<Li> Long - term orientation vs. short - term orientation (LTO): This dimension associates the connection of the past with the current and future actions / challenges . A lower degree of this index (short - term) indicates that traditions are honored and kept, while steadfastness is valued . Societies with a high degree in this index (long - term) views adaptation and circumstantial, pragmatic problem - solving as a necessity . A poor country that is short - term oriented usually has little to no economic development, while long - term oriented countries continue to develop to a point . </Li> <Li> Indulgence vs. restraint (IND): This dimension is essentially a measure of happiness; whether or not simple joys are fulfilled . Indulgence is defined as "a society that allows relatively free gratification of basic and natural human desires related to enjoying life and having fun ." Its counterpart is defined as "a society that controls gratification of needs and regulates it by means of strict social norms ." Indulgent societies believe themselves to be in control of their own life and emotions; restrained societies believe other factors dictate their life and emotions . </Li> <P> Putting together national scores (from 1 for the lowest to 120 for the highest), Hofstede's six - dimensions model allows international comparison between cultures, also called comparative research: </P> <Ul> <Li> Power distance index shows very high scores for Latin and Asian countries, African areas and the Arab world . On the other hand, Anglo and Germanic countries have a lower power distance (only 11 for Austria and 18 for Denmark). </Li> </Ul>

Indulgence and restraint are one of six cultural dimensions identified by