<P> This generally refers to the tendency of groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclination of its members, although polarization toward the most central beliefs has also been observed . It has been shown that this effect is related to a psychologically salient ingroup and outgroup categorization . </P> <P> Categorization of people into social groups increases the perception that group members are similar to one another . An outcome of this is the outgroup homogeneity effect . This refers to the perception of members of an outgroup as being homogenous, while members of one's ingroup are perceived as being diverse, e.g. "they are alike; we are diverse". This is especially likely to occur in regard to negative characteristics . Under certain conditions, ingroup members can be perceived as being similar to one another in regard to positive characteristics . This effect is called ingroup homogeneity . </P> <P> In evolutionary psychology, ingroup favoritism is seen as an evolved mechanism selected for the advantages of coalition affiliation . It has been argued that characteristics such as gender and ethnicity are inflexible or even essential features of such systems . However, there is evidence that elements of favoritism are flexible in that they can be erased by changes in social categorization . One study in the field of behavioural genetics suggests that biological mechanisms may exist which favor a coexistence of both flexible and essentialist systems . </P>

Which of the following is an example of an in-group out-group dynamic