<P> Catalonia came under intense pressure from the taifas of Zaragoza and Lérida, as well as from internal disputes, as Barcelona suffered a dynastic crisis that led to open war among the smaller counties . But by the 1080s, the situation had calmed down, and the dominion of Barcelona over the smaller counties was restored . </P> <P> After a brief period of disintegration (the second Taifa period), the Almohads, the rising power in North Africa, took over most of Al - Andalus . They would be decisively defeated, however, at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa (1212) by a Christian coalition, losing almost all the remaining lands of Al - Andalus in the following decades . By 1252 only the Kingdom of Granada remained as a sovereign Muslim state in the Iberian peninsula . </P> <P> Ferdinand and Isabella completed the Reconquista with a war against the Emirate of Granada that started in 1482 and ended with Granada's surrender on January 2, 1492 . The Moors in Castile previously numbered "half a million within the realm ." By 1492 some 100,000 had died or been enslaved, 200,000 had emigrated, and 200,000 remained in Castile . Many of the Muslim elite, including Granada's former Emir Muhammad XII, who had been given the area of the Alpujarras mountains as a principality, found life under Christian rule intolerable and emigrated to Tlemcen in North Africa . </P> <P> During the Islamic administration, Christians and Jews were allowed to retain their religions by paying a tax (jizya). Penalty for not paying it was imprisonment . </P>

In what year did the spaniards and portuguese drive the arabic moors from iberia