<Li> The vagus nerve does not participate in these cranial ganglia as most of its parasympathetic fibers are destined for a broad array of ganglia on or near thoracic viscera (esophagus, trachea, heart, lungs) and abdominal viscera (stomach, pancreas, liver, kidneys, small intestine, and about half of the large intestine). The vagus innervation ends at the junction between the midgut and hindgut, just before the splenic flexure of the transverse colon . </Li> <Li> The pelvic splanchnic efferent preganglionic nerve cell bodies reside in the lateral gray horn of the spinal cord at the T12 - L1 vertebral levels (the spinal cord terminates at the L1 - L2 vertebrae with the conus medullaris), and their axons exit the vertebral column as S2 - S4 spinal nerves through the sacral foramina . Their axons continue away from the CNS to synapse at an autonomic ganglion . The parasympathetic ganglion where these preganglionic neurons synapse will be close to the organ of innervation . This differs from the sympathetic nervous system, where synapses between pre - and post-ganglionic efferent nerves in general occur at ganglia that are farther away from the target organ . </Li> <P> As in the sympathetic nervous system, efferent parasympathetic nerve signals are carried from the central nervous system to their targets by a system of two neurons . The first neuron in this pathway is referred to as the preganglionic or presynaptic neuron . Its cell body sits in the central nervous system and its axon usually extends to synapse with the dendrites of a postganglionic neuron somewhere else in the body . The axons of presynaptic parasympathetic neurons are usually long, extending from the CNS into a ganglion that is either very close to or embedded in their target organ . As a result, the postsynaptic parasympathetic nerve fibers are very short . </P> <P> The oculomotor nerve is responsible for several parasympathetic functions related to the eye . The oculomotor PNS fibers originate in the Edinger - Westphal nucleus in the central nervous system and travel through the superior orbital fissure to synapse in the ciliary ganglion located just behind the orbit (eye). From the ciliary ganglion the postganglionic parasympathetic fibers leave via short ciliary nerve fibers, a continuation of the nasociliary nerve (a branch of ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve). The short ciliary nerves innervate the orbit to control the ciliary muscle (responsible for accommodation) and the iris sphincter muscle, which is responsible for miosis or constriction of the pupil (in response to light or accommodation). </P>

Where do the axons of the parasympathetic division originate from