<P> Unlike arbitrary and capricious review, substantial evidence review gives the courts leeway to consider whether an agency's factual and policy determinations were warranted in light of all the information before the agency at the time of decision . Accordingly, arbitrary and capricious review is understood to be more deferential to agencies than substantial evidence review . Arbitrary and capricious review allows agency decisions to stand as long as an agency can give a reasonable explanation for its decision based on the information it had at the time . In contrast, the courts tend to look much harder at decisions resulting from trial - like procedures because those agency procedures resemble actual trial - court procedures, but Article III of the Constitution reserves the judicial powers for actual courts . Accordingly, courts are strict under the substantial evidence standard when agencies acts like courts because being strict gives courts final say, preventing agencies from using too much judicial power in violation of separation of powers . </P> <P> The separation of powers doctrine is less of an issue with rulemaking not subject to trial - like procedures . Such rulemaking gives agencies more leeway in court because it is similar to the legislative process reserved for Congress . Courts' main role here is ensuring agency rules conform to the Constitution and the agency's statutory powers . Even if a court finds a rule unwise, it will stand as long as it is not "arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with the law". </P> <P> Rules and regulations issued by federal administrative agencies are published chronologically in the Federal Register . Rules and regulations are then organized by topic in a separate publication called the Code of Federal Regulations . In comparing publication of regulations to publication of statutes, the Federal Register is analogous to the United States Statutes at Large and the Code of Federal Regulations is analogous to the United States Code . </P>

Which of the following does the 1946 administrative procedures act not required