<P> Paraguay gained its independence on the night of May 14 and the morning of May 15, 1811, after a plan organized by various pro-independence nationalists including Fulgencio Yegros and José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia . </P> <P> Spain initially had the support of the Lima oligarchs because of their opposition to the commercial interests of Buenos Aires and Chile . Therefore, the Viceroyalty of Peru became the last redoubt of the Spanish Monarchy in South America . Nevertheless, a Creole rebellion arose in 1812 in Huánuco and another in Cusco between 1814 and 1816 . Both were suppressed . These rebellions were supported by the armies of Buenos Aires . </P> <P> Peru finally succumbed after the decisive continental campaigns of José de San Martín (1820--1823) and Simón Bolívar (1824). While San Martin was in charge of the land campaign, a newly built Chilean Navy led by Lord Cochrane transported the fighting troops and launched a sea campaign against the Spanish fleet in the Pacific . San Martín, who had displaced the royalists of Chile after the Battle of Maipú, and who had disembarked in Paracas in 1820, proclaimed the independence of Peru in Lima on July 28, 1821 . Four years later, the Spanish Monarchy was defeated definitively at the Battle of Ayacucho . </P> <P> After independence, the conflicts of interests that faced different sectors of Creole Peruvian society and the particular ambitions of the caudillos, made the organization of the country excessively difficult . Only three civilians--Manuel Pardo, Nicolás de Piérola and Francisco García Calderón--acceded to the presidency in the first seventy - five years of Peru's independence . The Republic of Bolivia was created from Upper Peru . In 1837 a Peru - Bolivian Confederation was also created but was dissolved two years later due to Chilean military intervention . </P>

What was the impact of the haitian independence movement on latin america