<P> Soong Mei - ling (宋美齡, 1898--2003), who moved to the United States after Chiang Kai - shek's death, is arguably his most famous wife even though they had no children together </P> <P> In an arranged marriage, Chiang was married to a fellow villager named Mao Fumei . While married to Mao, Chiang adopted two concubines (concubinage was still a common practice for well - to - do, non-Christian males in China): he married Yao Yecheng (姚冶誠, 1889--1972) in 1912 and Chen Jieru (陳潔如, 1906--1971) in December 1921 . While he was still living in Shanghai, Chiang and Yao adopted a son, Wei - kuo . Chen adopted a daughter in 1924, named Yaoguang (瑤 光), who later adopted her mother's surname . Chen's autobiography refuted the idea that she was a concubine . Chen claiming that, by the time she married Chiang, he had already divorced Yao, and that Chen was therefore his wife . Chiang and Mao had a son, Ching - kuo . </P> <P> According to the memoirs of Chen Jieru, Chiang's second wife, she contracted gonorrhea from Chiang soon after their marriage . He told her that he acquired this disease after separating from his first wife and living with his concubine Yao Yecheng, as well as with many other women he consorted with . His doctor explained to her that Chiang had sex with her before completing his treatment for the disease . As a result, both Chiang and Ch'en Chieh - ju believed they had become sterile, which would explain why he had only one child, by his first wife; however, a purported miscarriage by Soong Mei - ling in August 1928 would, if it actually occurred, cast serious doubt on whether this was true . </P> <P> The Xikou (Chikow) Chiangs were descended from Chiang Shih - chieh who during the 1600s (17th century) moved there from Fenghua district, whose ancestors in turn came to southeastern China's Zhejiang (Chekiang) province after moving out of Northern China in the 13th century AD . The 12th century BC Duke of Zhou's (Duke of Chou) third son was the ancestors of the Chiangs . </P>

China rejected western ideas due to which of the following