<P> Du Bois wrote the essay, "A Litany at Atlanta", which asserted that the riot demonstrated that the Atlanta Compromise was a failure . Despite upholding their end of the bargain, blacks had failed to receive legal justice in the South . Historian David Lewis has written that the Compromise no longer held because white patrician planters, who took a paternalistic role, had been replaced by aggressive businessmen who were willing to pit blacks against whites . These two calamities were watershed events for the African - American community, marking the ascendancy of Du Bois's vision of equal rights . </P> <P> In addition to writing editorials, Du Bois continued to produce scholarly work at Atlanta University . In 1909, after five years of effort, he published a biography of abolitionist John Brown . It contained many insights, but also contained some factual errors . The work was strongly criticized by The Nation, which was owned by Oswald Villard, who was writing his own, competing biography of John Brown . Du Bois's work was largely ignored by white scholars . After publishing a piece in Collier's magazine warning of the end of "white supremacy", Du Bois had difficulty getting pieces accepted by major periodicals . But he did continue to publish columns regularly in The Horizon magazine . </P> <P>--Du Bois, "Address at Fourth Niagara conference", 1908 </P> <P> Du Bois was the first African American invited by the American Historical Association (AHA) to present a paper at their annual conference . He read his paper, Reconstruction and Its Benefits, to an astounded audience at the AHA's December 1909 conference . The paper went against the mainstream historical view, promoted by the Dunning School of scholars at Columbia University, that Reconstruction was a disaster, caused by the ineptitude and sloth of blacks . To the contrary, Du Bois asserted that the brief period of African - American leadership in the South accomplished three important goals: democracy, free public schools, and new social welfare legislation . He asserted that it was the federal government's failure to manage the Freedmen's Bureau, to distribute land, and to establish an educational system, that doomed African - American prospects in the South . When Du Bois submitted the paper for publication a few months later in the American Historical Review, he asked that the word Negro be capitalized . The editor, J. Franklin Jameson, refused, and published the paper without the capitalization . The paper was mostly ignored by white historians . Du Bois later developed his paper as his ground - breaking 1935 book, Black Reconstruction, which marshaled extensive facts to support his assertions . The AHA did not invite another African - American speaker until 1940 . </P>

Which of the following is true about minorities in the new deal