<P> Profiling's continued popularity has been speculatively attributed to broad use of anecdotes and testimonials, a focus on correct predictions over the number of incorrect ones, ambiguous profiles benefiting from the Barnum effect, and the popular appeal of the fantasy of a sleuth with deductive powers like Hercule Poirot and Sherlock Holmes . </P> <P> Notable profilers include Roy Hazelwood, Ernst Gennat, Walter C. Langer, James Brussel, Howard Teten, Robert Keppel, Richard Walter, John Douglas, Robert Ressler, and David Canter . </P> <P> In a review of the literature by Eastwood et al. (2006), one of the studies noted, Pinizzotto and Finkel (1990), showed that trained criminal profilers did not do any better than non-profilers in producing an accurate profile . A 2000 study also showed that profilers were not significantly better at creating a profile than any other participating groups . </P> <P> A survey of statements made in offender profiles done for major cases from 1992 to 2001 found that "72% included repetition of the details of what occurred in the offence (factual statements already known by the police), references to the profiler's competence (...) or caveats about using the material in the investigation ." Over 80% of the remaining statements, which made claims about the offender's characteristics, gave no justification for their conclusion . </P>

Who was responsible for developing the tools that led to modern criminal profiling