<P> Disease in colonial America that afflicted the early immigrant settlers was a dangerous threat to life . Some of the diseases were new and treatments were ineffective . Malaria was deadly to many new arrivals, especially in the Southern colonies . Of newly arrived able - bodied young men, over one - fourth of the Anglican missionaries died within five years of their arrival in the Carolinas . Mortality was high for infants and small children, especially for diphtheria, smallpox, yellow fever, and malaria . Most sick people turn to local healers, and used folk remedies . Others relied upon the minister - physicians, barber - surgeons, apothecaries, midwives, and ministers; a few used colonial physicians trained either in Britain, or an apprenticeship in the colonies . One common treatment was blood letting . The method was crude due to a lack of knowledge about infection and disease among medical practitioners . There was little government control, regulation of medical care, or attention to public health . By the 18th century, Colonial physicians, following the models in England and Scotland, introduced modern medicine to the cities in the 18th century, and made some advances in vaccination, pathology, anatomy and pharmacology . </P> <P> In Colonial America, local doctors, midwives, healers and even officials administered medical care to the residents in their village or town . There was no distinction between physicians and surgeons; when an emergency occurred the person who was responsible for administering medical care was expected to handle all aspects of the problem . In most places, there were families in which the folk practice of medicine and knowledge of curative drugs was passed down through the generations . There were several noted physicians in Colonial America; The practice of the larger cities, especially Philadelphia, New York, Boston and Charleston . The first medical schools were founded late in the colonial era in Philadelphia and New York . </P>

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