<P> After the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, the then Australian Prime Minister, Bob Hawke, allowed students from mainland China to settle in Australia permanently . Since then, immigrants from mainland China and Taiwan have arrived in increasing numbers . New institutions were established for these arrivals and old ones such as the Chinese Chamber of Commerce revived; Chinese language newspapers were once again published . The equality of citizenship laws and family reunion immigration after 1972 meant that an imbalance of the sexes, once a dominant feature of the Chinese communities in Australia, was not an issue in these later migrations . </P> <P> Chinese newspapers are published in Australia and three shortwave and longwave radio channels broadcast in Mandarin and Cantonese . The Australian public broadcaster SBS also provides television and radio on weekends . Chinese Australian social websites like Xīn Zújì (新 足迹, www.oursteps.com.au) and FREEOZ (www.freeoz.org) also blossomed . Several Chinese Australians have received the Order of Australia award and there are current representatives in both State and Federal parliaments . Chinese immigration has increased continuously from the 1990s and today the Chinese are the third largest group among immigrants . Since the mid-1990s, migration has become less permanent than it used to be, and goes in more than direction, a trend that pertains also to the Chinese . Students and academics are examples of this pattern . In 1990, Chinese settlers rarely returned permanently, but by 2002, the number of Hong Kong settlers leaving Australia for good equalled those arriving during that year . </P> <P> In 2005 - 6 China (not including Hong Kong or Macau) was the third major source of permanent migrants to Australia behind the United Kingdom and New Zealand but with more migrants than from India . Between 2000--01 and 2005--06, the number of skilled migrants coming to Australia from China more than tripled, from 3,800 to 12,500 people . </P>

Chinese migration to australia in the 19th century