<P> Antibiotic resistance increases with duration of treatment; therefore, as long as an effective minimum is kept, shorter courses of antibiotics are likely to decrease rates of resistance, reduce cost, and have better outcomes with fewer complications . Short course regimens exist for community - acquired pneumonia spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, suspected lung infections in intense care wards, so - called acute abdomen, middle ear infections, sinusitis and throat infections, and penetrating gut injuries . In some situations a short course may not cure the infection as well as a long course . A BMJ editorial recommended that antibiotics can often be safely stopped 72 hours after symptoms resolve . Because individuals may feel better before the infection is eradicated, doctors must provide instructions to them so they know when it is safe to stop taking a prescription . Some researchers advocate doctors' using a very short course of antibiotics, reevaluating the patient after a few days, and stopping treatment if there are no clinical signs of infection . </P> <P> Certain antibiotic classes result in resistance more than others . Increased rates of MRSA infections are seen when using glycopeptides, cephalosporins, and quinolone antibiotics . Cephalosporins, and particularly quinolones and clindamycin, are more likely to produce colonisation with Clostridium difficile . </P> <P> Factors within the intensive care unit setting such as mechanical ventilation and multiple underlying diseases also appear to contribute to bacterial resistance . Poor hand hygiene by hospital staff has been associated with the spread of resistant organisms, and an increase in hand washing compliance results in decreased rates . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This paragraph has been nominated to be checked for its neutrality . Discussion of this nomination can be found on the talk page . (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) </Td> </Tr> </Table>

Where are the genes for antibiotic resistance located