<P> Therefore, it is possible to selectively fine tune which wavelengths of x-rays are present in a beam by matching materials with particular absorption characteristics to different X-ray source spectra . </P> <P> For example, a copper X-ray source may preferentially produce a beam of x-rays with wavelengths 154 and 139 picometres . Nickel has an absorption edge at 149 pm, between the two copper lines . Thus, using nickel as a filter for copper would result in the absorption of the slightly higher energy 139 pm x-rays, while letting the 154 pm rays through without a significant decrease in intensity . Thus, a copper X-ray source with a nickel filter can produce a nearly monochromatic X-ray beam with photons of mostly 154 pm . </P> <P> For medical purposes, X-ray filters are used to selectively attenuate, or block out, low - energy rays during x-ray imaging (radiography). Low energy x-rays (less than 30 keV) contribute little to the resultant image as they are heavily absorbed by the patient's soft tissues (particularly the skin). Additionally, this absorption adds to the risk of stochastic (e.g. cancer) or non stochastic radiation effects (e.g. tissue reactions) in the patient . Thus, it is favorable to remove these low energy X-rays from the incident light beam . X-ray filtration may be inherent due to the X-ray tube and housing material itself or added from additional sheets of filter material . The minimum filtration used is usually 2.5 mm aluminium (Al) equivalent, although there is an increasing trend to use greater filtration . Manufacturers of modern fluoroscopy equipment utilize a system of adding a variable thickness of copper (Cu) filtration according to patient thickness . This typically ranges from 0.1 to 0.9 mm Cu . </P> <P> X-ray filters are also used for X-ray crystallography, in determinations of the interatomic spaces of crystalline solids . These lattice spacings can be determined using Bragg diffraction, but this technique requires scans to be done with approximately monochromatic X-ray beams . Thus, filter set ups like the copper nickel system described above are used to allow only a single X-ray wavelength to penetrate through to a target crystal, allowing the resulting scattering to determine the diffraction distance . </P>

The function of an x ray beam filter in diagnostic radiology is to