<P> National culture is thought to affect the behavior of individuals in organizations . This idea is exemplified by Hofstede's cultural dimensions theory . Hofstede surveyed a large number of cultures and identified six dimensions of national cultures that influence the behavior of individuals in organizations . These dimensions include power distance, individualism vs. collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity vs. femininity, long - term orientation vs. short term orientation, and indulgence vs. restraint . </P> <P> Organizational citizenship behavior is behavior that goes beyond assigned tasks and contributes to the well - being of organizations . </P> <P> Organizational culture reflects the values and behaviors that are commonly observed in an organization . Investigators who pursue this line of research assume that organizations can be characterized by cultural dimensions such as beliefs, values, rituals, symbols, and so forth . Researchers have developed models for understanding an organization's culture or developed typologies of organizational culture . Edgar Schein developed a model for understanding organizational culture . He identified three levels of organizational culture: (a) artifacts and behaviors, (b) espoused values, and (c) shared basic assumptions . Specific cultures have been related to organizational performance and effectiveness . </P> <P> Personality concerns consistent patterns of behavior, cognition, and emotion in individuals . The study of personality in organizations has generally focused on the relation of specific traits to employee performance . There has been a particular focus on the Big Five personality traits, which refers to five overarching personality traits . </P>

Who identified three levels of conceptualization and organisation