<P> All basic human needs are interrelated and may require nursing actions at more than one level at a given time . For example, in caring for a person coming into the emergency department with a heart attack, the nurse's immediate concern in the patient's physiologic needs (e.g., oxygen and pain relief). At the same time, safety needs (e.g., for ensuring that the person does not fall off the examining table) and love and belonging needs (e.g., for having a family member nearby if possible) are still major considerations . </P> <P> Recent research appears to validate the existence of universal human needs, although the hierarchy proposed by Maslow is called into question . </P> <P> Following World War II, the unmet needs of homeless and orphaned children presented difficulties that were often addressed with the help of attachment theory, which was initially based on Maslow and others' developmental psychology work by John Bowlby . Originally dealing primarily with maternal deprivation and concordant losses of essential and primal needs, attachment theory has since been extended to provide explanations of nearly all the human needs in Maslow's hierarchy, from sustenance and mating to group membership and justice . </P> <P> In their extensive review of research based on Maslow's theory, Wahba and Bridwell found little evidence for the ranking of needs that Maslow described or for the existence of a definite hierarchy at all . </P>

What are the different levels of maslow hierarchy of needs