<P> Punk arrived slowly in South Africa during the 1970s when waves of British tradesman welcomed by the then - apartheid government brought cultural influences like the popular British music magazine NME . NME was sold in South Africa six weeks after publication . South African punk developed separately in Johannesburg, Durban, and Cape Town and relied on live performances in townships and streets as the multi-racial composition of bands and fan bases challenged the legal and social conventions of the apartheid regime . </P> <P> Political participation is foundational to punk subculture in South Africa . During the apartheid regime, punk was second only to rock in its importance to multi-racial interactions in South Africa . Because of this involvement in the punk scene was in itself a political statement . Police harassment was common and the government often forced censorship of explicitly political lyrics . Johannesburg based band National Wake was routinely censored and even banned for songs like "International News," which challenged the South African government's refusal to acknowledge the racial and political conflict in the country . National Wake guitarist Ivan Kadey attributes the punk scene's ability to persevere despite the legal challenges of multi-racial mixing to the punk subculture DIY ethic and anti-establishment attitude . </P> <P> In post-apartheid South Africa, punk has attracted a greater number of white middle - class males . Thabo Mbeki's African Renaissance movement has complicated the position of white South Africans in contemporary society . Punk provides young white men the opportunity to explore and express their minority identity . Cape Town band Hog Hoggidy Hog sings of the strange status of white Africans: </P> <Dl> <Dd> It's my home it's where I'll stay and where I belong, </Dd> <Dd> I didn't choose to be here I was born I might seem out of place </Dd> <Dd> but everything I hold dear is under the African sun . </Dd> </Dl>

Which of the following is a type of subculture