<P> The Kush rulers were regarded as guardians of the state religion and were responsible for maintaining the houses of the gods . Some scholars believe the economy in the Kingdom of Kush was a redistributive system . The state would collect taxes in the form of surplus produce and would redistribute to the people . Others believe that most of the society worked on the land and required nothing from the state and did not contribute to the state . Northern Kush seemed to be more productive and wealthier than the Southern area . </P> <P> Under Thutmose I, Egypt made several campaigns south . This eventually resulted in their annexation of Nubia circa 1504 BC . After the conquest, Kerma culture was increasingly Egyptianized, yet rebellions continued for 220 years until c. 1300 BC . During the New Kingdom, Nubia nevertheless became a key province of the New Kingdom, economically, politically and spiritually . Indeed, major Pharonic ceremonies were held at Jebel Barkal near Napata . The royal lineages of the two regions also seem to have intermarried . The extent of cultural / political continuity between the Kerma culture and the chronologically succeeding Kingdom of Kush is difficult to determine . The more Egyptianized Kingdom of Kush emerged, possibly from Kerma, and regained the region's independence from Egypt . The latter polity began to emerge around 1000 BCE, 500 years after the end of the Kingdom of Kerma . Initially, the Kushite kings continued to use Kerma for royal burials and special ceremonies, pointing to some connection . Moreover, the layout of royal funerary compounds in both Kerma and Napata (the Kush capital) are similarly designed . Caches of statues of Kush's pharaohs have also been discovered at Kerma, suggesting that the Napatan rulers recognized a historic link between their capital and Kerma . </P> <P> Dental trait analysis of fossils dating from the Meroitic period in Semna, Nubia, found that they were closely related to Afroasiatic - speaking populations inhabiting the Nile, Horn of Africa, Maghreb and Canary Islands . The Meroitic skeletons and these ancient and recent fossils were also phenotypically distinct from those belonging to recent Niger--Congo, Nilo - Saharan and Khoisan - speaking populations in Sub-Saharan Africa, as well as from the Mesolithic inhabitants of Jebel Sahaba in Nubia . </P> <P> Resistance to the early eighteenth Dynasty Egyptian rule by neighbouring Kush is evidenced in the writings of Ahmose, son of Ebana, an Egyptian warrior who served under Nebpehtrya Ahmose (1539 - 1514 BC), Djeserkara Amenhotep I (1514 - 1493 BC) and Aakheperkara Thutmose I (1493 - 1481 BC). At the end of the Second Intermediate Period (mid-sixteenth century BC), Egypt faced the twin existential threats--the Hyksos in the North and the Kushites in the South . Taken from the autobiographical inscriptions on the walls of his tomb - chapel, the Egyptians undertook campaigns to defeat Kush and conquer Nubia under the rule of Amenhotep I (1514 - 1493 BC). In Ahmose's writings, the Kushites are described as archers, "Now after his Majesty had slain the Bedoin of Asia, he sailed upstream to Upper Nubia to destroy the Nubian bowmen ." The tomb writings contain two other references to the Nubian bowmen of Kush . </P>

When the nubian civilization lost control of ancient egypt and moved south