<P> Border strip, otherwise known as border check or bay irrigation could be considered as a hybrid of level basin and furrow irrigation . The field is divided into a number of bays or strips, each bay is separated by raised earth check banks (borders). The bays are typically longer and narrower compared to basin irrigation and are orientated to align lengthwise with the slope of the field . Typical bay dimensions are between 10 - 70m wide and 100 - 700m long . The water is applied to the top end of the bay, which is usually constructed to facilitate free - flowing conditions at the downstream end . One common use of this technique includes the irrigation of pasture for dairy production . </P> <P> While surface irrigation can be practiced effectively using the correct management under the right conditions, it is often associated with a number of issues undermining productivity and environmental sustainability: </P> <Ul> <Li> Waterlogging - Can cause the plant to shut down delaying further growth until sufficient water drains from the rootzone . Waterlogging may be counteracted by drainage, tile drainage or watertable control by another form of subsurface drainage . </Li> <Li> Deep drainage - Overirrigation may cause water to move below the root zone resulting in rising water tables . In regions with naturally occurring saline soil layers (for example salinity in south eastern Australia) or saline aqifers, these rising water tables may bring salt up into the root zone leading to problems of irrigation salinity . </Li> <Li> Salinization - Depending on water quality irrigation water may add significant volumes of salt to the soil profile . While this is a lesser issue for surface irrigation compared to other irrigation methods (due to the comparatively high leaching fraction), lack of subsurface drainage may restrict the leaching of salts from the soil . This can be remedied by drainage and soil salinity control through flushing . </Li> </Ul> <Li> Waterlogging - Can cause the plant to shut down delaying further growth until sufficient water drains from the rootzone . Waterlogging may be counteracted by drainage, tile drainage or watertable control by another form of subsurface drainage . </Li>

Name three traditional means of irrigation in india