<P> As part of the colonization process, African slaves were brought to the island in 1513 . Following the decline of the Taíno population, more slaves were brought to Puerto Rico; however, the number of slaves on the island paled in comparison to those in neighboring islands . Also, early in the colonization of Puerto Rico, attempts were made to wrest control of Puerto Rico from Spain . The Caribs, a raiding tribe of the Caribbean, attacked Spanish settlements along the banks of the Daguao and Macao rivers in 1514 and again in 1521 but each time they were easily repelled by the superior Spanish firepower . However, these would not be the last attempts at control of Puerto Rico . The European powers quickly realized the potential of the newly discovered lands and attempted to gain control of them . Nonetheless, Puerto Rico remained a Spanish possession until the 19th century . </P> <P> The last half of the 19th century was marked by the Puerto Rican struggle for sovereignty . A census conducted in 1860 revealed a population of 583,308 . Of these, 300,406 (51.5%) were white and 282,775 (48.5%) were persons of color, the latter including people of primarily African heritage, mulattos and mestizos . The majority of the population in Puerto Rico was illiterate (83.7%) and lived in poverty, and the agricultural industry--at the time, the main source of income--was hampered by lack of road infrastructure, adequate tools and equipment, and natural disasters, including hurricanes and droughts . The economy also suffered from increasing tariffs and taxes imposed by the Spanish Crown . Furthermore, Spain had begun to exile or jail any person who called for liberal reforms . The Spanish--American War broke out in 1898, in the aftermath of the explosion of USS Maine in Havana harbor . The U.S. defeated Spain by the end of the year, and won control of Puerto Rico in the ensuing peace treaty . In the Foraker Act of 1900, the U.S. Congress established Puerto Rico's status as an unincorporated territory . </P> <P> New France was the vast area centered on the Saint Lawrence river, Great Lakes, Mississippi River and other major tributary rivers that was explored and claimed by France starting in the early 17th century . It was composed of several colonies: Acadia, Canada, Newfoundland, Louisiana, Île - Royale (present - day Cape Breton Island), and Île Saint Jean (present - day Prince Edward Island). These colonies came under British or Spanish control after the French and Indian War, though France briefly re-acquired a portion of Louisiana in 1800 . The United States would gain much of New France in the 1783 Treaty of Paris, and the U.S. would acquire another portion of French territory with the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 . The remainder of New France became part of Canada, with the exception of the French island of Saint Pierre and Miquelon . </P> <P> By 1660, French fur trappers, missionaries and military detachments based in Montreal pushed west along the Great Lakes upriver into the Pays d'en Haut and founded outposts at Green Bay, Fort de Buade and Saint Ignace (both at Michilimackinac), Sault Sainte Marie, Vincennes, and Detroit in 1701 . During the French and Indian War (1754--1763) many of these settlements became occupied by the British . By 1773, the population of Detroit was 1,400 . At the end of the War for Independence in 1783, the region south of the Great Lakes formally became part of the United States . </P>

What kinds of settlements did the french established in north america
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