<P> The K - alpha line of Moseley's time is now known to be a pair of close lines, written as (Kα and Kα) in Siegbahn notation . </P> <P> The Bohr model gives an incorrect value L = ħ for the ground state orbital angular momentum: The angular momentum in the true ground state is known to be zero from experiment . Although mental pictures fail somewhat at these levels of scale, an electron in the lowest modern "orbital" with no orbital momentum, may be thought of as not to rotate "around" the nucleus at all, but merely to go tightly around it in an ellipse with zero area (this may be pictured as "back and forth", without striking or interacting with the nucleus). This is only reproduced in a more sophisticated semiclassical treatment like Sommerfeld's . Still, even the most sophisticated semiclassical model fails to explain the fact that the lowest energy state is spherically symmetric--it doesn't point in any particular direction . </P> <P> Nevertheless, in the modern fully quantum treatment in phase space, the proper deformation (careful full extension) of the semi-classical result adjusts the angular momentum value to the correct effective one . As a consequence, the physical ground state expression is obtained through a shift of the vanishing quantum angular momentum expression, which corresponds to spherical symmetry . </P> <P> In modern quantum mechanics, the electron in hydrogen is a spherical cloud of probability that grows denser near the nucleus . The rate - constant of probability - decay in hydrogen is equal to the inverse of the Bohr radius, but since Bohr worked with circular orbits, not zero area ellipses, the fact that these two numbers exactly agree is considered a "coincidence". (However, many such coincidental agreements are found between the semiclassical vs. full quantum mechanical treatment of the atom; these include identical energy levels in the hydrogen atom and the derivation of a fine structure constant, which arises from the relativistic Bohr--Sommerfeld model (see below) and which happens to be equal to an entirely different concept, in full modern quantum mechanics). </P>

Rutherford model of atom is considered weak because