<P> British improvements included Joseph Foljambe's cast iron plough (patented 1730), which combined an earlier Dutch design with a number of innovations . Its fittings and coulter were made of iron and the mouldboard and share were covered with an iron plate, making it easier to pull and more controllable than previous ploughs . By the 1760s Foljambe was making large numbers of these ploughs in a factory outside of Rotherham, England, using standard patterns with interchangeable parts . The plough was easy for a blacksmith to make, but by the end of the 18th century it was being made in rural foundries . By 1770 it was the cheapest and best plough available . It spread to Scotland, America, and France . </P> <P> In Europe, agriculture was feudal from the Middle Ages . In the traditional open field system, many subsistence farmers cropped strips of land in large fields held in common and divided the produce . They typically worked under the auspices of the aristocracy or the Catholic Church, who owned much of the land . </P> <P> As early as the 12th century, some fields in England tilled under the open field system were enclosed into individually owned fields . The Black Death from 1348 onward accelerated the break - up of the feudal system in England . Many farms were bought by yeomen who enclosed their property and improved their use of the land . More secure control of the land allowed the owners to make innovations that improved their yields . Other husbandmen rented property they "share cropped" with the land owners . Many of these enclosures were accomplished by acts of Parliament in the 16th and 17th centuries . </P> <P> The process of enclosing property accelerated in the 15th and 16th centuries . The more productive enclosed farms meant that fewer farmers were needed to work the same land, leaving many villagers without land and grazing rights . Many of them moved to the cities in search of work in the emerging factories of the Industrial Revolution . Others settled in the English colonies . English Poor Laws were enacted to help these newly poor . </P>

Enclosure system under british agriculture in 19th century
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