<P> The term Sakoku originates from the manuscript work Sakoku - ron (「 鎖国 論 」) written by Japanese astronomer and translator Shizuki Tadao (ja: 志筑 忠雄) in 1801 . Shizuki invented the word while translating the works of the 17th - century German traveller Engelbert Kaempfer concerning Japan . </P> <P> Japan was not completely isolated under the sakoku policy . It was a system in which strict regulations were applied to commerce and foreign relations by the shogunate, and by certain feudal domains (han). There was extensive trade with China through the port of Nagasaki, in the far west of Japan, with a residential area for the Chinese . The policy stated that the only European influence permitted was the Dutch factory at Dejima in Nagasaki . Trade with Korea was limited to the Tsushima Domain (today part of Nagasaki Prefecture). Trade with the Ainu people was limited to the Matsumae Domain in Hokkaidō, and trade with the Ryūkyū Kingdom took place in Satsuma Domain (present - day Kagoshima Prefecture). Apart from these direct commercial contacts in peripheral provinces, trading countries sent regular missions to the shogun in Edo and Osaka Castle . </P> <P> Japan traded at this time with five entities, through four "gateways". The largest was the private Chinese trade at Nagasaki (who also traded with the Ryūkyū Kingdom), where also the Dutch East India Company was permitted to operate . The Matsumae clan domain in Hokkaidō (then called Ezo) traded with the Ainu people . Through the Sō clan daimyō of Tsushima, there were relations with Joseon - dynasty Korea . Ryūkyū, a semi-independent kingdom for nearly all of the Edo period, was controlled by the Shimazu family daimyō of Satsuma Domain . Tashiro Kazui has shown that trade between Japan and these entities was divided into two kinds: Group A in which he places China and the Dutch, "whose relations fell under the direct jurisdiction of the Bakufu at Nagasaki" and Group B, represented by the Korean Kingdom and the Ryūkyū Kingdom, "who dealt with Tsushima (the Sō clan) and Satsuma (the Shimazu clan) domains respectively". </P> <P> These two different groups of trade basically reflected a pattern of incoming and outgoing trade . Many items traded from Japan to Korea and the Ryūkyū Kingdom were eventually shipped on to China . In the Ryūkyū Islands and Korea, the clans in charge of trade built trading towns outside Japanese territory where commerce actually took place . Due to the necessity for Japanese subjects to travel to and from these trading posts, this resembled something of an outgoing trade, with Japanese subjects making regular contact with foreign traders in essentially extraterritorial land . Commerce with Chinese and Dutch traders in Nagasaki took place on an island called Dejima, separated from the city by a narrow strait; foreigners could not enter Nagasaki from Dejima, nor could Japanese enter Dejima without special permission or authorization . </P>

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