<P> Manorialism was characterised by the vesting of legal and economic power in a Lord of the Manor, supported economically from his own direct landholding in a manor (sometimes called a fief), and from the obligatory contributions of a legally subject part of the peasant population under the jurisdiction of himself and his manorial court . These obligations could be payable in several ways, in labor (the French term corvée is conventionally applied), in kind, or, on rare occasions, in coin . </P> <P> In examining the origins of the monastic cloister, Walter Horn found that "as a manorial entity the Carolingian monastery...differed little from the fabric of a feudal estate, save that the corporate community of men for whose sustenance this organization was maintained consisted of monks who served God in chant and spent much of their time in reading and writing ." </P> <P> Manorialism died slowly and piecemeal, along with its most vivid feature in the landscape, the open field system . It outlasted serfdom as it outlasted feudalism: "primarily an economic organization, it could maintain a warrior, but it could equally well maintain a capitalist landlord . It could be self - sufficient, yield produce for the market, or it could yield a money rent ." The last feudal dues in France were abolished at the French Revolution . In parts of eastern Germany, the Rittergut manors of Junkers remained until World War II . In Quebec, the last feudal rents were paid in 1970 under the modified provisions of the Seigniorial Dues Abolition Act of 1935 . </P> <P> The term is most often used with reference to medieval Western Europe . Antecedents of the system can be traced to the rural economy of the later Roman Empire (Dominate). With a declining birthrate and population, labor was the key factor of production . Successive administrations tried to stabilise the imperial economy by freezing the social structure into place: sons were to succeed their fathers in their trade, councilors were forbidden to resign, and coloni, the cultivators of land, were not to move from the land they were attached to . The workers of the land were on their way to becoming serfs . </P>

When did the manor system begin to decline
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