<Li> Fyodorova, Olga, Russian Musical Highlights of the 20th Century, Voice of Russia </Li> <Li> Oron, Aryeh, Prague Chamber Orchestra--Short History, bach-cantatas.com, 2001 (based on liner notes to J.S. Bach: Magnificat in D & Motets, Prague Chamber Orchestra, Rondeau Records) </Li> <Li> Sabaneev, Leonid and Pring, S.W., "A Conductorless Orchestra", The Musical Times 69, No. 1022 (1928): 307--309 . </Li> <Li> Wallechinsky, David and Wallace, Irving "History of the greatest conductorless orchestra", The People's Almanac, Issue 2, W. Morrow and Co., 1978, p. 790 . (reproduced with permission on trivia-library.com) </Li>

How did early operatic orchestras play together without a conductor