<Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Z </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <P> Chronograms, messages with dates encoded into them, were popular during the Renaissance era . The chronogram would be a phrase containing the letters I, V, X, L, C, D, and M. By putting these letters together, the reader would obtain a number, usually indicating a particular year . </P> <P> By the 11th century, Hindu--Arabic numerals had been introduced into Europe from al - Andalus, by way of Arab traders and arithmetic treatises . Roman numerals, however, proved very persistent, remaining in common use in the West well into the 14th and 15th centuries, even in accounting and other business records (where the actual calculations would have been made using an abacus). Replacement by their more convenient "Arabic" equivalents was quite gradual, and Roman numerals are still used today in certain contexts . A few examples of their current use are: </P> <Ul> <Li> Names of monarchs and popes, e.g. Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, Pope Benedict XVI . These are referred to as regnal numbers and are usually read as ordinals; e.g. II is pronounced "the second". This tradition began in Europe sporadically in the Middle Ages, gaining widespread use in England only during the reign of Henry VIII . Previously, the monarch was not known by numeral but by an epithet such as Edward the Confessor . Some monarchs (e.g. Charles IV of Spain and Louis XIV of France) seem to have preferred the use of IIII instead of IV on their coinage (see illustration). </Li> <Li> Generational suffixes, particularly in the US, for people sharing the same name across generations, for example William Howard Taft IV . </Li> <Li> In the French Republican Calendar, initiated during the French Revolution, years were numbered by Roman numerals--from the year I (1792) when this calendar was introduced to the year XIV (1805) when it was abandoned . </Li> <Li> The year of production of films, television shows and other works of art within the work itself . It has been suggested--by BBC News, perhaps facetiously--that this was originally done "in an attempt to disguise the age of films or television programmes ." Outside reference to the work will use regular Hindu--Arabic numerals . </Li> <Li> Hour marks on timepieces . In this context, 4 is usually written IIII . </Li> <Li> The year of construction on building faces and cornerstones . </Li> <Li> Page numbering of prefaces and introductions of books, and sometimes of annexes, too . </Li> <Li> Book volume and chapter numbers, as well as the several acts within a play (e.g. Act iii, Scene 2). </Li> <Li> Sequels of some movies, video games, and other works (as in Rocky II). </Li> <Li> Outlines that use numbers to show hierarchical relationships . </Li> <Li> Occurrences of a recurring grand event, for instance: <Ul> <Li> The Summer and Winter Olympic Games (e.g. the XXI Olympic Winter Games; the Games of the XXX Olympiad) </Li> <Li> The Super Bowl, the annual championship game of the National Football League (e.g. Super Bowl XXXVII; Super Bowl 50 is a one - time exception) </Li> <Li> WrestleMania, the annual professional wrestling event for the WWE (e.g. WrestleMania XXX). This usage has also been inconsistent . </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul>

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