<P> The Tasman Gateway between Australia and Antarctica began to open c. 40 to 30 Ma . Palaeontological evidences indicate the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) was established in the Late Oligocene c. 23 Ma with the full opening of the Drake Passage and the deepening of the Tasman Gateway . The oldest oceanic crust in the Drake Passage, however, is 34 to 29 Ma - old which indicates spreading between the Antarctic and South American plates began near the Eocene / Oligocene boundary . Deep sea environments in Tierra del Fuego and the North Scotia Ridge during the Eocene and Oligocene indicate a "Proto - ACC" opened during this period . Later, 26 to 14 Ma, a series of events severally restricted the Proto - ACC: change to shallow marine conditions along the North Scotia Ridge; closure of the Fuegan Seaway, the deep sea that existed in Tierra del Fuego; and uplift of the Patagonian Cordillera . This, together with the reactivated Iceland plume, contributed to global warming . During the Miocene, the Drake Passage began to widen and as water flow between South America and the Antarctic Peninsula increased, the renewed ACC resulted in cooler global climate . </P> <P> Since the Eocene the northward movement of the Australian Plate has resulted in an arc - continent collision with the Philippine and Caroline plates and the uplift of the New Guinea Highlands . From the Oligocene to the late Miocene, the climate in Australia, dominated by warm and humid rainforests before this collision, began to alternate between open forest and rainforest before the continent became the arid or semiarid landscape it is today . </P> <P> The adjective "Gondwanan" is in common use in biogeography when referring to patterns of distribution of living organisms, typically when the organisms are restricted to two or more of the now - discontinuous regions that were once part of Gondwana, including the Antarctic flora . For example, the plant family Proteaceae, known from all continents in the Southern Hemisphere, has a "Gondwanan distribution" and is often described as an archaic, or relict, lineage . The distributions in Proteaceae is, nevertheless, the result of both Gondwanan rafting and later oceanic dispersal . </P> <P> During the Silurian Gondwana extended from the Equator (Australia) to the South Pole (North Africa and South America) whilst Laurasia was located on the Equator opposite to Australia . A short - lived Late Ordovician glaciation was followed by a Silurian Hot House period . The End - Ordovician extinction, which resulted in 27% of marine invertebrate families and 57% of genera going extinct, occurred during this shift from Ice House to Hot House . </P>

Which one of the following peninsula is a part of gondwanaland