<P> Kaziranga has flat expanses of fertile, alluvial soil, formed by erosion and silt deposition by the River Brahmaputra . The landscape consists of exposed sandbars, riverine flood - formed lakes known as, beels, (which make up 5% of the surface area), and elevated regions known as, chapories, which provide retreats and shelter for animals during floods . Many artificial chapories have been built with the help of the Indian Army to ensure the safety of the animals . Kaziranga is one of the largest tracts of protected land in the sub-Himalayan belt, and due to the presence of highly diverse and visible species, has been described as a "biodiversity hotspot". The park is located in the Indomalaya ecozone, and the dominant biomes of the region are Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests of the tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests biome and a frequently flooded variant of the Terai - Duar savanna and grasslands of the tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands biome . Kaziranga is also surrounded by lush green tea plantations, most of them contributing heavily to Assam's economy . </P> <P> The park experiences three seasons: summer, monsoon, and winter . The winter season, between November and February, is mild and dry, with a mean high of 25 ° C (77 ° F) and low of 5 ° C (41 ° F). During this season, beels and nullahs (water channels) dry up . The summer season between March and May is hot, with temperatures reaching a high of 37 ° C (99 ° F). During this season, animals usually are found near water bodies . The rainy monsoon season lasts from June to September, and is responsible for most of Kaziranga's annual rainfall of 2,220 mm (87 in). During the peak months of July and August, three - fourths of the western region of the park is submerged, due to the rising water level of the Brahmaputra . It was found that 70% of the National Park was flooded as on 3 August 2016 . The flooding causes most animals to migrate to elevated and forested regions outside the southern border of the park, such as the Mikir hills . 540 animals, including 13 rhinos and mostly hog deers perished in unprecedented floods of 2012 . However, occasional dry spells create problems as well, such as food shortages and occasional forest fires . </P> <P> Kaziranga contains significant breeding populations of 35 mammalian species, of which 15 are threatened as per the IUCN Red List . The park has the distinction of being home to the world's largest population of the Greater One - Horned Rhinoceros (1,855), wild Asiatic water buffalo (1,666) and eastern swamp deer (468). Significant populations of large herbivores include elephants (1,940), gaur (30) and sambar (58). Small herbivores include the Indian muntjac, wild boar, and hog deer . Kaziranga has the largest population of the Wild water buffalo anywhere accounting for about 57% of the world population . The One - Horned rhinoceros, Royal Bengal Tiger, Asian elephant, wild water buffalo and swamp deer are collectively known as' Big Five' of Kaziranga . </P> <P> Kaziranga is one of the few wild breeding areas outside Africa for multiple species of large cats, such as Bengal tigers and leopards . Kaziranga was declared a Tiger Reserve in 2006 and has the highest density of tigers in the world (one per five km), with a population of 118, according to the latest census . Other felids include the jungle cat, fishing cat, and leopard cat . Small mammals include the rare hispid hare, Indian gray mongoose, small Indian mongooses, large Indian civet, small Indian civets, Bengal fox, golden jackal, sloth bear, Chinese pangolin, Indian pangolins, hog badger, Chinese ferret badgers, and particoloured flying squirrel . Nine of the 14 primate species found in India occur in the park . Prominent among them are the Assamese macaque, capped and golden langur, as well as the only ape found in India, the hoolock gibbon . Kaziranga's rivers are also home to the endangered Ganges dolphin . </P>

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