<P> Previously, chronic NCDs were considered a problem limited mostly to high income countries, while infectious diseases seemed to affect low income countries . The burden of disease attributed to NCDs has been estimated at 85% in industrialized nations, 70% in middle income nations, and nearly 50% in countries with the lowest national incomes . In 2008, chronic NCDs accounted for more than 60% (over 35 million) of the 57 million deaths worldwide . Given the global population distribution, almost 80% of deaths due to chronic NCDs worldwide now occur in low and middle income countries, while only 20% occur in higher income countries . </P> <P> National economies are reportedly suffering significant losses because of premature deaths or inability to work resulting from heart disease, stroke and diabetes . For instance, China is expected to lose roughly $558 billion in national income between 2005 and 2015 due to early deaths . In 2005, heart disease, stroke and diabetes caused an estimated loss in international dollars of national income of 9 billion in India and 3 billion in Brazil . </P> <P> The burden of chronic NCDs including mental health conditions is felt in workplaces around the world, notably due to elevated levels of absenteeism, or absence from work because of illness, and presenteeism, or productivity lost from staff coming to work and performing below normal standards due to poor health . For example, the United Kingdom experienced a loss of about 175 million days in 2006 to absence from illness among a working population of 37.7 million people . The estimated cost of absences due to illness was over 20 billion pounds in the same year . The cost due to presenteeism is likely even larger, although methods of analyzing the economic impacts of presenteeism are still being developed . Methods for analyzing the distinct workplace impacts of NCDs versus other types of health conditions are also still being developed . </P> <P> For the vast majority of cancers, risk factors are environmental or lifestyle - related, thus cancers are mostly preventable NCD . Greater than 30% of cancer is preventable via avoiding risk factors including: tobacco, being overweight or obesity, low fruit and vegetable intake, physical inactivity, alcohol, sexually transmitted infections, and air pollution . Infectious agents are responsible for some cancers, for instance almost all cervical cancers are caused by human papillomavirus infection . </P>

Explain non pharmacological approaches used for management of communicable disease