<P> African Americans had long composed the majority of the state's population . However, in 1860, only 2 percent of the state's black population were free; most were mulattos or free people of color, with ties of kinship to white families . They were well established as more educated and skilled artisans in Charleston and some other cities despite social restrictions, and sometimes as landowners and slaveholders . As a result, free people of color before the war became important leaders in the South Carolina government during Reconstruction; they made up 26 percent of blacks elected to office in the state between 1868 and 1876 and played important roles in the Republican Party, prepared by their education, skills and experiences before the war . </P> <P> Despite the anti-Northern fury of prewar and wartime politics, most South Carolinians, including the state's leading opinion - maker, Wade Hampton III, believed that white citizens would do well to accept President Johnson's terms for full reentry to the Union . However, the state legislature, in 1865, passed "Black Codes" to control the work and movement of freedmen . This angered Northerners, who accused the state of imposing semi-slavery on the freedmen . The South Carolina Black Codes have been described: </P> <Dl> <Dd> "Persons of color contracting for service were to be known as "servants", and those with whom they contracted, as "masters ." On farms the hours of labor would be from sunrise to sunset daily, except on Sunday . The negroes were to get out of bed at dawn . Time lost would be deducted from their wages, as would be the cost of food, nursing, etc., during absence from sickness . Absentees on Sunday must return to the plantation by sunset . House servants were to be at call at all hours of the day and night on all days of the week . They must be "especially civil and polite to their masters, their masters' families and guests", and they in return would receive "gentle and kind treatment ." Corporal and other punishment was to be administered only upon order of the district judge or other civil magistrate . A vagrant law of some severity was enacted to keep the negroes from roaming the roads and living the lives of beggars and thieves ." The Black Codes outraged northern opinion and apparently were never put into effect in any state . </Dd> </Dl> <Dd> "Persons of color contracting for service were to be known as "servants", and those with whom they contracted, as "masters ." On farms the hours of labor would be from sunrise to sunset daily, except on Sunday . The negroes were to get out of bed at dawn . Time lost would be deducted from their wages, as would be the cost of food, nursing, etc., during absence from sickness . Absentees on Sunday must return to the plantation by sunset . House servants were to be at call at all hours of the day and night on all days of the week . They must be "especially civil and polite to their masters, their masters' families and guests", and they in return would receive "gentle and kind treatment ." Corporal and other punishment was to be administered only upon order of the district judge or other civil magistrate . A vagrant law of some severity was enacted to keep the negroes from roaming the roads and living the lives of beggars and thieves ." The Black Codes outraged northern opinion and apparently were never put into effect in any state . </Dd>

What was the estimated childhood mortality rate in colonial south carolina