<P> The Fourteenth Amendment, particularly its first section, is one of the most litigated parts of the Constitution, forming the basis for landmark decisions such as Brown v. Board of Education (1954) regarding racial segregation, Roe v. Wade (1973) regarding abortion, Bush v. Gore (2000) regarding the 2000 presidential election, and Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) regarding same - sex marriage . The amendment limits the actions of all state and local officials, including those acting on behalf of such an official . </P> <P> The amendment's first section includes several clauses: the Citizenship Clause, Privileges or Immunities Clause, Due Process Clause, and Equal Protection Clause . The Citizenship Clause provides a broad definition of citizenship, nullifying the Supreme Court's decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857), which had held that Americans descended from African slaves could not be citizens of the United States . The Privileges or Immunities Clause has been interpreted in such a way that it does very little . </P> <P> The Due Process Clause prohibits state and local government officials from depriving persons of life, liberty, or property without legislative authorization . This clause has also been used by the federal judiciary to make most of the Bill of Rights applicable to the states, as well as to recognize substantive and procedural requirements that state laws must satisfy . </P> <P> The Equal Protection Clause requires each state to provide equal protection under the law to all people, including all non-citizens, within its jurisdiction . This clause has been the basis for many decisions rejecting irrational or unnecessary discrimination against people belonging to various groups . </P>

Due process clause of the fourteenth amendment summary
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