<P> Another issue with excessively strict zoning laws is that it may increase travelling distances, therefore increasing congestion and pollution . For example, a person inside a large residential - only area would need a long trip to enter a supermarket or an office building . </P> <P> In Canada, land - use control is a provincial responsibility deriving from the constitutional authority over property and civil rights . This authority had been granted to the provinces under the British North America Acts of 1867 and was carried forward in the Constitution Act, 1982 . The zoning power relates to real property, or land and the improvements constructed thereon that become part of the land itself (in Québec, immeubles). The provinces empowered the municipalities and regions to control the use of land within their boundaries . There are provisions for control of land use in unorganized areas of the provinces . Provincial tribunals are the ultimate authority for appeals and reviews . </P> <P> Development control or planning control is the element of the United Kingdom's system of town and country planning through which local government regulates land use and new building . It relies on a discretionary "plan - led system" whereby development plans are formed and the public consulted . Subsequent development requires planning permission, which will be granted or refused with reference to the development plan as a material consideration . The plan does not provide specific guidance on what type of buildings will be allowed in a given location, rather it provides general principals for development and goals for the management of urban change . Because planning committees (made up of directly elected local councillors) or in some cases planning officers themselves (via delegated decisions) have discretion on each application for development or change of use made, the system is considered a' discretionary' one . </P> <P> There are 421 Local Planning Authorities (LPAs) in the United Kingdom . Generally they are the local borough or district council or a unitary authority . Development involving mining, minerals or waste disposal matters is dealt with by county councils in non-metropolitan areas . Within national parks, it is the national park authority that determines planning applications . </P>

Who determines which areas can be designated as restricted areas