<P> Earlier societies utilized elaborate methods of lie detection which mainly involved torture; for instance, the Middle Ages used boiling water to detect liars as it was believed honest men would withstand it better than liars . Early devices for lie detection include an 1895 invention of Cesare Lombroso used to measure changes in blood pressure for police cases, a 1904 device by Vittorio Benussi used to measure breathing, and an abandoned project by American William Moulton Marston which used blood pressure to examine German prisoners of war (POWs). Marston's machine indicated a strong positive correlation between systolic blood pressure and lying . </P> <P> Marston wrote a second paper on the concept in 1915, when finishing his undergraduate studies . He entered Harvard Law School and graduated in 1918, re-publishing his earlier work in 1917 . Marston's main inspiration for the device was his wife, Elizabeth Holloway Marston . "According to Marston's son, it was his mother Elizabeth, Marston's wife, who suggested to him that' When she got mad or excited, her blood pressure seemed to climb"' (Lamb, 2001). Although Elizabeth is not listed as Marston's collaborator in his early work, Lamb, Matte (1996), and others refer directly and indirectly to Elizabeth's work on her husband's deception research . She also appears in a picture taken in his polygraph laboratory in the 1920s (reproduced in Marston, 1938)." </P> <P> Despite his predecessor's contributions, Marston styled himself the "father of the polygraph ." (Today he is often equally or more noted as the creator of the comic book character Wonder Woman .) Marston remained the device's primary advocate, lobbying for its use in the courts . In 1938 he published a book, The Lie Detector Test, wherein he documented the theory and use of the device . In 1938 he appeared in advertising by the Gillette company claiming that the polygraph showed Gillette razors were better than the competition . </P> <P> A device recording both blood pressure and breathing was invented in 1921 by John Augustus Larson of the University of California and first applied in law enforcement work by the Berkeley Police Department under its nationally renowned police chief August Vollmer . Further work on this device was done by Leonarde Keeler . As Larson's protege, Keeler updated the device by making it portable and added the galvanic skin response to it in 1939 . His device was then purchased by the FBI, and served as the prototype of the modern polygraph . </P>

Who is known as the father of polygraph