<P> Another important human bias that plays a role is a preference for new, surprising statements (see appeal to novelty), which can result in a search for evidence that the new is true . Poorly attested beliefs can be believed and acted upon via a less rigorous heuristic . </P> <P> Goldhaber and Nieto 2010 have observed that if theoretical structures with "many closely neighboring subjects are described by connecting theoretical concepts then the theoretical structure...becomes increasingly hard to overturn". When a narrative is constructed its elements become easier to believe . For more on the narrative fallacy, see also Fleck 1979, p. 27: "Words and ideas are originally phonetic and mental equivalences of the experiences coinciding with them...Such proto - ideas are at first always too broad and insufficiently specialized...Once a structurally complete and closed system of opinions consisting of many details and relations has been formed, it offers enduring resistance to anything that contradicts it ." Sometimes, these have their elements assumed a priori, or contain some other logical or methodological flaw in the process that ultimately produced them . Donald M. MacKay has analyzed these elements in terms of limits to the accuracy of measurement and has related them to instrumental elements in a category of measurement . </P> <P> There are different ways of outlining the basic method used for scientific inquiry . The scientific community and philosophers of science generally agree on the following classification of method components . These methodological elements and organization of procedures tend to be more characteristic of natural sciences than social sciences . Nonetheless, the cycle of formulating hypotheses, testing and analyzing the results, and formulating new hypotheses, will resemble the cycle described below . </P> <P> The scientific method is an iterative, cyclical process through which information is continually revised . It is generally recognized to develop advances in knowledge through the following elements, in varying combinations or contributions: </P>

Who developed a definition of element that made the concept subject to laboratory investigation