<P> The techniques of jiggering and jolleying can be seen as extensions of the potter's wheel: in jiggering, a shaped tool is slowly brought down onto the plastic clay body that has been placed on top of the rotating plaster mould . The jigger tool shapes one face, the mould the other . The term is specific to the shaping of flat ware, such as plates, whilst a similar technique, jolleying, refers to the production of hollow ware, such as cups . </P> <P> Much early ceramic ware was hand - built using a simple coiling technique in which clay was rolled into long threads that were then pinched and beaten together to form the body of a vessel . In the coiling method of construction, all the energy required to form the main part of a piece is supplied indirectly by the hands of the potter . Early ceramics built by coiling were often placed on mats or large leaves to allow them to be worked more conveniently . The evidence of this lies in mat or leaf impressions left in the clay of the base of the pot . This arrangement allowed the potter to rotate the vessel during construction, rather than walk around it to add coils of clay . </P> <P> The earliest forms of the potter's wheel (called tourneys or slow wheels) were probably developed as an extension to this procedure . Tournettes, in use around 4500 BC in the Near East, were turned slowly by hand or by foot while coiling a pot . Only a small range of vessels were fashioned on the tournette, suggesting that it was used by a limited number of potters . The introduction of the slow wheel increased the efficiency of hand - powered pottery production . </P> <P> In the mid to late 3rd millennium BC the fast wheel was developed, which operated on the flywheel principle . It utilised energy stored in the rotating mass of the heavy stone wheel itself to speed the process . This wheel was wound up and charged with energy by kicking, or pushing it around with a stick, providing a centrifugal force . The fast wheel enabled a new process of pottery - making to develop, called throwing, in which a lump of clay was placed centrally on the wheel and then squeezed, lifted and shaped as the wheel turned . The process tends to leave rings on the inside of the pot and can be used to create thinner - walled pieces and a wider variety of shapes, including stemmed vessels, so wheel - thrown pottery can be distinguished from handmade . Potters could now produce many more pots per hour, a first step towards industrialization . </P>

When was the first potter's wheel invented
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