<P> During the Sarajevo Crisis in 1914, German diplomats offered Turkey an anti-Russian alliance and territorial gains in Caucasia, north - west Iran and Trans - Caspia . The pro-British faction in the cabinet was isolated because the British ambassador had taken leave until 18 August . As the crisis deepened in Europe, Ottoman policy was to obtain a guarantee of territorial integrity and potential advantages, unaware that the British might enter a European war . On 30 July 1914, two days after the outbreak of the war in Europe, the Ottoman leaders agreed to form a secret Ottoman - German Alliance against Russia, although it did not require them to undertake military action . On 2 August, the British requisitioned two modern battleships, Sultân Osmân - ı Evvel and Reşadiye, being built in British shipyards for the Ottoman Navy, which alienated pro-British elements in Constantinople . The German government offered SMS Goeben and SMS Breslau to the Ottoman Navy as replacements, to gain influence . The British Pursuit of Goeben and Breslau failed when the Ottoman government opened the Dardanelles to allow them passage to Constantinople, despite being required under international law, as a neutral party, to block military shipping . </P> <P> In September, the British naval mission to the Ottomans since 1912 was recalled, due to increasing concern that Turkey would enter the war; Rear Admiral Wilhelm Souchon of the Imperial German Navy took command of the Ottoman navy . Acting without orders from the Ottoman government, on 27 September, the German commander of the Dardanelles fortifications ordered the passage closed, adding to the impression that the Ottomans were pro-German . The German naval presence and the success of the German armies in Europe, gave the pro-German faction in the Ottoman government sufficient influence over the pro-British faction to declare war on Russia . </P> <P> On 27 October, Goeben and Breslau, now Yavûz Sultân Selîm and Midilli, conducted the Black Sea Raid, a sortie into the Black Sea, where they bombarded the Russian port of Odessa and sank several ships . The Ottomans refused an Allied demand that they expel the German missions and on 31 October 1914, formally entered the war on the side of the Central Powers . Russia declared war on Turkey on 2 November, the next day the British ambassador left Constantinople and a British naval squadron off the Dardanelles bombarded the outer defensive forts at Kum Kale on the northern Asian coast and Seddülbahir on the southern tip of the Gallipoli Peninsula . A British shell hit a magazine in one of the forts, knocked the guns off their mounts and killed 86 soldiers . </P> <P> Britain and France declared war on Turkey on 5 November and the Ottomans declared a Jihad (holy war) later that month, beginning the Caucasus Campaign with an offensive against the Russians, to regain former Ottoman provinces . The Mesopotamian Campaign began with a British landing at Basra . The Ottomans prepared an offensive against Egypt in early 1915, aiming to occupy the Suez Canal and cut the Mediterranean route to India and the Far East . Hew Strachan wrote in 2001 that in hindsight, Ottoman belligerence was inevitable, once Goeben and Breslau were allowed into the Dardanelles and that delays after that were caused by Ottoman unreadiness for war and Bulgarian neutrality, rather than uncertainty about policy . </P>

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