<P> Cohesion can be more specifically defined as the tendency for a group to be in unity while working towards a goal or to satisfy the emotional needs of its members . This definition includes important aspects of cohesiveness, including its multidimensionality, dynamic nature, instrumental basis, and emotional dimension . Its multidimensionality refers to how cohesion is based on many factors . Its dynamic nature refers to how it gradually changes over time in its strength and form from the time a group is formed to when a group is disbanded . Its instrumental basis refers to how people cohere for some purpose, whether it be for a task or for social reasons . Its emotional dimension refers to how cohesion is pleasing to its group members . This definition can be generalized to most groups characterized by the group definition discussed above . These groups include sports teams, work groups, military units, fraternity groups, and social groups . However, it is important to note that other researchers claim that cohesion cannot be generalized across many groups . </P> <P> The bonds that link group members to one another and to their group as a whole are not believed to develop spontaneously . Over the years, social scientists have explained the phenomenon of group cohesiveness in different ways . Some have suggested that cohesiveness among group members develops from a heightened sense of belonging, teamwork, interpersonal and group - level attraction . </P> <P> Attraction, task commitment and group pride are also said to cause group cohesion . Each cause is expanded upon below . </P> <P> Festinger and colleagues (1951) proposed the theory of group cohesiveness as attractiveness to people which have the best care within the group and attractiveness to the group as a whole . Lott and Lott (1965) argued that interpersonal attraction within the group is sufficient to account for group cohesion . In other words, group cohesion exists when its members have mutual positive feelings towards one another . </P>

Which of the following characteristics is not represented in carron's definition of cohesion