<P> The estimates of remaining non-renewable worldwide energy resources vary, with the remaining fossil fuels totaling an estimated 0.4 yottajoule (YJ) or 4 × 10 joules, and the available nuclear fuel such as uranium exceeding 2.5 YJ . Fossil fuels range from 0.6 to 3 YJ if estimates of reserves of methane clathrates are accurate and become technically extractable . The total power flux from the sun intercepting the Earth is 5.5 YJ per year, though not all of this is available for human consumption . The IEA estimates for the world to meet global energy demand for the two decades from 2015 to 2035 it will require investment of $48 trillion and "credible policy frameworks ." </P> <P> According to IEA (2012) the goal of limiting warming to 2 ° C is becoming more difficult and costly with each year that passes . If action is not taken before 2017, CO emissions would be locked - in by energy infrastructure existing in 2017 . Fossil fuels are dominant in the global energy mix, supported by $523 billion subsidies in 2011, up almost 30% on 2010 and six times more than subsidies to renewables . </P> <Table> Regional energy use (kWh / capita & TWh) and growth 1990--2008 (%) <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> kWh / capita </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> Population (million) </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> Energy use (1,000 TWh) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Region </Th> <Th> 1990 </Th> <Th> 2008 </Th> <Th> Growth </Th> <Th> 1990 </Th> <Th> 2008 </Th> <Th> Growth </Th> <Th> 1990 </Th> <Th> 2008 </Th> <Th> Growth </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> USA </Th> <Td> 89,021 </Td> <Td> 87,216 </Td> <Td> − 2% </Td> <Td> 250 </Td> <Td> 305 </Td> <Td> 22% </Td> <Td> 22.3 </Td> <Td> 26.6 </Td> <Td> 20% </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> EU - 28 </Th> <Td> 40,240 </Td> <Td> 40,821 </Td> <Td> 1% </Td> <Td> 473 </Td> <Td> 499 </Td> <Td> 5% </Td> <Td> 19.0 </Td> <Td> 20.4 </Td> <Td> 7% </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Middle East </Th> <Td> 19,422 </Td> <Td> 34,774 </Td> <Td> 79% </Td> <Td> 132 </Td> <Td> 199 </Td> <Td> 51% </Td> <Td> 2.6 </Td> <Td> 6.9 </Td> <Td> 170% </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> China </Th> <Td> 8,839 </Td> <Td> 18,608 </Td> <Td> 111% </Td> <Td> 1,141 </Td> <Td> 1,333 </Td> <Td> 17% </Td> <Td> 10.1 </Td> <Td> 24.8 </Td> <Td> 146% </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Latin America </Th> <Td> 11,281 </Td> <Td> 14,421 </Td> <Td> 28% </Td> <Td> 355 </Td> <Td> 462 </Td> <Td> 30% </Td> <Td> 4.0 </Td> <Td> 6.7 </Td> <Td> 66% </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Africa </Th> <Td> 7,094 </Td> <Td> 7,792 </Td> <Td> 10% </Td> <Td> 634 </Td> <Td> 984 </Td> <Td> 55% </Td> <Td> 4.5 </Td> <Td> 7.7 </Td> <Td> 70% </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> India </Th> <Td> 4,419 </Td> <Td> 6,280 </Td> <Td> 42% </Td> <Td> 850 </Td> <Td> 1,140 </Td> <Td> 34% </Td> <Td> 3.8 </Td> <Td> 7.2 </Td> <Td> 91% </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Others * </Th> <Td> 25,217 </Td> <Td> 23,871 </Td> <Td> nd </Td> <Td> 1,430 </Td> <Td> 1,766 </Td> <Td> 23% </Td> <Td> 36.1 </Td> <Td> 42.2 </Td> <Td> 17% </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> The World </Th> <Td> 19,422 </Td> <Td> 21,283 </Td> <Td> 10% </Td> <Td> 5,265 </Td> <Td> 6,688 </Td> <Td> 27% </Td> <Td> 102.3 </Td> <Td> 142.3 </Td> <Td> 39% </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> Source: IEA / OECD, Population OECD / World Bank <Ul> <Li> Energy use = kWh / capita * billion capita (population) = 1 TWh </Li> <Li> Others: Mathematically calculated, includes e.g. countries in Asia and Australia . The use of energy varies between the "other countries": E.g. in Australia, Japan, or Canada energy is used more per capita than in Bangladesh or Burma . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> kWh / capita </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> Population (million) </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> Energy use (1,000 TWh) </Th> </Tr>

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