<Tr> <Th> Signature </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <P> Andrzej Tadeusz Bonawentura Kościuszko (Andrew Thaddeus Bonaventure Kosciuszko; February 4 or 12, 1746--October 15, 1817) was a Polish - Lithuanian military engineer, statesman, and military leader who became a national hero in Poland, Lithuania, Belarus, and the United States . He fought in the Polish--Lithuanian Commonwealth's struggles against Russia and Prussia, and on the American side in the American Revolutionary War . As Supreme Commander of the Polish National Armed Forces, he led the 1794 Kościuszko Uprising . </P> <P> Kościuszko was born in February 1746, in a manor house on the Mereczowszczyzna estate in Nowogródek Voivodeship, Grand Duchy of Lithuania, a part of the Polish--Lithuanian Commonwealth . His exact birthdate is unknown . At age 20, he graduated from the Corps of Cadets in Warsaw, Poland, but after the outbreak of a civil war involving the Bar Confederation in 1768, Kościuszko moved to France in 1769 to pursue further studies . He returned to Poland in 1774, two years after its First Partition, and took a position as tutor in Józef Sylwester Sosnowski's household . After Kościuszko attempted to elope with his employer's daughter and was severely beaten by the father's retainers, he returned to France . In 1776, Kościuszko moved to North America, where he took part in the American Revolutionary War as a colonel in the Continental Army . An accomplished military architect, he designed and oversaw the construction of state - of - the - art fortifications, including those at West Point, New York . In 1783, in recognition of his services, the Continental Congress promoted him to brigadier general . </P> <P> Upon returning to Poland in 1784, Kościuszko was commissioned as a major general in the Polish--Lithuanian Commonwealth Army in 1789 . After the Polish--Russian War of 1792 resulted in the Second Partition of Poland, he organized an uprising against Russia in March 1794, serving as its Naczelnik (commander - in - chief). Russian forces captured him at the Battle of Maciejowice in October 1794 . The defeat of the Kościuszko Uprising that November led to Poland's Third Partition in 1795, which ended the Polish--Lithuanian Commonwealth's independent existence for 123 years . In 1796, following the death of Tsaritsa Catherine the Great, Kościuszko was pardoned by her successor, Tsar Paul I, and he emigrated to the United States . A close friend of Thomas Jefferson's, with whom he shared ideals of human rights, Kościuszko wrote a will in 1798 dedicating his American assets to the education and freedom of U.S. slaves . He eventually returned to Europe and lived in Switzerland until his death in 1817 . The execution of his will later proved difficult, and the funds were never used for the purpose he had intended . </P>

Who was the polish engineer who designed fortifications
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