<P> French finances during the war were mainly financed by the increase in the taille tax, as well as indirect taxes like the gabelle and customs fees . The French monarchy also resorted to heavy borrowings during the war from financiers at rates of 10 - 16 percent interest . The taille was estimated in collection for 1551 at around 6 million livres . </P> <P> During the 1550s, Spain had an estimated military manpower of around 150,000 soldiers, whereas France had an estimated manpower of 50,000 . </P> <P> The Peace of Cateau - Cambrésis was signed between Henry II of France and Philip II of Spain on 3 April 1559, at Le Cateau - Cambrésis, around twenty kilometers south - east of Cambrai . Under its terms, France restored Piedmont and Savoy to the Duke of Savoy, and Corsica to the Republic of Genoa, but retained Saluzzo, Calais and the Three Bishoprics: Metz, Toul, and Verdun . Spain retained Franche - Comté, but, more importantly, the treaty confirmed its direct control of Milan, Naples, Sicily, Sardinia, and the State of Presidi, and indirectly (through dominance of the rulers of Tuscany, Genoa, and other minor states) of northern Italy . The Pope was also their natural ally . The only truly independent entities on Italian soil were Savoy and the Republic of Venice . Spanish control of Italy lasted until the early eighteenth century . Ultimately, the treaty ended the 60 year, Habsburg - Valois wars . </P> <P> Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy married Margaret of France, Duchess of Berry, the sister of Henry II of France . Philip II of Spain married Elisabeth, the daughter of Henry II of France . Henry died during a tournament when a sliver from the shattered lance of Gabriel Montgomery, captain of the Scottish Guard at the French Court, pierced his eye and entered his brain . </P>

The hapsburg-valois wars ended with the signing of which treaty in 1559
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