<P> Special commissions, such as the Knapp Commission in New York City during the 1970s, have been used to bring about changes in law enforcement agencies . Civilian review boards (permanent external oversight agencies) have also been used as a means for improving police accountability . Civilian review boards tend to focus on individual complaints, rather than broader organizational issues that may result in long - term improvements . </P> <P> The 1994 Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act authorized the United States Department of Justice's Civil Rights Division to bring civil ("pattern or practice") suits against local law enforcement agencies, to rein in abuses and hold agencies accountable . As a result, numerous departments have entered into consent decrees or memoranda of understanding, requiring the agencies to make organizational reforms . This approach shifts focus from individual officers to police organizations . </P> <P> The Department of Justice also has a component called the Community Relations Service . Over the years, the Community Relations Service (CRS) has helped police departments and communities all over the country come to grips with the difficult task of maintaining law and order in a complex and changing multicultural society . Frequently, these efforts have involved minority citizens' complaints about police behavior, use of force, and hate groups . </P> <P> To reduce the potential for violence, police executives must inculcate the values articulated by policy and procedure into two levels of the police department: the administrative level and the "line" or operational level . To accomplish the task of value - transition on one level without doing so on the other is futile, for no change in police behavior will result . In addition to the two levels of the organization which the police executive must address, two dimensions of law enforcement must also be addressed: the police culture and various community cultures . Thus, to effect change in police - community violence, police executives must take a multidimensional approach . Traditional approaches to reform have been one - dimensional, and have met with little success . </P>

Which of the following did not cause change in policing between 1970 and the present