<P> One of her contributions to psychology was her system of self - psychology . In a time where there were several schools of thoughts, Calkins established the school of the' self - psychologist .' The main schools of psychology at the time were structuralism and functionalism, which were quite competitive with one another; statements made by one school could expect a strong rebuttal from the other . Self - psychology was influenced by the works of William James and Josiah Royce; more specifically, James' theory of the idea of multiple selves (including the material self, social self, and spiritual self), and Royce's theory that humans define themselves through interpersonal communication were of particular interest to Calkins . </P> <P> She spent a great deal of time working with the system of self - psychology, critically examining the self from both philosophical and psychological viewpoints . Over the years she spent working on the system, it was widely unpopular, which is why she is less often remembered for her work relating to it . Despite its lack of appreciation, Calkin's refused to lose interest in the subject, which is described as "the science of conscious selves ." By way of studying self - psychology, she was able to form descriptions of the self, such as the self that remains the same, the self that is changed, the self that is unique, and a few other descriptions . She would go on to discuss self - psychology during the entirety of her career, mentioning it in some of her books, one of which being A First Book in Psychology . </P> <P> Her reasoning for self - psychology being so unpopular was a notion that "one is so constantly aware of one's self that one might understandably overlook it when reporting on a sensational experience," and adding that it led to a lack of reference to the self in introspective studies . She also suggested that the system was not well taken by most, one of which being confusion over the self's relationship with the soul, which she discusses in her article, "The Case of Self Against Soul" in 1917 . She would take to theoretical arguments in order to promote her system, noting it's organizing role within psychology . </P> <P> Calkins considered her self - psychology to be a form of introspectionist psychology, involving examining one's own mental experience . Introspectionistic psychology was composed of two schools: impersonalistic, which denied the "self" in its definition of psychology, and personalistic, which defined psychology as the study of conscious, functioning, experiencing selves . Calkins' conviction was that a laboratory was essential for adequate instruction in psychology . Calkins claimed that self - psychology could be experimentally investigated, but did not personally involve herself in laboratory experiments relating to self - psychology . It was Calkins' desire that her school of self - psychology would be a theory on which functionals and structuralists could find common ground . </P>

Who was the first woman to complete the coursework for a doctorate at harvard university