<P> Carnegie's controversial views on wealth sparked a trans - Atlantic debate that argued the nature, purpose, and disposition of wealth . </P> <P> William Ewart Gladstone, the head of the Liberal Party in England, and a friend of Carnegie's, had some sharp remarks on the publication . Even though they were close friends and had similar political ideals, Gladstone did not agree with Carnegie's paper . Gladstone defended primogeniture, unlimited inheritance, and the British Aristocracy . This led to many other critics joining Gladstone in denouncing Carnegie's "radical" philanthropic ways . </P> <P> These critical reviews led Carnegie to publish a series of essays defending himself . He defended individualism, private property, and the accumulation of personal wealth on the grounds that they benefited the human race in the long run . In an effort to convince his critics that he wasn't saying everyone should get free handouts from the upper class, he edited his original doctrine, so that it read "Help those who will help themselves, to provide part of the means by which those who desire to improve may do so ." Since many interpreted his writing to mean that all those in poverty should be assisted by the wealthy, it was necessary for Carnegie to clarify that charity has its limitations . </P> <P> In 1901, U.S. Senator Jonathan Prentiss Dolliver wrote an article for the celebrity magazine Success, titled "Phoebe Apperson Hearst and the New Gospel of Wealth". Hearst was an American philanthropist and suffragist . According to Dolliver, Hearst saw inadequacies of public schools and was concerned about urban poverty and vice . She, like Carnegie, believed that as a millionaire, it was her duty to help those less fortunate . The purpose of Dolliver's article was to explain Hearst's "Gospel of Wealth" and illustrate how she should be viewed as a complementary equal to men like Carnegie . She declared that women who were wealthy had a sacred and moral duty to give away their fortunes to causes, especially progressive education and reform, to benefit their communities . Like Carnegie, Hearst was very concerned with giving the lower class the opportunity to be educated at the same level at which the upper class was educated . Also like Carnegie, she established her own free public library . Hers was located in Anaconda, Montana . </P>

How did the gospel of wealth affect society