<P> Writers who create dictionaries are called lexicographers . One of the most famous is Samuel Johnson (1709--1784), whose Dictionary of the English Language was regarded not only as a great personal scholarly achievement but was also dictionary of such pre-eminence, that would have been referred to by such writers as Jane Austen . </P> <P> Researchers and scholars who write about their discoveries and ideas sometimes have profound effects on society . Scientists and philosophers are good examples because their new ideas can revolutionise the way people think and how they behave . Three of the best known examples of such a revolutionary effect are Nicolaus Copernicus, who wrote De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (1543); Charles Darwin, who wrote On the Origin of Species (1859); and Sigmund Freud, who wrote The Interpretation of Dreams (1899). </P> <P> These three highly influential, and initially very controversial, works changed the way people understood their place in the world . Copernicus's heliocentric view of the cosmos displaced humans from their previously accepted place at the centre of the universe; Darwin's evolutionary theory placed humans firmly within, as opposed to above, the order of nature; and Freud's ideas about the power of the unconscious mind overcame the belief that humans were consciously in control of all their own actions . </P> <P> Translators have the task of finding some equivalence in another language to a writer's meaning, intention and style . Translators whose work has had very significant cultural effect include Al - Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf ibn Maṭar, who translated Elements from Greek into Arabic and Jean - François Champollion, who deciphered Egyptian hieroglyphs with the result that he could publish the first translation of the Rosetta Stone hieroglyphs in 1822 . Difficulties with translation are exacerbated when words or phrases incorporate rhymes, rhythms, or puns; or when they have connotations in one language that are non-existent in another . For example, the title of Le Grand Meaulnes by Alain - Fournier is supposedly untranslatable because "no English adjective will convey all the shades of meaning that can be read into the simple (French) word' grand' which takes on overtones as the story progresses ." </P>

Where was the writer and why was he there