<P> Aristotle first used the term ethics to name a field of study developed by his predecessors Socrates and Plato . Philosophical ethics is the attempt to offer a rational response to the question of how humans should best live . Aristotle regarded ethics and politics as two related but separate fields of study, since ethics examines the good of the individual, while politics examines the good of the city - state . </P> <P> Aristotle's writings have been read more or less continuously since ancient times, and his ethical treatises in particular continue to influence philosophers working today . Aristotle emphasized the importance of developing excellence (virtue) of character (Greek ethikē aretē), as the way to achieve what is finally more important, excellent conduct (Greek energeia). As Aristotle argues in Book II of the Nicomachean Ethics, the man who possesses character excellence does the right thing, at the right time, and in the right way . Bravery, and the correct regulation of one's bodily appetites, are examples of character excellence or virtue . So acting bravely and acting temperately are examples of excellent activities . The highest aims are living well and eudaimonia a Greek word often translated as well - being, happiness or "human flourishing". Like many ethicists, Aristotle regards excellent activity as pleasurable for the man of virtue . For example, Aristotle thinks that the man whose appetites are in the correct order actually takes pleasure in acting moderately . </P>

Who identified several general guiding principles for moral behavior