<P> The cultural concept of "soul" was fundamental to the image of African - American culture embodied by the Black Power movement . Soul, a type of "in - group cultural cachet," was closely tied to black America's need for individual and group self - identification . A central expression of the "soulfulness" of the Black Power generation was a cultivation of aloofness and detachment, the creation of an "aura or emotional invulnerability," a persona that challenged their position of relative powerlessness in greater society . The nonverbal expressions of this attitude, including everything from posture to handshakes, were developed as a counterpoint to the rigid, "up - tight" mannerisms of white people . Though the iconic symbol of black power, the arms raised with biceps flexed and clenched fists, is temporally specific, variants of the multitude of handshakes, or "giving and getting skin," in the 1960s and 1970s as a mark of communal solidarity continue to exist as a part of black culture . Clothing style also became an expression of Black Power in the 1960s and 1970s . Though many of the popular trends of the movement remained confined to the decade, the movement redefined standards of beauty that were historically influenced by Whites and instead celebrated a natural "blackness ." As Stokely Carmichael said in 1966, "We have to stop being ashamed of being black . A broad nose, thick lip and nappy hair is us and we are going to call that beautiful whether they like it or not ." "Natural" hair styles, such as the Afro, became a socially acceptable tribute to group unity and a highly visible celebration of black heritage . Though the same social messages may no longer consciously influence individual hair or clothing styles in today's society, the Black Power movement was influential in diversifying standards of beauty and aesthetic choices . The Black Power movement raised the idea of a black aesthetic that revealed the worth and beauty of all black people . </P> <P> In developing a powerful identity from the most elemental aspects of African - American folk life, the Black Power movement generated attention to the concept of "soul food," a fresh, authentic, and natural style of cooking that originated in Africa . The flavor and solid nourishment of the food was credited with sustaining African Americans through centuries of oppression in America and became an important aid in nurturing contemporary racial pride . Black Power advocates used the concept of "soul food" to further distinguish between white and black culture; though the basic elements of soul food were not specific to African - American food, Blacks believed in the distinctive quality, if not superiority, of foods prepared by Blacks . No longer racially specific, traditional "soul foods" such as yams, collard greens, and deep - fried chicken continue to hold a place in contemporary culinary life . </P> <P> The Black Arts Movement or BAM, founded in Harlem by writer and activist Amiri Baraka (born Everett LeRoy Jones), can be seen as the artistic branch of the Black Power movement . This movement inspired black people to establish ownership of publishing houses, magazines, journals and art institutions . Other well - known writers who were involved with this movement included Nikki Giovanni; Don L. Lee, later known as Haki Madhubuti; Sonia Sanchez; Maya Angelou; Dudley Randall; Sterling Plumpp; Larry Neal; Ted Joans; Ahmos Zu - Bolton; and Etheridge Knight . Several black - owned publishing houses and publications sprang from the BAM, including Madhubuti's Third World Press, Broadside Press, Zu - Bolton's Energy Black South Press, and the periodicals Callaloo and Yardbird Reader . Although not strictly involved with the Movement, other notable African - American writers such as novelists Ishmael Reed and Toni Morrison and poet Gwendolyn Brooks can be considered to share some of its artistic and thematic concerns . </P> <P> BAM sought "to link, in a highly conscious manner, art and politics in order to assist in the liberation of black people", and produced an increase in the quantity and visibility of African - American artistic production . Though many elements of the Black Arts movement are separate from the Black Power movement, many goals, themes, and activists overlapped . Literature, drama, and music of Blacks "served as an oppositional and defensive mechanism through which creative artists could confirm their identity while articulating their own unique impressions of social reality ." In addition to acting as highly visible and unifying representations of "blackness," the artistic products of the Black Power movement also utilized themes of black empowerment and liberation . For instance, black recording artists not only transmitted messages of racial unity through their music, they also became significant role models for a younger generation of African Americans . Updated protest songs not only bemoaned oppression and societal wrongs, but utilized adversity as a reference point and tool to lead others to activism . Some Black Power era artists conducted brief mini-courses in the techniques of empowerment . In the tradition of cultural nationalists, these artists taught that in order to alter social conditions, Blacks first had to change the way they viewed themselves; they had to break free of white norms and strive to be more natural, a common theme of African - American art and music . Musicians such as the Temptations sang lyrics such as "I have one single desire, just like you / So move over, son,' cause I'm comin' through" in their song "Message From a Black Man," they expressed the revolutionary sentiments of the Black Power movement . </P>

Who is considered the founding father of the black arts movement why
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