<P> Monthly Review, established in 1949, is an independent socialist journal published monthly in New York City . As of 2013 the publication remains the longest continuously published socialist magazine in the United States of America . It was established by Christian socialist F.O. "Matty" Matthiessen and Marxist economist Paul Sweezy, who were former colleagues at Harvard University . The world - famous physicist and resident in the United States Albert Einstein published a famous article in the first issue of Monthly Review (May 1949) arguing for socialism titled "Why Socialism?". It was subsequently published in May 1998 to commemorate the first issue of MR's fiftieth year . Editors Huberman and Sweezy argued as early as 1952 that massive and expanding military spending was an integral part of the process of capitalist stabilization, driving corporate profits, bolstering levels of employment, and absorbing surplus production . The illusion of an external military threat was required to sustain this system of priorities in government spending, they argued; consequently, the editors published material challenging the dominant Cold War paradigm of "Democracy versus Communism". The Johnson--Forest tendency, sometimes called the Johnsonites, refers to a radical left tendency in the United States associated with Marxist theorists C.L.R. James and Raya Dunayevskaya, who used the pseudonyms J.R. Johnson and Freddie Forest respectively . They were joined by Grace Lee Boggs, a Chinese - American woman who was considered the third founder . After leaving the Trotskyist Socialist Workers Party, Johnson--Forest founded their own organization for the first time, called Correspondence . In 1956, James would see the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 as confirmation of this . Those who endorsed the politics of James took the name Facing Reality, after the 1958 book by James co-written with Grace Lee Boggs and Pierre Chaulieu, a pseudonym for Cornelius Castoriadis, on the Hungarian working class revolt of 1956 . </P> <P> Anarchism continued to influence important American literary and intellectual personalities of the time, such as Paul Goodman, Dwight Macdonald, Allen Ginsberg, Leopold Kohr, Julian Beck and John Cage . Paul Goodman was an American sociologist, poet, writer, anarchist, and public intellectual . Goodman is now mainly remembered as the author of Growing Up Absurd (1960) and an activist on the pacifist Left in the 1960s and an inspiration to that era's student movement . He is less remembered as a co-founder of Gestalt Therapy in the 1940s and' 50s . In the mid-1940s, together with C. Wright Mills, he contributed to politics, the journal edited during the 1940s by Dwight Macdonald . An American anarcho - pacifist current developed in this period as well as a related christian anarchist one . Anarcho - pacifism is a tendency within the anarchist movement which rejects the use of violence in the struggle for social change . The main early influences were the thought of Henry David Thoreau and Leo Tolstoy while later the ideas of Mohandas Gandhi gained importance . It developed "mostly in Holland, Britain, and the United States, before and during the Second World War". Dorothy Day, (November 8, 1897--November 29, 1980) was an American journalist, social activist and devout Catholic convert; she advocated the Catholic economic theory of distributism . She was also considered to be an anarchist, and did not hesitate to use the term . In the 1930s, Day worked closely with fellow activist Peter Maurin to establish the Catholic Worker movement, a nonviolent, pacifist movement that continues to combine direct aid for the poor and homeless with nonviolent direct action on their behalf . The cause for Day's canonization is open in the Catholic Church . Ammon Hennacy was an American pacifist, Christian anarchist, vegetarian, social activist, member of the Catholic Worker Movement, and a Wobbly . He established the "Joe Hill House of Hospitality" in Salt Lake City, Utah and practiced tax resistance . </P> <P> Reunification with the Social Democratic Federation was long a goal of Norman Thomas and his associates remaining in the Socialist Party . As early as 1938, Thomas had acknowledged that a number of issues had been involved in the split which led to the formation of the rival Social Democratic Federation, including "organizational policy, the effort to make the party inclusive of all socialist elements not bound by communist discipline; a feeling of dissatisfaction with social democratic tactics which had failed in Germany" as well as "the socialist estimate of Russia; and the possibility of cooperation with communists on certain specific matters". Still, he held that "those of us who believe that an inclusive socialist party is desirable, and ought to be possible, hope that the growing friendliness of socialist groups will bring about not only joint action but ultimately a satisfactory reunion on the basis of sufficient agreement for harmonious support of a socialist program". Following directions from the Soviet Union, the Communist Party USA (CPUSA) and its members were active in the Civil Rights Movement for African Americans . Following Stalin's "theory of nationalism", the CPUSA once favored the creation of a separate "nation" for negroes, to be located in the American Southeast . In 1941, after Germany invaded the Soviet Union, Joseph Stalin ordered the CPUSA to abandon civil rights work and focus supporting U.S. entry into World War II . Disillusioned, Bayard Rustin began working with members of the Socialist Party of Norman Thomas, particularly, A. Philip Randolph, the head of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters . The Socialist Party and the SDF merged to form the Socialist Party - Social Democratic Federation (SP - SDF) in 1957 . A small group of holdouts refused to reunify, establishing a new organization called the Democratic Socialist Federation . When the Soviet Union led an invasion of Hungary in 1956, half of the members of Communist Parties around the world quit; in the U.S., half did, and many joined the Socialist Party . Frank Zeidler was an American Socialist politician and Mayor of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, serving three terms from April 20, 1948 to April 18, 1960 . He was the most recent Socialist mayor of any major American city . Zeidler was Milwaukee's third Socialist mayor (after Emil Seidel (1910 - 12) and Daniel Hoan (1916 - 40)), making Milwaukee the largest American city to elect three Socialists to its highest office . </P> <P> In 1958 the Socialist Party welcomed former members of the Independent Socialist League, which before its 1956 dissolution had been led by Max Shachtman . Shachtman had developed a Marxist critique of Soviet communism as "bureaucratic collectivism", a new form of class society that was more oppressive than any form of capitalism . Shachtman's theory was similar to that of many dissidents and refugees from Communism, such as the theory of the "New Class" proposed by Yugoslavian dissident Milovan Đilas (Djilas). Shachtman's ISL had attracted youth like Irving Howe, Michael Harrington, Tom Kahn, and Rachelle Horowitz . The YPSL was dissolved, but the party formed a new youth group under the same name . </P>

Which goal of the populist party led to the early popularity