<P> Limit state design has replaced the older concept of permissible stress design in most forms of civil engineering . A notable exception is transportation engineering . Even so, new codes are currently being developed for both geotechnical and transportation engineering which are LSD based . As a result, most modern buildings are designed in accordance with a code which is based on limit state theory . For example, in Europe, structures are designed to conform with the Eurocodes: Steel structures are designed in accordance with EN 1993, and reinforced concrete structures to EN 1992 . Australia, Canada, China, France, Indonesia, and New Zealand (among many others) utilise limit state theory in the development of their design codes . In the purest sense, it is now considered inappropriate to discuss safety factors when working with LSD, as there are concerns that this may lead to confusion . </P> <P> The United States has been particularly slow to adopt limit state design (known as Load and Resistance Factor Design in the US). Design codes and standards are issued by diverse organizations, some of which have adopted limit state design, and others have not . </P> <P> The ACI 318 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete uses Limit State design . </P> <P> The ANSI / AISC 360 Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, the ANSI / AISI S - 100 North American Specification for the Design of Cold Formed Steel Structural Members, and The Aluminum Association's Aluminum Design Manual contain two methods of design side by side: </P>

In limit state of serviceability the partial safety factor for wind load is taken as