<P> The American Revolution spanned from 1775 to 1783, after which the United States received recognition of independence by and from Great Britain . Rhetorical or hyperbolic references to a Second American Revolution have been made on a number of occasions throughout the history of the United States . </P> <Ul> <Li> A second (or third, or fourth) American revolution was conceived early on as attainable via the Article V Convention, as set forth in the U.S. Constitution . Occasional conventions were envisioned by many of the country's founding generation of leaders to be a sort of institutionalized avenue toward the ideal of revolution every twenty years, often attributed to Thomas Jefferson . According to Samuel Williams of Vermont (1743--1817), it was to be the means to accomplish periodic constitutional adaptation to changing times . Born the same year as Jefferson, Williams saw the federal constitutional convention as the vehicle for what loose constructionists today term the "living, breathing constitution ." </Li> <Li> The War of 1812 between the United States and the United Kingdom is sometimes referred to as the second American Revolution, stemming from the second British recognition of 1781 American borders . John C. Calhoun was perhaps the first to make this claim . </Li> <Li> The Confederates thought they were fighting a second American Revolution by attempting to secede from the United States during the American Civil War from 1861 to 1865 . It was also used in the 1920s by historian Charles A. Beard to emphasize the changes brought on by the Union's victory . </Li> <Li> Historian Charles A. Beard first proposed--in 1927--that the US Civil War and emancipation amounted to a second American revolution . Subsequently, many historians--including James M. McPherson, Gregory P. Downs, and Bruce Levine--have argued that that the fight against and victory over slavery amounts to a second American Revolution . </Li> </Ul>

A second american revolution took place at which of the following