<P> Hot filtration method is mainly used to separate solids from a hot solution . This is done in order to prevent crystal formation in the filter funnel and other apparatuses that comes in contact with the solution . As a result, the apparatus and the solution used are heated in order to prevent the rapid decrease in temperature which in turn, would lead to the crystallization of the solids in the funnel and hinder the filtration process . One of the most important measures to prevent the formation of crystals in the funnel and to undergo effective hot filtration is the use stemless filter funnel . Due to the absence of stem in the filter funnel, there is a decrease in the surface area of contact between the solution and the stem of the filter funnel, hence preventing re-crystallization of solid in the funnel, adversely affecting filtration process . </P> <P> Cold Filtration method is the use of ice bath in order to rapidly cool down the solution to be crystallized rather than leaving it out to cool it down slowly in the room temperature . This technique results to the formation of very small crystals as opposed to getting large crystals by cooling the solution down at room temperature . </P> <P> Vacuum Filtration technique is most preferred for small batch of solution in order to quickly dry out small crystals . This method requires a Büchner funnel, filter paper of smaller diameter than the funnel, Büchner flask, and rubber tubing to connect to vacuum source . </P> <P> Two main types of filter media are employed in laboratories: a surface filter, a solid sieve which traps the solid particles, with or without the aid of filter paper (e.g. Büchner funnel, Belt filter, Rotary vacuum - drum filter, Cross-flow filters, Screen filter); and a depth filter, a bed of granular material which retains the solid particles as it passes (e.g. sand filter). The first type allows the solid particles, i.e. the residue, to be collected intact; the second type does not permit this . However, the second type is less prone to clogging due to the greater surface area where the particles can be trapped . Also, when the solid particles are very fine, it is often cheaper and easier to discard the contaminated granules than to clean the solid sieve . </P>

Four substances that can be used as filters