<Li> Although the Colombian Constitution specifies Spanish (Castellano) as the official language in all Colombian territory, other languages spoken in the country by ethnic groups--approximately 68 languages--each is also official in its own territory . English is also official in the archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina . </Li> <Li> The official Colombian time is controlled and coordinated by the National Institute of Metrology . </Li> <P> Colombia (/ kəˈlʌmbiə / kə - LUM - biə or / kəˈlɒmbiə / kə - LOM - biə; Spanish: (ko̞ˈlõ̞mbjä) (listen)), officially the Republic of Colombia (Spanish: República de Colombia (help info)), is a sovereign state largely situated in the northwest of South America, with territories in Central America . Colombia shares a border to the northwest with Panama, to the east with Venezuela and Brazil and to the south with Ecuador and Peru . It shares its maritime limits with Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, Jamaica, Haiti and the Dominican Republic . It is a unitary, constitutional republic comprising thirty - two departments . The territory of what is now Colombia was originally inhabited by indigenous peoples, including the Muisca, Quimbaya and the Tairona . </P> <P> The Spanish set foot on Colombian soil for the first time in 1499 and in the first half of the 16th century initiated a period of conquest and colonization, ultimately creating the New Kingdom of Granada, with as capital Santafé de Bogotá . Independence from Spain was acquired in 1819, but by 1830 the "Gran Colombia" Federation was dissolved . What is now Colombia and Panama emerged as the Republic of New Granada . The new nation experimented with federalism as the Granadine Confederation (1858), and then the United States of Colombia (1863), before the Republic of Colombia was finally declared in 1886 . Panama seceded in 1903 . Since the 1960s, the country has suffered from an asymmetric low - intensity armed conflict, which escalated in the 1990s but then decreased from 2005 onward . Colombia is one of the most ethnically and linguistically diverse countries in the world, and thereby possesses a rich cultural heritage . The urban centres are mostly located in the highlands of the Andes mountains . </P>

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