<P> All TPM restrictions are subject to judicial review . Unreasonable and unconstitutional TPM restrictions are and have been repeatedly vacated by various courts, and / or subjected to injunction, restraining order, and consent decree . Unconstitutional TPM restrictions allow citizens whose freedom of speech has been violated to personally sue state agents acting under color of law responsible for the violations at hand in their individual capacity, e.g. as private citizens, stripping them of any official capacity defense or defenses of sovereign immunity . TPM restrictions related to core political speech are subject to the highest possible level of Constitutional scrutiny . </P> <P> Free speech zones have been used at a variety of political gatherings . The stated purpose of free speech zones is to protect the safety of those attending the political gathering, or for the safety of the protesters themselves . Critics, however, suggest that such zones are "Orwellian", and that authorities use them in a heavy - handed manner to censor protesters by putting them literally out of sight of the mass media, hence the public, as well as visiting dignitaries . Though authorities generally deny specifically targeting protesters, on a number of occasions, these denials have been contradicted by subsequent court testimony . The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) has filed a number of lawsuits on the issue . </P> <P> The most prominent examples are those created by the United States Secret Service for President George W. Bush and other members of his administration . While free speech zones existed in limited forms prior to the Presidency of George W. Bush, it has been during Bush's presidency that their scope has been greatly expanded . Free speech zones are and have been used in the past and in the present by institutions of higher education in the United States, which has led to organizations like the ACLU and the Foundation for Individual Rights in Education to object to these as infringements of freedom of speech, and of academic freedom . </P> <P> Libel and slander are generally considered civil wrongs which can constitute the basis of a private lawsuit . Although some states still carry criminal libel laws on the books, these are very infrequently used . </P>

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