation in turn results in disproportionately reduced acceptance of the results of their efforts as contributions to the body of knowledge available worldwide . </P> <P> The open access movement assumes that all information generally deemed useful should be free and belongs to a "public domain", that of "humanity". This idea gained prevalence as a result of Western colonial history and ignores alternative conceptions of knowledge circulation . For instance, most indigenous communities consider that access to certain information proper to the group should be determined by relationships . </P>

Among all the research on the behavioral approach what is one consistent finding from the research