<Li> Global Power City top 10: 1 . London, 2 . New York City, 3 . Tokyo, 4 . Paris, 5 . Singapore, 6 . Seoul, 7 . Amsterdam, 8 . Berlin, 9 . Hong Kong, 10 . Sydney . </Li> <P> Together, Jon Beaverstock, Richard G. Smith and Peter J. Taylor established the Globalization and World Cities Research Network (GaWC). A roster of world cities was outlined in the GaWC Research Bulletin 5 and ranked cities based on their connectivity through four "advanced producer services": accountancy, advertising, banking / finance, and law . The GaWC inventory identifies three levels of global cities and several sub-ranks . </P> <P> The 2004 rankings acknowledged several new indicators while continuing to rank city economics more heavily than political or cultural factors . The 2008 roster, similar to the 1998 version, is sorted into categories of "Alpha" world cities (with four sub-categories), "Beta" world cities (three sub-categories), "Gamma" world cities (three sub-categories) and additional cities with "High sufficiency" or "Sufficiency" presence . The following is a list of the cities in the 2016 rankings, as they appear on the GaWC website: </P> <Ul> <Li> Alpha + + cities are cities most integrated with the global economy: London, New York City </Li> <Li> Alpha + cities are advanced service niches for the global economy: Singapore, Hong Kong, Paris, Beijing, Tokyo, Dubai, Shanghai </Li> <Li> Alpha level cities (sorted in to Alpha cities and Alpha − cities) are cities that link major economic regions into the world economy: <Ul> <Li> Alpha cities: Sydney, São Paulo, Milan, Chicago, Mexico City, Mumbai, Moscow, Frankfurt, Madrid, Warsaw, Johannesburg, Toronto, Seoul, Istanbul, Kuala Lumpur, Jakarta, Amsterdam, Brussels, Los Angeles </Li> <Li> Alpha − cities: Dublin, Melbourne, Washington, New Delhi, Bangkok, Zurich, Vienna, Taipei, Buenos Aires, Stockholm, San Francisco, Guangzhou, Manila, Bogotá, Miami, Luxembourg, Riyadh, Santiago, Barcelona, Tel Aviv, Lisbon </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Beta level cities are cities that link moderate economic regions into the world economy and are classified into three sections, Beta + cities, Beta cities, and Beta − cities: <Ul> <Li> Beta + cities: Prague, Ho Chi Minh City, Boston, Copenhagen, Düsseldorf, Athens, Munich, Atlanta, Bucharest, Helsinki, Budapest, Kiev, Hamburg, Bangalore, Rome, Oslo, Dallas, Cairo, Houston, Lima, Lagos, Caracas, Auckland, Cape Town </Li> <Li> Beta cities: Doha, Karachi, Nicosia, Geneva, Montevideo, Berlin, Montreal, Abu Dhabi, Casablanca, Philadelphia, Vancouver, Shenzhen, Sofia, Perth, Hanoi, Beirut, Brisbane, Bratislava, Manama </Li> <Li> Beta − cities: Port Louis, Minneapolis, Chennai, Stuttgart, Santo Domingo, Rio de Janeiro, Kuwait City, Chengdu, Panama City, Denver, Lahore, Jeddah, Tunis, Quito, Belgrade, Seattle, Manchester, Guatemala City, Lyon, San José, Tianjin, Calgary, Amman, San Juan, San Salvador, Antwerp, Zagreb, Kolkata, Tallinn, St. Louis, Monterrey, Hyderabad, Edinburgh, San Diego, Cologne, Rotterdam, Dhaka, Islamabad </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Gamma level cities are cities that link smaller economic regions into the world economy, and are sorted into three sections, Gamma + cities, Gamma cities, and Gamma − cities: <Ul> <Li> Gamma + cities: Guayaquil, Cleveland, Riga, Baku, Adelaide, Vilnius, Birmingham, Glasgow, Nanjing, Hangzhou, Colombo, Porto, Qingdao, Valencia, Detroit, Muscat, Osaka, Ljubljana, Kampala, George Town, Managua, Durban, San Jose, Saint Petersburg </Li> <Li> Gamma cities: Phoenix, Tegucigalpa, Austin, Pune, Guadalajara, Dalian, Tbilisi, Dar es Salaam, Chongqing, Ankara, Lusaka, Ahmedabad, Cincinnati, Asunción, Harare, Gothenburg, Xiamen, Mosul, Kansas City, Accra, Minsk, Tampa, Turin, Luanda, Abidjan, Tirana, Lausanne, Leeds </Li> <Li> Gamma − cities: Taichung, Charlotte, Baltimore, Raleigh, Belfast, Leipzig, Medellín, Wuhan, Douala, Maputo, Skopje, Gaborone, Bristol, Orlando, Dakar, Suzhou, Malmö, Edmonton, Changsha, Strasbourg, Bilbao, Bologna, Columbus, Wellington, Nuremberg, Yangon, Xi'an, Wrocław, Marseille, Dresden, Shenyang, Pittsburgh </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Sufficiency level cities are cities that have a sufficient degree of services so as not to be overtly dependent on world cities . This is sorted into High sufficiency cities and Sufficiency cities: <Ul> <Li> High Sufficiency cities: Examples are La Paz, Liverpool, and Limassol </Li> <Li> Sufficiency cities: Examples are The Hague, Jerusalem, and Nice . </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul>

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