<P> Gender and Judaism has drawn scholarly interest due to the rapid growth of its intersecting fields during the late 20th century, fueled as well by popular and academic attention to Jewish feminism . As universities established women's studies programs, they have linked to Jewish studies as well . For instance, in 1997, Brandeis University established the Hadassah - Brandeis Institute, which aims to "develop fresh ways of thinking about Jews and gender worldwide by producing and promoting scholarly research and artistic projects ." In addition, controversies over the role of women in Jewish denominations and the gender separation in orthodox judaism has drawn attention to gender roles, as constructed and regulated by religious institutions . For this reason, besides the academic attention, the liberal Jewish movements turn to gender and Judaism to reinforce their own mission and identity . Notably, the Reconstructionist Rabbinical College has established the Gottesman Chair in Gender and Judaism and operates Kolot--the Center for Jewish Women's and Gender Studies ", the first such center established at a rabbinical seminary (1996). </P> <P> With the U.S. - based Association of Jewish Studies, a women's caucus works "to advance the study of gender within the Association for Jewish Studies and within the wider academic community ." AJS holds at least one panel on gender every annual meeting, provide funding for presentations on gender and Judaism and published a collection of syllabi pertaining to gender . </P> <Ul> <Li> Zachar (זָכָר): This term is derived from the word for memory and refers to the belief that the man carried the name and identity of the family . It is usually translated as "male" in English . </Li> <Li> Nekevah (נְקֵבָה): This term is derived from the word for a crevice and probably refers to a vaginal opening . It is usually translated as "female" in English . </Li> <Li> Androgynos (אנדרוגינוס): A person who has both "male" and "female" physical sexual characteristics . 149 references in Mishna and Talmud (1st - 8th Centuries CE); 350 in classical midrash and Jewish law codes (2nd - 16th Centuries CE). </Li> <Li> Tumtum (טומטום): A person whose sexual characteristics are indeterminate or obscured. 181 references in Mishna and Talmud; 335 in classical midrash and Jewish law codes . </Li> <Li> Ay'lonit (איילונית): A female who does not develop at puberty and is infertile. 80 references in Mishna and Talmud; 40 in classical midrash and Jewish law codes . </Li> <Li> Saris (סָרִיס): A male who does not develop at puberty and / or subsequently has their sexual organs removed . A saris can be "naturally" a saris (saris hamah), or become one through human intervention (saris adam). 156 references in mishna and Talmud; 379 in classical midrash and Jewish law codes . </Li> </Ul> <Li> Zachar (זָכָר): This term is derived from the word for memory and refers to the belief that the man carried the name and identity of the family . It is usually translated as "male" in English . </Li>

How many genders are there in the torah
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