<P> Members of the Republican - controlled 80th Congress (1947--1949) were skeptical . "In effect, he told the Nation that we have lost the peace, that our whole war effort was in vain .", noted Representative Frederick Smith of Ohio . Others thought he had not been forceful enough to contain the USSR . "What (Truman) said fell short of being tough", noted Representative Eugene Cox, a Democrat from Georgia, "there is no prospect of ever winning Russian cooperation ." Despite its reservations, the 80th Congress implemented Truman's requests, further escalating the Cold War with the USSR . </P> <P> Truman signed the Economic Cooperation Act into law on April 3, 1948; the Act established the Economic Cooperation Administration (ECA) to administer the program . ECA was headed by economic cooperation administrator Paul G. Hoffman . In the same year, the participating countries (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, West Germany, the United Kingdom, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, and the United States) signed an accord establishing a master financial - aid - coordinating agency, the Organization for European Economic Cooperation (later called the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development or OECD), which was headed by Frenchman Robert Marjolin . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) </Td> </Tr>

The united states invested $12 billion in europe’s recovery in a plan named