<P> I. Howard Marshall writes that the parable "suggests the growth of the kingdom of God from tiny beginnings to worldwide size ." The Parable of the Leaven (which in the Gospels of Matthew and Luke immediately follows) shares this theme of large growth from small beginnings . As with the Parable of the Sower, which in Matthew and Mark occurs earlier in the same chapter, the man sowing the seed represents Jesus, and the plant is the Kingdom of God . </P> <P> The nesting birds may refer to Old Testament texts which emphasize the universal reach of God's empire, such as Daniel 4: 12 . However, a real mustard plant is unlikely to attract nesting birds, so that "Jesus seems deliberately to emphasize the notion of astonishing extravagance in his analogy ." Other commentators have suggested that the birds represent Gentiles seeking refuge with Israel or the "sinners" and tax collectors with whom Jesus was criticised for associating . A few commentators view the birds negatively, as representing false teachers invading the church . </P> <P> Some have identified a "subversive and scandalous" element to this parable, in that the fast - growing nature of the mustard plant makes it a "malignant weed" with "dangerous takeover properties". Pliny the Elder, in his Natural History (published around AD 78) writes that "mustard...is extremely beneficial for the health . It grows entirely wild, though it is improved by being transplanted: but on the other hand when it has once been sown it is scarcely possible to get the place free of it, as the seed when it falls germinates at once ." </P> <P> Ben Witherington notes that Jesus could have chosen a genuine tree for the parable, and that the mustard plant demonstrates that "Though the dominion appeared small like a seed during Jesus' ministry, it would inexorably grow into something large and firmly rooted, which some would find shelter in and others would find obnoxious and try to root out ." </P>

Bible verse about faith like a mustard seed