<P> Whether by informal deal or simply reassurances already in line with Hayes's announced plans, talks with Southern Democrats satisfied the worries of many . This prevented a Congressional filibuster that had threatened to extend resolution of the election dispute beyond Inauguration Day 1877 . </P> <P> C. Vann Woodward (1951) argued for an economic interpretation, saying that emerging business and industry interests of the New South found common ground with Republican businessmen, particularly with the railroads . They met secretly at Wormley's Hotel in Washington to forge a compromise with aid to internal improvements: bridges, canals and railroads wanted by the South . But Peskin notes that no serious federal effort was made after Hayes took office to fund a railroad or provide other federal aid for improvements . An opposing interest group representing the Southern Pacific actually thwarted Scott's proposed Texas and Pacific scheme, and ultimately ran its own line to New Orleans . </P> <P> Some historians, such as Allan Peskin, argue that the assurances offered to some Southern Democrats to prevent a filibuster were not a compromise but a foregone conclusion, as Tilden did not command sufficient support . Peskin admits that Woodward's interpretation had become almost universally accepted in the nearly quarter century since he had published it . As not all terms of the agreement were met, Peskin believes there was really no deal between the North and South in 1877 . He also suggests that Northern Democrats were more significant in quashing the filibuster than those from the South . For instance, Samuel J. Randall (D - Pennsylvania) was Speaker of the House and prevented the filibuster . He was more interested in ensuring that the Radical state government in Louisiana was abandoned than in any southern railroad . </P> <P> Vincent DeSantis argues that the Republican Party abandoned Southern blacks to the rule of the racist Democratic Party in order to gain the support of Democrats for Hayes' presidency . </P>

Which of the following ended the period of presidential reconstruction (5 points)