<P> A study in 2014 found that unemployment rates among former apprentices one year after completing their apprenticeships were one - third those of university graduates one year after finishing their degrees . A 2015 study by the Sutton Trust found that, while average net lifetime earnings for those who had completed level 5 apprenticeships were higher than those for graduates from non-Russell Group universities, most apprenticeships offered were at levels 2 and 3, providing little improvement over earnings from secondary school qualifications . The report also found that apprenticeships had a lower perceived value compared to degrees in Britain than in many other countries . </P> <P> In 2015, the Department announced a major restructuring of the further education sector, through 37 area reviews of post-16 provision . The proposals were criticised by NUS Vice President for Further Education Shakira Martin for not sufficiently taking into account the impact on learners; the Sixth Form Colleges' Association similarly criticised the reviews for not directly including providers of post-16 education other than colleges, such as school and academy sixth forms and independent training providers . </P> <P> Higher education in England is provided by Higher Education (HE) colleges, university colleges, universities and private colleges . Students normally enter higher education as undergraduates from age 18 onwards, and can study for a wide variety of vocational and academic qualifications, including certificates of higher education and higher national certificates at level 4, diplomas of higher education, higher national diplomas and foundation degrees at level 5, bachelor's degrees (normally with honours) at level 6, and integrated master's degrees and degrees in medicine, dentistry, and veterinary science at level 7 . </P> <P> Historically, undergraduate education outside a small number of private colleges and universities has been largely state - financed since the 1960s, with a small contribution from top - up fees introduced in the 1990s, however fees of up to £ 9,000 per annum have been charged from October 2012 . There is a perceived hierarchy among universities, with the Russell Group seen as being composed of the country's more prestigious universities . League tables of universities are produced by private companies and generally cover the whole UK . </P>

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