<P> Medical school also first appeared in the Medieval period . This created a divide between physicians trained in the classroom and physicians who learned their trade through practice . The divide created a shift leading to physicians trained in the classroom to be of higher esteem and more knowledgeable . Despite this, there was still a lack of knowledge by physicians in the militaries . The knowledge of the militaries' physicians was greatly acquired through first hand experience . In the Medical schools, physicians such as Galen were referenced as the ultimate source of knowledge . Thus, the education in the schools was aimed at proving these ancient physicians were correct . This created issues as Medieval knowledge surpassed the knowledge of these ancient physicians . In the scholastic setting it still became practice to reference ancient physicians or the other information being presented was not taken seriously . </P> <P> The soldiers that received medical attention was most likely from a physician who was not well trained . To add to this, a soldier did not have a good chance of surviving a wound that needed specific, specialized, or knowledgeable treatment . Surgery was oftentimes performed by a surgeon who knew it as a craft . There were a handful of surgeons such as Henry de Mondeville, who were very proficient and were employed by Kings such as King Phillip . However; this was not always enough to save kings' lives, as King Richard I of England died of wounds at the siege of Chalus in AD 1199 due to an unskilled arrow extraction . </P> <P> Treating a wound was and remains the most crucial part of any battlefield medicine, as this is what keeps soldiers alive . As remains true on the modern battlefield, hemorrhaging and shock were the number one killers . Thus, the initial control of these two things were of the utmost importance in medieval medicine . Items such as the long bow were used widely throughout the medieval period, thus making arrow extracting a common practice among the armies of Medieval Europe . When extracting an arrow, there were three guidelines that were to be followed . The physicians should first examine the position of the arrow and the degree to which its parts are visible, the possibility of it being poisoned, the location of the wound, and the possibility of contamination with dirt and other debris . The second rule was to extract it delicately and swiftly . The third rule was to stop the flow of blood from the wound . The arrowheads that were used against troops were typically not barbed or hooked, but were slim and designed to penetrate armor such as chain mail . Although this design may be useful as wounds were smaller, these arrows were more likely to embed in bone making them harder to extract . If the arrow happened to be barbed or hooked it made the removal more challenging . Physicians would then let the wound putrify, thus making the tissue softer and easier for arrow extraction . After a soldier was wounded he was taken to a field hospital where the wound was assessed and cleaned, then if time permitted the soldier was sent to a camp hospital where his wound was closed for good and allowed to heal . </P> <P> Another common injury faced was those caused by blades . If the wound was too advanced for simple stitch and bandage, it would often result in amputation of the limb . Surgeons of the Medieval battlefield had the practice of amputation down to an art . Typically it would have taken less than a minute for a surgeon to remove the damaged limb, and another three to four minutes to stop the bleeding . The surgeon would first place the limb on a block of wood and tie ligatures above and below the site of surgery . Then the soft tissue would be cut through, thus exposing the bone, which was then sawed through . The stump was then bandaged and left to heal . The rates of mortality among amputation patients was around 39%, that number grew to roughly 62% for those patients with a high leg amputation . Ideas of medieval surgery are often construed in our modern mind as barbaric, as our view is diluted with our own medical knowledge . Surgery and medical practice in general was at its height of advancement for its time . All procedures were done with the intent to save lives, not to cause extra pain and suffering . The speed of the procedure by the surgeon was an important factor, as the limit of pain and blood loss lead to higher survival rates among these procedures . Injuries to major arteries that caused mass blood loss were not usually treatable as shown in the evidence of archeological remains . We know this as wounds severe enough to sever major arteries left incisions on the bone which is excavated by archaeologists . Wounds were also taught to be covered to improve healing . Forms of antiseptics were also used in order to stave off infection . To dress wounds all sorts of dressing were used such as grease, absorbent dressings, spider webs, honey, ground shellfish, clay and turpentine . Some of these methods date back to Roman battlefield medicine . </P>

Which of the following is true about drugs in the middle ages