<P> Abraham Kuyper advocated sphere sovereignty, which honors the independence and autonomy of the "intermediate bodies" in society, such as schools, press, business, the arts, etc . He champions the right of every community to operate its own organizations and manage its own groups, with the foundational belief that parents know what their child really needs, and that local people are more capable of helping fellow locals . Those who agree with his views perceive community service as a "trampoline" that seeks to launch their targets to better employment and lifestyle, avoiding what they see as destructive decision making for mal - established goals by poorly developed community service efforts . </P> <P> Amy L. Sherman, in her book Restorers of Hope, suggests that community service planning should be made with the valuable opinion of the local residents, since they have firsthand knowledge of the inside realities of their community's current state . Making them a part of the movement, change or project creates in the members of the community a sense of belonging and hope . Joint effort: relationships--these make the difference . </P>

Courses that involve community service activities while providing course credit are called