<P> It follows that one also has 80% of that top 80% of effects coming from 20% of that top 20% of causes, and so on . Eighty percent of 80% is 64%; 20% of 20% is 4%, so this implies a "64 / 4" law; and similarly implies a "51.2 / 0.8" law . Similarly for the bottom 80% of causes and bottom 20% of effects, the bottom 80% of the bottom 80% only cause 20% of the remaining 20% . This is broadly in line with the world population / wealth table above, where the bottom 60% of the people own 5.5% of the wealth, approximating to a 64 / 4 connection . </P> <P> The 64 / 4 correlation also implies a 32%' fair' area between the 4% and 64%, where the lower 80% of the top 20% (16%) and upper 20% of the bottom 80% (also 16%) relates to the corresponding lower top and upper bottom of effects (32%). This is also broadly in line with the world population table above, where the second 20% control 12% of the wealth, and the bottom of the top 20% (presumably) control 16% of the wealth . </P> <P> The term 80 / 20 is only a shorthand for the general principle at work . In individual cases, the distribution could just as well be, say, nearer to 80 / 10 or 80 / 30 . There is no need for the two numbers to add up to the number 100, as they are measures of different things, (e.g.,' number of customers' vs' amount spent'). However, each case in which they do not add up to 100%, is equivalent to one in which they do . For example, as noted above, the "64 / 4 law" (in which the two numbers do not add up to 100%) is equivalent to the "80 / 20 law" (in which they do add up to 100%). Thus, specifying two percentages independently does not lead to a broader class of distributions than what one gets by specifying the larger one and letting the smaller one be its complement relative to 100% . Thus, there is only one degree of freedom in the choice of that parameter . </P> <P> Adding up to 100 leads to a nice symmetry . For example, if 80% of effects come from the top 20% of sources, then the remaining 20% of effects come from the lower 80% of sources . This is called the "joint ratio", and can be used to measure the degree of imbalance: a joint ratio of 96: 4 is very imbalanced, 80: 20 is significantly imbalanced (Gini index: 60%), 70: 30 is moderately imbalanced (Gini index: 40%), and 55: 45 is just slightly imbalanced . </P>

Who advocated the principle that quality is free