<P> Today, ergonomics professionals apply an understanding of human factors to the design of equipment, systems and working methods to improve comfort, health, safety, and productivity . This includes physical ergonomics in relation to human anatomy, physiological and bio mechanical characteristics; cognitive ergonomics in relation to perception, memory, reasoning, motor response including human--computer interaction, mental workloads, decision making, skilled performance, human reliability, work stress, training, and user experiences; organizational ergonomics in relation to metrics of communication, crew resource management, work design, schedules, teamwork, participation, community, cooperative work, new work programs, virtual organizations, and telework; environmental ergonomics in relation to human metrics affected by climate, temperature, pressure, vibration, and light; visual ergonomics; and others . </P> <P> Biometrics refers to the identification of humans by their characteristics or traits . Biometrics is used in computer science as a form of identification and access control . It is also used to identify individuals in groups that are under surveillance . Biometric identifiers are the distinctive, measurable characteristics used to label and describe individuals . Biometric identifiers are often categorized as physiological versus behavioral characteristics . Example applications include dermatoglyphics and soft biometrics . </P> <P> The US Military has conducted over 40 anthropometric surveys of U.S. Military personnel between 1945 and 1988, including the 1988 Army Anthropometric Survey (ANSUR) of men and women with its 240 measures . Statistical data from these surveys encompasses over 75,000 individuals . </P> <P> CAESAR began in 1997 as a partnership between government and industry to collect and organize the most extensive sampling of consumer body measurements for comparison . The project collected and organized data on 2,400 U.S. & Canadian and 2,000 European civilians and a database was developed . This database records the anthropometric variability of men and women, aged 18--65, of various weights, ethnic groups, gender, geographic regions, and socio - economic status . The study was conducted from April 1998 to early 2000 and included three scans per person in a standing pose, full - coverage pose and relaxed seating pose . Data collection methods were standardized and documented so that the database can be consistently expanded and updated . High - resolution measurements of body surfaces were made using 3D Surface Anthropometry . This technology can capture hundreds of thousands of points in three dimensions on the human body surface in a few seconds . It has many advantages over the old measurement system using tape measures, anthropometers, and other similar instruments . It provides detail about the surface shape as well as 3D locations of measurements relative to each other and enables easy transfer to Computer - Aided Design (CAD) or Manufacturing (CAM) tools . The resulting scan is independent of the measurer, making it easier to standardize . Automatic landmark recognition (ALR) technology was used to extract anatomical landmarks from the 3D body scans automatically . Eighty landmarks were placed on each subject . More than 100 univariate measures were provided, over 60 from the scan and approximately 40 using traditional measurements . Demographic data such as age, ethnic group, gender, geographic region, education level, and present occupation, family income and more were also captured . </P>

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