<P> Cattle have a range of odiferous glands over their body including interdigital, infraorbital, inguinal and sebaceous glands, indicating that olfaction probably plays a large role in their social life . Both the primary olfactory system using the olfactory bulbs, and the secondary olfactory system using the vomeronasal organ are used . This latter olfactory system is used in the flehmen response . There is evidence that when cattle are stressed, this can be recognised by other cattle and this is communicated by alarm substances in the urine . The odour of dog faeces induces behavioural changes prior to cattle feeding, whereas the odours of urine from either stressed or non-stressed conspecifics and blood have no effect . </P> <P> In the laboratory, cattle can be trained to recognise conspecific individuals using olfaction only . </P> <P> In general, cattle use their sense of smell to "expand" on information detected by other sensory modalities . However, in the case of social and reproductive behaviours, olfaction is a key source of information . </P> <P> Cattle have tactile sensations detected mainly by mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors and nociceptors in the skin and muzzle . These are used most frequently when cattle explore their environment . </P>

Where does a calf came out of a cow