<P> Before the invention of the printing press, most written material was in Latin . However, after the invention of printing the number of books printed expanded as well as the vernacular . Latin was not replaced completely, but remained an international language until the eighteenth century . </P> <P> At this time, universities began establishing accompanying libraries . "Cambridge made the chaplain responsible for the library in the fifteenth century but this position was abolished in 1570 and in 1577 Cambridge established the new office of university librarian . Although, the University of Leuven did not see a need for a university library based on the idea that professor were the library . Libraries also began receiving so many books from gifts and purchases that they began to run out of room . This issue was solved, however, by a man named Merton (1589) who decided books should be stacked horizontally on shelves . </P> <P> The printed press changed university libraries in many ways . Professors were finally able to compare the opinions of different authors rather than being forced to look at only one or two specific authors . Textbooks themselves were also being printed in different levels of difficulty, rather than just one introductory text being made available . </P> <Table> Comparison of printing methods <Tr> <Th> Printing process </Th> <Th> Transfer method </Th> <Th> Pressure applied </Th> <Th> Drop size </Th> <Th> Dynamic viscosity </Th> <Th> Ink thickness on substrate </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> <Th> Cost - effective run length </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Offset printing </Td> <Td> rollers </Td> <Td> 1 MPa </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 40--100 Pa s </Td> <Td> 0.5--1.5 μm </Td> <Td> high print quality </Td> <Td>> 5,000 (A3 trim size, sheet - fed) <P>> 30,000 (A3 trim size, web - fed) </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rotogravure </Td> <Td> rollers </Td> <Td> 3 MPa </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 50 - 200 mPa s </Td> <Td> 0.8--8 μm </Td> <Td> thick ink layers possible, excellent image reproduction, edges of letters and lines are jagged </Td> <Td>> 500,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Flexography </Td> <Td> rollers </Td> <Td> 0.3 MPa </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 50--500 mPa s </Td> <Td> 0.8--2.5 μm </Td> <Td> high quality (now HD) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Letterpress printing </Td> <Td> platen </Td> <Td> 10 MPa </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 50--150 Pa s </Td> <Td> 0.5--1.5 μm </Td> <Td> slow drying </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Screen - printing </Td> <Td> pressing ink through holes in screen </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <12 μm </Td> <Td> versatile method, low quality </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Electrophotography </Td> <Td> electrostatics </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5--10 μm </Td> <Td> thick ink </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Liquid Electrophotography </Td> <Td> image formation by Electrostatics and transfer while fixing </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> High PQ, excellent image reproduction, wide range of media, very thin image, </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Inkjet printer </Td> <Td> thermal </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5--30 picolitres (pl) </Td> <Td> 1--5 Pa s </Td> <Td> <0.5 μm </Td> <Td> special paper required to reduce bleeding </Td> <Td> <350 (A3 trim size) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Inkjet printer </Td> <Td> piezoelectric </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 4--30 pl </Td> <Td> 5--20 mPa s </Td> <Td> <0.5 μm </Td> <Td> special paper required to reduce bleeding </Td> <Td> <350 (A3 trim size) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Inkjet printer </Td> <Td> continuous </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5--100 pl </Td> <Td> 1--5 mPa s </Td> <Td> <0.5 μm </Td> <Td> special paper required to reduce bleeding </Td> <Td> <350 (A3 trim size) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Transfer - print </Td> <Td> thermal transfer film or water release decal </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> mass - production method of applying an image to a curved or uneven surface </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table>

How did the invention of printing by movable metal type in the mid-fifteenth century affect music