<Li> All other countries in the Middle East execute prisoners for crimes including' ordinary crimes' . In the de facto autonomous Rojava federation in Syria, formed during the Syrian Civil War, capital punishment has been abolished . </Li> <P> The death penalty has proven difficult to eradicate in the Middle East due largely to many countries' legal systems being based around religion, which is more "resistant to change than systems based solely on legislation". In most countries in the Middle Eastern region, the legal system is largely based primarily on Shari'a . However, Israel's legal system has different sources . In criminal law determined by Shari'a, most crimes classified as Hudud are punishable by death and are considered dangerous for Islamic society . Their punishments are fixed in the Qu _́ ran and the Hadith . They include adultery, apostasy, armed robbery and rebellion . In 2012, Iran cemented its lead position in the region with two executions per day and Iran continues to execute juvenile prisoners despite its international obligations . According to studies undertaken by Amnesty International in 2015, at least 1,196 executions were carried out in eight Middle Eastern countries--"a rise of 26% from the 945 executions recorded in eight countries in 2014". "Iran alone accounted for 82% of all recorded executions in the region and Saudi Arabia executed at least 158 people--a 76% increase on 2014 and the highest number recorded for Saudi Arabia since 1995". </P> <P> Capital punishment represents the most dramatic clash between a' UN-sponsored' human rights concept and Shari'a law . Shari'a establishes the death penalty as mandatory punishment for a number of Hudud crimes . "Moreover, some execution methods envisaged in the holy texts, such as flogging, stoning and amputation, violate international conventions that prohibit torture and cruel and inhuman treatments ." The Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), aimed at abolishing the death penalty, was adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1989 . Article 1 of the Protocol states that all the Protocol's Parties shall refrain from carrying out executions and shall take all necessary measures to abolish the death penalty within their jurisdiction . None of the countries in the Middle Eastern region have ratified this protocol, although most have signed and ratified the ICCPR . </P> <P> In Egypt, the Constitutional Declaration of March 2011 and the new constitution ratified on December 22, 2011 provide for some freedom of religion, but certain constitutional provisions, laws, and government policies and practices limit that freedom . </P>

Lack of human rights in the middle east