<P> Theodore Porter argued in The Rise of Statistical Thinking that the effort to provide a synthetic social science is a matter of both administration and discovery combined, and that the rise of social science was, therefore, marked by both pragmatic needs as much as by theoretical purity . An example of this is the rise of the concept of Intelligence Quotient, or IQ . It is unclear precisely what is being measured by IQ, but the measurement is useful in that it predicts success in various endeavors . </P> <P> The rise of industrialism had created a series of social, economic, and political problems, particularly in managing supply and demand in their political economy, the management of resources for military and developmental use, the creation of mass education systems to train individuals in symbolic reasoning and problems in managing the effects of industrialization itself . The perceived senselessness of the "Great War" as it was then called, of 1914--18, now called World War I, based in what were perceived to be "emotional" and "irrational" decisions, provided an immediate impetus for a form of decision making that was more "scientific" and easier to manage . Simply put, to manage the new multi-national enterprises, private and governmental, required more data . More data required a means of reducing it to information upon which to make decisions . Numbers and charts could be interpreted more quickly and moved more efficiently than long texts . Conversely, the interdisciplinary and cross-disciplinary nature of scientific inquiry into human behavior and social and environmental factors affecting it have made many of the so - called hard sciences dependent on social science methodology . Examples of boundary blurring include emerging disciplines like social studies of medicine, neuropsychology, bioeconomics and the history and sociology of science . Increasingly, quantitative and qualitative methods are being integrated in the study of human action and its implications and consequences . </P> <P> In the 1930s this new model of managing decision making became cemented with the New Deal in the US, and in Europe with the increasing need to manage industrial production and governmental affairs . Institutions such as The New School for Social Research, International Institute of Social History, and departments of "social research" at prestigious universities were meant to fill the growing demand for individuals who could quantify human interactions and produce models for decision making on this basis . </P> <P> Coupled with this pragmatic need was the belief that the clarity and simplicity of mathematical expression avoided systematic errors of holistic thinking and logic rooted in traditional argument . This trend, part of the larger movement known as modernism provided the rhetorical edge for the expansion of social sciences . </P>

Who said history of the mother of social science