<P> After the Financial crisis of 2007--2008 central banks led change, but as of 2015 their ability to boost economic growth has stalled . Central banks debate whether they should experiment with new measures like negative interest rates or direct financing of government, "lean even more on politicians to do more". Andy Haldane from the Bank of England said "central bankers may need to accept that their good old days--of adjusting interest rates to boost employment or contain inflation--may be gone for good". The European Central Bank and The Bank of Japan whose economies are in or close to deflation, continue quantitative easing buying securities to encourage more lending . </P> <P> Functions of a central bank may include: </P> <Ul> <Li> implementing monetary policies . </Li> <Li> setting the official interest rate--used to manage both inflation and the country's exchange rate--and ensuring that this rate takes effect via a variety of policy mechanisms </Li> <Li> controlling the nation's entire money supply </Li> <Li> the Government's banker and the bankers' bank ("lender of last resort") </Li> <Li> managing the country's foreign exchange and gold reserves and the Government's stock register </Li> <Li> regulating and supervising the banking industry </Li> </Ul> <Li> implementing monetary policies . </Li>

Milieu of the central bank the financial system
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