<P> A report in November 2014 unambiguously places the insects in one clade, with the remipedes as the nearest sister clade . This study resolved insect phylogeny of all extant insect orders, and provides "a robust phylogenetic backbone tree and reliable time estimates of insect evolution ." Finding strong support for the closest living relatives of the hexapods had proven challenging due to convergent adaptations in a number of arthropod groups for living on land . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Hexapoda (Insecta, Collembola, Diplura, Protura) </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Crustacea (crabs, shrimp, isopods, etc .) </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Myriapoda </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Pauropoda </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Diplopoda (millipedes) </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Chilopoda (centipedes) </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Symphyla </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chelicerata </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Arachnida (spiders, scorpions and allies) </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Eurypterida (sea scorpions: extinct) </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Xiphosura (horseshoe crabs) </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Pycnogonida (sea spiders) </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Trilobites (extinct) </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> A phylogenetic tree of the arthropods and related groups </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Hexapoda (Insecta, Collembola, Diplura, Protura) </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Crustacea (crabs, shrimp, isopods, etc .) </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Myriapoda </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Pauropoda </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Diplopoda (millipedes) </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Chilopoda (centipedes) </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Symphyla </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chelicerata </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Arachnida (spiders, scorpions and allies) </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Eurypterida (sea scorpions: extinct) </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Xiphosura (horseshoe crabs) </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Pycnogonida (sea spiders) </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Trilobites (extinct) </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Hexapoda (Insecta, Collembola, Diplura, Protura) </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Crustacea (crabs, shrimp, isopods, etc .) </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Myriapoda </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Pauropoda </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Diplopoda (millipedes) </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Chilopoda (centipedes) </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Symphyla </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chelicerata </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Arachnida (spiders, scorpions and allies) </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Eurypterida (sea scorpions: extinct) </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Xiphosura (horseshoe crabs) </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Pycnogonida (sea spiders) </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Trilobites (extinct) </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table>

When did the first winged insects and reptiles appear