<P> The concept developed in New Zealand by nurses working with Māori that moves beyond the traditional concept of cultural sensitivity (being acceptable to difference) to analysing power imbalances, institutional discrimination, colonisation and relationships with colonisers . It develops the idea that to provide quality care for people from different ethnicities than the mainstream, health care providers must embraces the skill of self - reflection as a means to advancing a therapeutic encounter and provide care congruent with the knowledge that cultural values and norms of the patient are different from his / her own . </P> <P> According to Brascoupé (2009) "the long - term value of the concept of cultural safety as a tool for cultural regeneration is hard to assess and depends on the integrity of the processes that underlie the concept of cultural safety". Most cultural safety research has been completed in New Zealand and Australia's health - care field, but the statistical evidence of the benefits of cultural safety is lacking, and other evidence is largely qualitative and anecdotal . </P> <P> Irihapeti Ramsden, the architect of cultural safety, stated that cultural safety training is too skewed toward Maori studies in many nursing courses and ignores the cultures of other minorities . </P> <P> A number of controversies during the mid 1990s affected the concept of cultural safety in New Zealand . Critics claimed that nursing students were afraid to speak out about the excesses of cultural safety on their nursing degrees, presumably for concerns about failing their course after not meeting cultural safety requirements . Student nurse Anna Penn said she had been "bounced out" of her nursing course for being branded culturally unsafe by the polytechnic's kaumatua, the late Hohua Tutengaehe, after she questioned the denial of her right as a women to speak on a Marae . She also challenged a tutor's claim that pre-European Maori had printing presses which were thrown into the sea by white colonials . Penn subsequently attended a nursing course in Queensland, Australia, and is now a registered nurse in New Zealand . In addition, Ex Waikato Polytechnic nursing tutor Brian Stabb said he had been sacked for being "culturally unsafe". Mr Stabb wrote that "I have experienced it as a racial judgement which carries all the stigmas of the most rabid forms of racism . Further . it seems this label can be handed out willy nilly with little or no accounability . The rationale I have been offered is that, as tangata whenua, Maori have the unassailable right to make such judgements and are accountable only to other tangata whenua". </P>

In which of the following countries did the concept of cultural safety in health care originate