<P> Integral elements for a sustainable development are research and innovation activities . A telling example is the European environmental research and innovation policy, which aims at defining and implementing a transformative agenda to greening the economy and the society as a whole so to achieve a truly sustainable development . Research and innovation in Europe is financially supported by the programme Horizon 2020, which is also open to participation worldwide . A promising direction towards sustainable development is to design systems that are flexible and reversible . </P> <P> Pollution of the public resources is really not a different action, it just is a reverse tragedy of the commons, in that instead of taking something out, something is put into the commons . When the costs of polluting the commons are not calculated into the cost of the items consumed, then it becomes only natural to pollute, as the cost of pollution is external to the cost of the goods produced and the cost of cleaning the waste before it is discharged exceeds the cost of releasing the waste directly into the commons . So, the only way to solve this problem is by protecting the ecology of the commons by making it, through taxes or fines, more costly to release the waste directly into the commons than would be the cost of cleaning the waste before discharge . </P> <P> So, one can try to appeal to the ethics of the situation by doing the right thing as an individual, but in the absence of any direct consequences, the individual will tend to do what is best for the person and not what is best for the common good of the public . Once again, this issue needs to be addressed . Because, left unaddressed, the development of the commonly owned property will become impossible to achieve in a sustainable way . So, this topic is central to the understanding of creating a sustainable situation from the management of the public resources that are used for personal use . </P> <P> Sustainable agriculture consists of environment friendly methods of farming that allow the production of crops or livestock without damage to human or natural systems . It involves preventing adverse effects to soil, water, biodiversity, surrounding or downstream resources--as well as to those working or living on the farm or in neighboring areas . The concept of sustainable agriculture extends intergenerationally, passing on a conserved or improved natural resource, biotic, and economic base rather than one which has been depleted or polluted . Elements of sustainable agriculture include permaculture, agroforestry, mixed farming, multiple cropping, and crop rotation . It involves agricultural methods that do not undermine the environment, smart farming technologies that enhance a quality environment for humans to thrive and reclaiming and transforming deserts into farmlands (Herman Daly, 2017). </P>

The concept of sustainable development is based on