<P> This policy reversal received a massive wave of criticism that was quickly picked up by the international media . Environmental groups blasted the White House, while Europeans and Japanese alike expressed deep concern and regret . (...) Almost all world leaders (e.g. China, Japan, South Africa, Pacific Islands, etc .) expressed their disappointment at Bush's decision . </P> <P> In response to this criticism, Bush stated: "I was responding to reality, and reality is the nation has got a real problem when it comes to energy ." The Tyndall Centre called this "an overstatement used to cover up the big benefactors of this policy reversal, i.e., the US oil and coal industry, which has a powerful lobby with the administration and conservative Republican congressmen ." </P> <P> As of 2016, the US is the only signatory that has not ratified the Protocol . The US accounted for 36% of emissions in 1990 . As such, for the treaty to go into legal effect without US ratification, it would require a coalition including the EU, Russia, Japan, and small parties . A deal, without the US Administration, was reached in the Bonn climate talks (COP - 6.5), held in 2001 . </P> <P> In 2011, Canada, Japan and Russia stated that they would not take on further Kyoto targets . The Canadian government announced its withdrawal--possible at any time three years after ratification--from the Kyoto Protocol on 12 December 2011, effective 15 December 2012 . Canada was committed to cutting its greenhouse emissions to 6% below 1990 levels by 2012, but in 2009 emissions were 17% higher than in 1990 . The Harper government prioritized oil sands development in Alberta, and deprioritized improving the environment . Environment minister Peter Kent cited Canada's liability to "enormous financial penalties" under the treaty unless it withdrew . He also suggested that the recently signed Durban agreement may provide an alternative way forward . The Harper government claimed it would find a "Made in Canada" solution, but never found any such solution . Canada's decision received a generally negative response from representatives of other ratifying countries . </P>

When did the us ratify the kyoto protocol