<P> Wiener wrote three books that lay down a foundation to a new division of Ethics after World War II ended . The books were Cybernetics (1948), The Human Use of Human Beings (1950) and God and Golem, Inc. (1963). Even though he never saw himself creating a new area of Ethics, Wiener gave detailed examples where some ethical and social issues and implications, which were generated by the use of computers, could be identified . However, his ideas were not taken seriously by other scholars because they considered him an eccentric scientist that fantasized about Ethics (Bynum). </P> <P> In 1976, a new term regarding Ethics, named "computer ethics," was proposed by Walter Maner based on the ideas and principles of Norbert Wiener . Maner felt it was necessary to have a field of Ethics for the computer industry just as the medical and business industries had at that moment . Maner also defined that field as one that "studies ethical problems aggravated, transformed or created by computer technology" (Bynum), and he even designed a computer ethics course that could be imparted to university students . </P> <P> In the early 1990s, Donald Gotterbarn claimed that computer ethics should be considered as professional ethics that could have the power to lead towards the development and advancement of standards of good practice and codes of conduct for computing professionals (Bynum). He worked with several professional - ethics advocates to write ethical guidelines for creating codes of Ethics . He formed part of the creation of Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct, adopted by the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) in 1992, and Software Engineering Code of Ethics and Professional Practice, adopted by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and the ACM as well . These codes also include Programming Ethics principles . </P> <P> The Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) is the world's largest educational and scientific computing society . It has its own Code of Ethics and another set of ethical principles that were also approved by the IEEE as the standard for teaching and practicing software engineering . These codes are Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct and the Software Engineering Code of Ethics and Professional Practice, respectively, and some of their guidelines are presented below: </P>

When were the latest acm code of ethics and professional conduct adopted