<P> Cone cells, or cones, are one of three types of photoreceptor cells in the retina of mammalian eyes (e.g. the human eye). They are responsible for color vision and function best in relatively bright light, as opposed to rod cells, which work better in dim light . Cone cells are densely packed in the fovea centralis, a 0.3 mm diameter rod - free area with very thin, densely packed cones which quickly reduce in number towards the periphery of the retina . There are about six to seven million cones in a human eye and are most concentrated towards the macula . The commonly cited figure of six million cone cells in the human eye was found by Osterberg in 1935 . Oyster's textbook (1999) cites work by Curcio et al. (1990) indicating an average close to 4.5 million cone cells and 90 million rod cells in the human retina . </P> <P> Cones are less sensitive to light than the rod cells in the retina (which support vision at low light levels), but allow the perception of color . They are also able to perceive finer detail and more rapid changes in images, because their response times to stimuli are faster than those of rods . Cones are normally one of the three types, each with different pigment, namely: S - cones, M - cones and L - cones . Each cone is therefore sensitive to visible wavelengths of light that correspond to short - wavelength, medium - wavelength and long - wavelength light . Because humans usually have three kinds of cones with different photopsins, which have different response curves and thus respond to variation in color in different ways, we have trichromatic vision . Being color blind can change this, and there have been some verified reports of people with four or more types of cones, giving them tetrachromatic vision . The three pigments responsible for detecting light have been shown to vary in their exact chemical composition due to genetic mutation; different individuals will have cones with different color sensitivity . Destruction of the cone cells from disease would result in color blindness . </P> <P> Humans normally have three types of cones . The first responds the most to light of long wavelengths, peaking at about 560 nm; this type is sometimes designated L for long . The second type responds the most to light of medium - wavelength, peaking at 530 nm, and is abbreviated M for medium . The third type responds the most to short - wavelength light, peaking at 420 nm, and is designated S for short . The three types have peak wavelengths near 564--580 nm, 534--545 nm, and 420--440 nm, respectively, depending on the individual . </P> <P> While it has been discovered that there exists a mixed type of bipolar cells that bind to both rod and cone cells, bipolar cells still predominantly receive their input from cone cells . </P>

Three types of cones that enable color vision