<P> Lung cancer and tobacco smoking are increasing worldwide, especially in China . China is responsible for about one - third of the global consumption and production of tobacco products . Tobacco control policies have been ineffective as China is home to 350 million regular smokers and 750 million passive smokers and the annual death toll is over 1 million . Recommended actions to reduce tobacco use include: decreasing tobacco supply, increasing tobacco taxes, widespread educational campaigns, decreasing advertising from the tobacco industry, and increasing tobacco cessation support resources . In Wuhan, China, a 1998 school - based program, implemented an anti-tobacco curriculum for adolescents and reduced the number of regular smokers, though it did not significantly decrease the number of adolescents who initiated smoking . This program was therefore effective in secondary but not primary prevention and shows that school - based programs have the potential to reduce tobacco use . </P> <P> Skin cancer is the most common cancer in the United States . The most lethal form of skin cancer, melanoma, leads to over 50,000 annual deaths in the United States . Childhood prevention is particularly important because a significant portion of ultraviolet radiation exposure from the sun occurs during childhood and adolescence and can subsequently lead to skin cancer in adulthood . Furthermore, childhood prevention can lead to the development of healthy habits that continue to prevent cancer for a lifetime . </P> <P> The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends several primary prevention methods including: limiting sun exposure between 10 AM and 4 PM, when the sun is strongest, wearing tighter - weave natural cotton clothing, wide - brim hats, and sunglasses as protective covers, using sunscreens that protect against both UV - A and UV - B rays, and avoiding tanning salons . Sunscreen should be reapplied after sweating, exposure to water (through swimming for example) or after several hours of sun exposure . Since skin cancer is very preventable, the CDC recommends school - level prevention programs including preventive curricula, family involvement, participation and support from the school's health services, and partnership with community, state, and national agencies and organizations to keep children away from excessive UV radiation exposure . </P> <P> Most skin cancer and sun protection data comes from Australia and the United States . An international study reported that Australians tended to demonstrate higher knowledge of sun protection and skin cancer knowledge, compared to other countries . Of children, adolescents, and adults, sunscreen was the most commonly used skin protection . However, many adolescents purposely used sunscreen with a low sun protection factor (SPF) in order to get a tan . Various Australian studies have shown that many adults failed to use sunscreen correctly; many applied sunscreen well after their initial sun exposure and / or failed to reapply when necessary . A 2002 case - control study in Brazil showed that only 3% of case participants and 11% of control participants used sunscreen with SPF> 15 . </P>

Levels of prevention and their application in health management