<P> Doping controversy has surrounded Lance Armstrong . In August 2005, one month after Armstrong's seventh consecutive victory, L'Équipe published documents it said showed Armstrong had used EPO in the 1999 race . At the same Tour, Armstrong's urine showed traces of a glucocorticosteroid hormone, although below the positive threshold . He said he had used skin cream containing triamcinolone to treat saddle sores . Armstrong said he had received permission from the UCI to use this cream . Further allegations ultimately culminated in the United States Anti Doping Agency (USADA) disqualifying him from all his victories since 1 August 1998, including his seven consecutive Tour de France victories, and a lifetime ban from competing in professional sports . He chose not to appeal the decision and in January 2013 he admitted doping in a television interview conducted by Oprah Winfrey, despite having made repeated denials throughout his career . </P> <P> The 2006 Tour had been plagued by the Operación Puerto doping case before it began . Favourites such as Jan Ullrich and Ivan Basso were banned by their teams a day before the start . Seventeen riders were implicated . American rider Floyd Landis, who finished the Tour as holder of the overall lead, had tested positive for testosterone after he won stage 17, but this was not confirmed until some two weeks after the race finished . On 30 June 2008 Landis lost his appeal to the Court of Arbitration for Sport, and Óscar Pereiro was named as winner . </P> <P> On 24 May 2007, Erik Zabel admitted using EPO during the first week of the 1996 Tour, when he won the points classification . Following his plea that other cyclists admit to drugs, former winner Bjarne Riis admitted in Copenhagen on 25 May 2007 that he used EPO regularly from 1993 to 1998, including when he won the 1996 Tour . His admission meant the top three in 1996 were all linked to doping, two admitting cheating . On 24 July 2007 Alexander Vinokourov tested positive for a blood transfusion (blood doping) after winning a time trial, prompting his Astana team to pull out and police to raid the team's hotel . The next day Cristian Moreni tested positive for testosterone . His Cofidis team pulled out . </P> <P> The same day, leader Michael Rasmussen was removed for "violating internal team rules" by missing random tests on 9 May and 28 June . Rasmussen claimed to have been in Mexico . The Italian journalist Davide Cassani told Danish television he had seen Rasmussen in Italy . The alleged lying prompted Rasmussen's firing by Rabobank . </P>

French word for stage or leg of tour de france