<P> The Making markets work for the poor / M4P approach aims to understand how poor people interact with market systems, and how these systems can be changed to improve their lives . It aims for large - scale, sustainable impact by focusing on overall markets, rather than targeting individual actors within that market . In this sense, an M4P programme may incorporate various elements of value chain development, BDS and / or business environment reform . Donors that have pioneered the M4P approach include the UK's Department for International Development (DFID), the Swedish International Development and Cooperation Agency (Sida) and the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC). </P> <P> A number of development agencies are engaged in developing markets to channel finance raised for climate change mitigation and adaptation in industrialised countries towards initiatives that reduce carbon emissions in the developing world . Low Emission Development Strategies (LEDS) are used to bridge the public and private sectors with the goal of enabling growth in a given industry or region . If managed appropriately, they argue, the challenge of responding to climate change could generate decent jobs and incomes for many millions of poor people . </P> <P> In many parts of the developing world, women are systematically excluded from business opportunities . Discrimination can disadvantage women in their access to the knowledge and skills needed to be successful in business . At the same time, laws that disadvantage women in gaining access to property can make it hard for women to raise the necessary capital . Many donors actively support programmes that help women to overcome these and other barriers . </P> <P> Local Economic Development (LED) typically starts by analysing the economy of a particular region or municipality, identifying opportunities to enhance its prospects . LED strategies may combine any of the following: business environment reform, value chain development, infrastructure development, innovation and technology policy, planning and / or skills development . LED programmes often involve local and regional governments, the private sector and civil society in programme design and implementation . LEDknowledge.org is an open access database of publications on Local Economic Development . In addition, the Donor Committee for Enterprise Development has a knowledge page on Local Economic Development and Clusters . </P>

Which private sector development initiatives are referred to in the paragraph above