<P> Most populations of golden eagles are sedentary, but the species is actually a partial migrant . Golden eagles are very hardy species, being well adapted to cold climates, however they cannot abide declining available food sources in the northern stretches of their range . Eagles raised at latitudes greater than 60 ° N are usually migratory, though a short migration may be untaken by those who breed or hatch at about 50 ° N. During migration, they often use soaring - gliding flight, rather than powered flight . In Finland, most banded juveniles move between 1,000 and 2,000 km (620 and 1,240 mi) due south, whereas adults stay locally through winter . Further east, conditions are too harsh for even wintering territorial adults . Golden eagles that breed from the Kola peninsula to Anadyr in the Russian Far East migrate south to winter on the Russian and Mongolian steppes, and the North China Plains . The flat, relatively open landscapes in these regions hold relatively few resident breeding golden eagles . Similarly the entire population of golden eagles from northern and central Alaska and northern Canada migrates south . At Mount Lorette in Alberta, approximately 4,000 golden eagles may pass during the fall, the largest recorded migration of golden eagles on earth . Here the mountain ranges are relatively moderate and consistent, thus being reliable for thermals and updrafts which made long - distance migrating feasible . Birds hatched in Denali National Park in Alaska traveled from 818 to 4,815 km (508 to 2,992 mi) to their winter ranges in western North America . These western migrants may winter anywhere from southern Alberta and Montana to New Mexico and Arizona and from inland California to Nebraska . Adults who bred in northeastern Hudson Bay area of Canada reached their wintering grounds, which range from central Michigan to southern Pennsylvania to northeastern Alabama, in 26 to 40 days, with arrival dates from November to early December . The departure dates from wintering grounds are variable . In southwestern Canada, they leave their wintering grounds by 6 April to 8 May (the mean being 21 April); in southwestern Idaho, wintering birds leave from 20 March to 13 April (mean of 29 March); and in the Southwestern United States, wintering birds may depart by early March . Elsewhere in the species' breeding range, golden eagles (i.e., those who breed in the contiguous Western United States, all of Europe but for Northern Scandinavia, North Africa and all of Asia but for Northern Russia) are non-migratory and tend to remain within striking distance of their breeding territories throughout the year . In Scotland, among all recovered, banded golden eagles (36 out of 1000, the rest mostly died or disappeared) the average distance between ringing and recovery was 44 km (27 mi), averaging 63 km (39 mi) in juveniles and 36 km (22 mi) in older birds . In the dry Southwestern United States, golden eagles tend to move to higher elevations once the breeding season is complete . In North Africa, populations breeding at lower latitudes, like Morocco, are mostly sedentary, although some occasionally disperse after breeding to areas outside of the normal breeding range . </P> <P> Territoriality is believed to be the primary cause of interactions and confrontations between non-paired golden eagles . Golden eagles maintain some of the largest known home ranges (or territories) of any bird species but there is much variation of home range size across the range, possibly dictated by food abundance and habitat preference . Home ranges in most of the range can vary from 20 to 200 km (7.7 to 77.2 sq mi). In San Diego County in California, the home ranges varied from 49 to 137 km (19 to 53 sq mi), with an average of 93 km (36 sq mi). However, some home ranges have been much smaller, such as in southwestern Idaho where, possibly due to an abundance of jackrabbits, home ranges as small as 4.85 km (1.87 sq mi) are maintained . The smallest known home ranges on record for golden eagles are in the Bale Mountains of Ethiopia, where they range from 1.5 to 9 km (0.58 to 3.47 sq mi). 46% of undulating displays in Montana occurred shortly after the juvenile eagles left their parents range, suggesting that some residents defend and maintain territories year - round . Elsewhere it is stated that home ranges are less strictly maintained during winter but hunting grounds are basically exclusive . In Israel and Scotland, aggressive encounters peaked from winter until just before egg - laying and were less common during the nesting season . Threat displays include undulating flight and aggressive direct flapping flight with exaggerated downstrokes . Most displays by mature golden eagles (67% for males and 76% for females) occur, rather than around the nest, at the edge of their home ranges . In Western Norway, most recorded undulating flight displays occur during the pre-laying period in late winter / early spring . Display flights seem to be triggered by the presence of other golden eagles . The use of display flights has a clear benefit in that it lessens the need for physical confrontations, which can be fatal . Usually, non-breeding birds are treated aggressively by the golden eagle maintaining their home range, normally being chased to the apparent limit of the range but with no actual physical contact . The territorial flight of the adult golden eagle is sometimes preceded or followed by intense bouts of undulating displays . The invader often responds by rolling over and presenting talons to the aggressor . Rarely, the two eagles will lock talons and tumble through the air; sometimes fall several revolutions and in some cases even tumble to the ground before releasing their grip . In some parts of the Alps, the golden eagle population has reached the saturation point in appropriate habitat and apparently violent confrontations are more common than in other parts of the range . Golden eagles may express their aggression via body language while perched, typically the adult female when confronted by an intruding eagle: the head and body are upright, feathers on head and neck are erect; the wings may be slightly spread and beak open; often accompanied by intense gaze . They then often engage in a similar posture with wings spread wide and oriented toward the threat; sometimes rocking back on tail and even flopping over onto the back with talons extended upward as defense . Such behavior may be accompanied by wing slap against the threatening intruder . When approached by an intruder, the defending eagle turns away, partially spreads tail, lowers head, and remains still; adults on the nest may lower head and "freeze" when approached by a person or a helicopter . Females in Israel displayed more than males and mostly against interspecific intruders; males apparently displayed primarily as part of courtship . Five of 7 aggressive encounters at carcasses during winter in Norway were won by females; in 15 of 21 conflicts, the younger bird dominated an older conspecific . However, obvious juvenile eagles (apparent to the adult eagles due to the amount of white on their wings and tail) are sometimes allowed to penetrate deeply into a pair's home range and all parties commonly ignore each other . In North Dakota, it was verified that parent eagles were not aggressive towards their own young after the nesting period and some juveniles stayed on their parents territory until their 2nd spring and then left by their own accord . </P> <P> Golden eagles usually mate for life . A breeding pair is formed in a courtship display . This courtship includes undulating displays by both in the pair, with the male bird picking up a piece of rock or a small stick, and dropping it only to enter into a steep dive and catch it in mid-air, repeating the maneuver 3 or more times . The female takes a clump of earth and drops and catches it in the same fashion . Golden eagles typically build several eyries within their territory (preferring cliffs) and use them alternately for several years . Their nesting areas are characterized by the extreme regularity of the nest spacing . Mating and egg - laying timing for golden eagle is variable depending on the locality . Copulation normally lasts 10--20 seconds . Mating seems to occur around 40--46 days before the initial egg - laying . The golden eagle chick may be heard from within the egg 15 hours before it begins hatching . After the first chip is broken off of the egg, there is no activity for around 27 hours . After this period, the hatching activity accelerates and the shell is broken apart in 35 hours . The chick is completely free in 37 hours . In the first 10 days, chicks mainly lie down on the nest substrate . The eagles are capable of preening on their second day but are continually thermoregulated via brooding by their parents until around 20 days . Within 10 days, the hatchlings grow considerably, weighing around 500 g (1.1 lb). Around this age, they also start sitting up more . Around 20 days of age, the chicks generally start standing, which becomes the main position over the course of the next 40 days . The whitish down continues until around 25 days of age, at which point it is gradually replaced by dark contour feathers that eclipse the down and the birds attain a general piebald appearance . After hatching, 80% of food items and 90% of food biomass is captured and brought to the nest by the adult male . Fledging occurs at 66 to 75 days of age in Idaho and 70 to 81 days in Scotland . The first attempted flight departure after fledging can be abrupt, with the young jumping off and using a series of short, stiff wing - beats to glide downward or being blown out of nest while wing - flapping . 18 to 20 days after first fledging, the young eagles will take their first circling flight, but they cannot gain height as efficiently as their parents until approximately 60 days after fledging . In Cumbria, young golden eagles were first seen hunting large prey 59 days after fledging. 75 to 85 days after fledging, the young were largely independent of parents . Generally, breeding success seems to be greatest where prey is available in abundance . </P> <P> Golden eagles are fairly long - living birds in natural conditions . The survival rate of raptorial birds tends to increase with larger body size, with a 30--50% annual loss of population rate in small falcons / accipiters, a 15--25% loss of population rate in medium - sized hawks (e.g., Buteos or kites) and a 5% or less rate of loss in eagles and vultures . The oldest known wild golden eagle was a bird banded in Sweden which was recovered 32 years later . The longest - lived known wild golden eagle in North America was 23 years and 10 months . The long - lived known captive golden eagle, a specimen in Europe, survived to 46 years of age . The estimated adult annual survival rate on the Isle of Skye in Scotland is around 97.5% . When this extrapolated into an estimated lifespan this results in 39 and half years as the average for adult golden eagles in this area, which is probably far too high an estimate . Survival rates are usually much lower in juvenile eagles than in adult eagles . In the western Rocky Mountains, 50% of golden eagles banded in the nest died by the time they were 2 and a half years and an estimated 75% died by the time they were 5 years old . Near a wind turbine facility in west - central California, estimated survival rates, based on conventional telemetry of 257 individuals, were 84% for first - year eagles, 79% for 1 - to 3 - year - olds and adult floaters and 91% for breeders; with no difference in survival rates between sexes . Survival rates may be lower for migrating populations of golden eagles . A 19--34% survival rate was estimated for juvenile eagles from Denali National Park in their first 11 months . The average life expectancy of golden eagles in Germany is 13 years, extrapolated from a reported mere 92.5% survival rate . </P>

What does a baby golden eagle look like
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