<P> There is a long chain of events behind the arrival of the British East India Company in Bengal, specifically Job Charnock in Sutanuti in 1690 . These incidents are documented in numerous records of the East India Company and by several authors (Bruce 1810 (Vol I and II), Marshman Vol I, Unknown 1829; see references below). These documents tell the story of how the English were severely beaten and wiped out from Bengal several times by the forces of the Delhi Emperor and how each time they came back to Bengal to continue their trade . </P> <P> The agents of the East India Company first visited the provinces of Bengal, Bihar and Odisha, for trade during the period of Ibrahim Khan (ca 1617 - 1624), the Subahdar (Governor) of Bengal at the time of Delhi Emperor Jahangir . The first factory was established in Surat in 1620 and later in Agra, and agents were further sent from these places to the eastern provinces to examine the possibility of opening factories there . However the transportation costs and logistics were unfavorable and the plan was abandoned . In January 1644, the daughter of the Emperor was severely burnt and a doctor named Gabriel Boughton, formerly the surgeon of the East Indiaman Hopewell, was sent from Surat for her treatment . </P> <P> He was able to successfully treat her burns and in reward the Emperor allowed the company to establish factory at Pipili, Odisha, and for the first time English ships arrived at an eastern port . During 1638, Shah Jahan appointed his son Shah Shuja as the Subahdar of Bengal and Boughton visited the capital at Rajmahal where his services were again used to treat one of the ladies in the palace, and in return, the company was allowed to establish factories in Balasore, Odisha and Hooghly, Bengal in addition to Pipili, Odisha . </P> <P> Shaista Khan was appointed as the Governor of Bengal in around 1664 by Delhi Emperor Aurangzeb and was relieved upon his request in around 1682 . While he was returning to Delhi, Englishmen sent with him a request to the Emperor to obtain a special firman to do business forever in Bengal; the Emperor was pleased to provide them the Firman and the occasion was celebrated with a 300 gun salute at Hooghly . The investment in Bengal soared, the Bengal residency was separated from Madras and Mr. Hedges was appointed as the chief officer to oversee trade in Bengal . His residence in Hooghly was secured with soldiers obtained from Madras . This is the first time English soldiers came on the soil of Bengal . However, the Firman was vague in many aspects and soon disputes started to grow between the English and the Governor . </P>

Why was calcutta called the modern capital of the east