<P> Elements of the picaresque novel are found in Charles Dickens's The Pickwick Papers (1836--37). </P> <P> Gogol occasionally used the technique, as in Dead Souls (1842--52). Mark Twain's Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884) was consciously written as a picaresque novel . </P> <P> Rudyard Kipling's Kim (1901) combined the influence of the picaresque novel with the modern spy novel . Pío Baroja's novel Zalacain the Adventurer, published in 1909, used the picaresque format in the context of the Carlist Wars . The illustrated book The Magic Pudding (1918), by Australian author Norman Lindsay, is an example of the picaresque adapted for children's literature . </P> <P> The Enormous Room is E.E. Cummings' 1922 autobiographical novel about his imprisonment in France during World War I on unfounded charges of "espionage", and it includes many picaresque depictions of his adventures as "an American in a French prison". Jaroslav Hašek's The Good Soldier Švejk (1923) is an example of the picaresque technique from Central Europe . </P>

Who is called as the pioneer of picaresque novel in english