<P> The concept of non-maleficence is embodied by the phrase, "first, do no harm," or the Latin, primum non nocere . Many consider that should be the main or primary consideration (hence primum): that it is more important not to harm your patient, than to do them good, which is part of the hippocratic oath that doctors take . This is partly because enthusiastic practitioners are prone to using treatments that they believe will do good, without first having evaluated them adequately to ensure they do no harm to the patient . Much harm has been done to patients as a result, as in the saying, "The treatment was a success, but the patient died ." It is not only more important to do no harm than to do good; it is also important to know how likely it is that your treatment will harm a patient . So a physician should go further than not prescribing medications they know to be harmful--he or she should not prescribe medications (or otherwise treat the patient) unless s / he knows that the treatment is unlikely to be harmful; or at the very least, that patient understands the risks and benefits, and that the likely benefits outweigh the likely risks . </P> <P> In practice, however, many treatments carry some risk of harm . In some circumstances, e.g. in desperate situations where the outcome without treatment will be grave, risky treatments that stand a high chance of harming the patient will be justified, as the risk of not treating is also very likely to do harm . So the principle of non-maleficence is not absolute, and balances against the principle of beneficence (doing good), as the effects of the two principles together often give rise to a double effect (further described in next section). Even basic actions like taking a blood sample or an injection of a drug cause harm to the patient's body . Euthanasia also goes against the principle of beneficence because the patient dies as a result of the medical treatment by the doctor . </P> <P> Depending on the cultural consensus conditioning (expressed by its religious, political and legal social system) the legal definition of non-maleficence differs . Violation of non-maleficence is the subject of medical malpractice litigation . Regulations therefore differ over time, per nation . </P> <P> Double effect refers to two types of consequences that may be produced by a single action, and in medical ethics it is usually regarded as the combined effect of beneficence and non-maleficence . </P>

Who are the four biomedical professionals that make up the transplant team