<Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Indigenous Australians </Li> <Li> Melanesians </Li> <Li> Moluccans </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Ul> <Li> Indigenous Australians </Li> <Li> Melanesians </Li> <Li> Moluccans </Li> </Ul> <P> Papuan people are the indigenous peoples of New Guinea and neighbouring islands, speakers of the Papuan languages . They are distinguished ethnically and linguistically from the Austronesians of Melanesia, speakers of Austronesian languages introduced into New Guinea and nearby islands about 3,000 years ago . </P> <P> In a 2005 study of ASPM gene variants, Mekel - Bobrov et al. found that the Papuan people have among the highest rate of the newly evolved ASPM haplogroup D, at 59.4% occurrence of the approximately 6,000 - year - old allele . While it is not yet known exactly what selective advantage is provided by this gene variant, the haplogroup D allele is thought to be positively selected in populations and to confer some substantial advantage that has caused its frequency to rapidly increase . </P>

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