<P> Anthropometric studies today are conducted to investigate the evolutionary significance of differences in body proportion between populations whose ancestors lived in different environments . Human populations exhibit climatic variation patterns similar to those of other large - bodied mammals, following Bergmann's rule, which states that individuals in cold climates will tend to be larger than ones in warm climates, and Allen's rule, which states that individuals in cold climates will tend to have shorter, stubbier limbs than those in warm climates . </P> <P> On a micro evolutionary level anthropologists use anthropometric variation to reconstruct small - scale population history . For instance John Relethford's studies of early 20th - century anthropometric data from Ireland show that the geographical patterning of body proportions still exhibits traces of the invasions by the English and Norse centuries ago . </P> <P> Today anthropometry can be performed with three - dimensional scanners . A global collaborative study to examine the uses of three - dimensional scanners for health care was launched in March 2007 . The Body Benchmark Study will investigate the use of three - dimensional scanners to calculate volumes and segmental volumes of an individual body scan . The aim is to establish whether the Body Volume Index has the potential to be used as a long - term computer - based anthropometric measurement for health care . In 2001 the UK conducted the largest sizing survey to date using scanners . Since then several national surveys have followed in the UK's pioneering steps, notably SizeUSA, SizeMexico, and SizeThailand, the latter still ongoing . SizeUK showed that the nation had become taller and heavier but not as much as expected . Since 1951, when the last women's survey had taken place, the average weight for women had gone up from 62 to 65 kg . </P> <P> Baropodographic devices fall into two main categories: (i) floor - based, and (ii) in - shoe . The underlying technology is diverse, ranging from piezoelectric sensor arrays to light refraction, but the ultimate form of the data generated by all modern technologies is either a 2D image or a 2D image time series of the pressures acting under the plantar surface of the foot . From these data other variables may be calculated (see data analysis .) </P>

Which of the following is an example of an anthropometric measurement