<P> The Navigation Act 1660 (12 Cha. 2 c. 18), long - titled An Act for the Encourageing and increasing of Shipping and Navigation, was passed on 13 September by the Convention Parliament and confirmed by the Cavalier Parliament on 27 July 1661 . The act broadened and strengthened restrictions under Cromwell's earlier act . Colonial imports and exports were now restricted to ships "as doe truly and without fraud belong onely to the people of England...or are of the built of and belonging to" any of the English possessions . Additionally, ships' crews now had to be three - quarters English, rather than just a majority, and ship captains were required to post a bond to ensure compliance and could recoup the funds upon arrival . The penalty for non-compliance was the forfeiture of both the ship and its cargo . </P> <P> The act specified seven colonial products, known as "enumerated" commodities or items, that were to be shipped from the colonies only to England or another English colonies . These items were tropical or semi-tropical produce that could not be grown in the mother country, but were of higher economic value and used in English competitive manufacturing . The initial products included sugar, tobacco, cotton wool, indigo, ginger, fustic, or other dyeing woods . Previously only tobacco export had been restricted to England . Additional enumerated items would be included in subsequent navigation acts, for example the cocoa bean was added in 1672, after drinking chocolate became the fashion . </P> <P> In a significant bow to English merchants and to the detriment of numerous foreign colonists, section two of the act declared that "no alien or person not born within the allegiance of our sovereign lord the King, his heirs and successors, or naturalized or made a free denizen, shall...exercise the trade or occupation of a merchant or factor in any of the said places" (i.e. lands, islands, plantations, or territories belonging to the King in Asia, Africa, or America), upon pain of forfeiting all goods and chattels . </P> <P> Passage of the Navigation Act 1660 act was immediately followed by the Customs Act 1660 (12 Cha. 2 c. 19), which established how the customs duties would be collected by the government, as well as for subsidies (tunnage and poundage) for royal expenses . These acts of revenue, previously established under the Commonwealth, were similarly reauthorized with the restoration . The 1660 customs act was tightened by the Customs Act 1662 (14 Cha. 2 c. 11). It also emphatically defines "Englishmen" under the Navigation Acts: "Whereas it is required by the (Navigation Act 1660) that in sundry cases the Master and three - fourths of the Mariners are to be English, it is to be understood that any of His Majesty's Subjects of England, Ireland, and His Plantations are to be accounted English and no others ." </P>

The navigation act of 1660 did which of the following