<P> In practice, many human rights are difficult to enforce legally, due to the absence of consensus on the application of certain rights, the lack of relevant national legislation or of bodies empowered to take legal action to enforce them . </P> <P> In over 110 countries, national human rights institutions (NHRIs) have been set up to protect, promote or monitor human rights with jurisdiction in a given country . Although not all NHRIs are compliant with the Paris Principles, the number and effect of these institutions is increasing . </P> <P> The Paris Principles were defined at the first International Workshop on National Institutions for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights in Paris from 7 to 9 October 1991, and adopted by UN Human Rights Commission Resolution 1992 / 54 of 1992 and General Assembly Resolution 48 / 134 of 1993 . The Paris Principles list a number of responsibilities for national human rights institutions . </P> <P> Universal jurisdiction is a controversial principle in international law, whereby states claim criminal jurisdiction over people whose alleged crimes were committed outside the boundaries of the prosecuting state, regardless of nationality, country of residence or any other relationship to the prosecuting country . The state backs its claim on the grounds that the crime committed is considered a crime against all, which any state is authorised to punish . The concept of universal jurisdiction is therefore closely linked to the idea that certain international norms are erga omnes, or owed to the entire world community, as well as the concept of jus cogens . </P>

Who implements treaties of international human rights law