<P> This is a list of Confederate monuments and memorials . The monuments and memorials honor the Confederate States of America, Confederate leaders, or Confederate soldiers of the American Civil War . These symbols include monuments, statues and plaques; flags; holidays and other observances; and the names of schools, roads, parks, bridges, counties, cities, lakes, dams, ships, military bases, and other public works . One 2017 study reported that if the majority (64 percent) of Confederate monuments--"nearly 2,600 markers, battlefields, museums, cemeteries, and other places that are largely historical in nature"--are excluded, there remain at least 1,503 symbols of the Confederacy that can be found in public spaces across the United States . </P> <P> Monuments and memorials are listed below alphabetically by state, and by city within each state . States not listed have no known qualifying items for the list . For the movement to remove Confederate monuments and memorials, see Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials . </P> <P> Monuments and memorials started to be dedicated during the Civil War, with several more being planned for shortly after the war . Many monuments were dedicated in the years after 1890, when Congress established the first National Military Park at Chickamauga and Chattanooga . At Vicksburg National Military Park, more than 95 percent of the park's monuments were erected in the first eighteen years after the park was established in 1899 . Many memorials were dedicated in the early 20th century, decades after the Civil War, and some have been built in the early 21st century, 150 years after the war . Memorials have been dedicated on public spaces either at public expense or funded by private organizations and donors . Numerous private memorials were also dedicated . Art historians Cynthia Mills and Pamela Simpson argued in their critical volume Monuments to the Lost Cause that the majority of Confederate monuments, of the type they define, were "commissioned by white women, in hope of preserving a positive vision of antebellum life ." </P> <P> Confederate monument - building has often been part of widespread campaigns to promote and justify Jim Crow laws in the South, and assert white supremacy . According to historian Jane Dailey from University of Chicago, in many cases the purpose of the monuments was not to celebrate the past but rather to promote a "white supremacist future". Another historian, Karyn Cox, from University of North Carolina has written that the monuments are "a legacy of the brutally racist Jim Crow era". Another historian from UNC, James Leloudis, stated that "The funders and backers of these monuments are very explicit that they are requiring a political education and a legitimacy for the Jim Crow era and the right of white men to rule ." They were erected without the consent or even input of Southern African - Americans, who remembered the Civil War far differently, and who had no interest in honoring those who fought to keep them enslaved . According to Civil War historian Judith Giesberg, professor of history at Villanova University, "White supremacy is really what these statues represent ." Monuments were also meant to beautify cities as part of the City Beautiful movement . </P>

When did they start putting up confederate statues
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