<P> The Nobel Prize in Chemistry (Swedish: Nobelpriset i kemi) is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry . It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, who died in 1896 . These prizes are awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine . As dictated by Nobel's will, the award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and awarded by a committee that consists of five members elected by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences . The first Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded in 1901 to Jacobus Henricus van' t Hoff, of the Netherlands . Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a monetary award prize that has varied throughout the years . In 1901, van' t Hoff received 150,782 SEK, which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007 . The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death . </P> <P> At least 25 laureates have received the Nobel Prize for contributions in the field of organic chemistry, more than any other field of chemistry . Two Nobel Prize laureates in Chemistry, Germans Richard Kuhn (1938) and Adolf Butenandt (1939), were not allowed by their government to accept the prize . They would later receive a medal and diploma, but not the money . Frederick Sanger is one out of two laureates to be awarded the Nobel prize twice in the same subject, in 1958 and 1980 . John Bardeen is the other and was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics in 1956 and 1972 . Two others have won Nobel Prizes twice, one in chemistry and one in another subject: Maria Skłodowska - Curie (physics in 1903, chemistry in 1911) and Linus Pauling (chemistry in 1954, peace in 1962). As of 2017, the prize has been awarded to 177 individuals, including four women: Maria Skłodowska - Curie, Irène Joliot - Curie (1935), Dorothy Hodgkin (1964), and Ada Yonath (2009). There have been eight years in which the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was not awarded . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Laureate </Th> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Rationale </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1901 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jacobus Henricus van' t Hoff </Td> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> "(for his) discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1902 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Hermann Emil Fischer </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> "(for) his work on sugar and purine syntheses" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1903 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Svante August Arrhenius </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> "(for) his electrolytic theory of dissociation" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1904 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sir William Ramsay </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> "(for his) discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air, and his determination of their place in the periodic system" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1905 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> "(for) the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1906 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Henri Moissan </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> "(for his) investigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for (the) electric furnace called after him" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1907 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eduard Buchner </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> "for his biochemical researches and his discovery of cell - free fermentation" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1908 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ernest Rutherford </Td> <Td> United Kingdom New Zealand </Td> <Td> "for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1909 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wilhelm Ostwald </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> "(for) his work on catalysis and for his investigations into the fundamental principles governing chemical equilibria and rates of reaction" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1910 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Otto Wallach </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> "(for) his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1911 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Maria Skłodowska - Curie </Td> <Td> Russian Empire France </Td> <Td> "(for) the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1912 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Victor Grignard </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> "for the discovery of the (...) Grignard reagent" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Paul Sabatier </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> "for his method of hydrogenating organic compounds in the presence of finely disintegrated metals" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1913 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Alfred Werner </Td> <Td> Switzerland </Td> <Td> "(for) his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules (...) especially in inorganic chemistry" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1914 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Theodore William Richards </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> "(for) his accurate determinations of the atomic weight of a large number of chemical elements" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1915 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Richard Martin Willstätter </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> "for his researches on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1916 </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> Not awarded </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1917 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1918 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Fritz Haber </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> "for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1919 </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> Not awarded </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1920 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Walther Hermann Nernst </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> "(for) his work in thermochemistry" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1921 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Frederick Soddy </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> "for his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1922 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Francis William Aston </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> "for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the whole - number rule" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1923 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Fritz Pregl </Td> <Td> Austria Kingdom of Yugoslavia </Td> <Td> "for his invention of the method of micro-analysis of organic substances" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1924 </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> Not awarded </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1925 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Richard Adolf Zsigmondy </Td> <Td> Germany Hungary </Td> <Td> "for his demonstration of the heterogeneous nature of colloid solutions and for the methods he used" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1926 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> The (Theodor) Svedberg </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> "for his work on disperse systems" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1927 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Heinrich Otto Wieland </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> "for his investigations of the constitution of the bile acids and related substances" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1928 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> "(for) his research into the constitution of the sterols and their connection with the vitamins" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1929 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Arthur Harden </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> "for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Hans Karl August Simon von Euler - Chelpin </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1930 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Hans Fischer </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> "for his researches into the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of haemin" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1931 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Carl Bosch </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> "(for) their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Friedrich Bergius </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1932 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Irving Langmuir </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> "for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1933 </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> Not awarded </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1934 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Harold Clayton Urey </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> "for his discovery of heavy hydrogen" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1935 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Frédéric Joliot </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> "(for) their synthesis of new radioactive elements" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Irène Joliot - Curie </Td> <Td> France </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1936 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Petrus (Peter) Josephus Wilhelmus Debye </Td> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> "(for his work on) molecular structure through his investigations on dipole moments and the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1937 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Walter Norman Haworth </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> "for his investigations on carbohydrates and vitamin C" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Paul Karrer </Td> <Td> Switzerland </Td> <Td> "for his investigations on carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A and B" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1938 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Richard Kuhn </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> "for his work on carotenoids and vitamins" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1939 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> "for his work on sex hormones" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Leopold Ruzicka </Td> <Td> Kingdom of Yugoslavia Switzerland </Td> <Td> "for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1940 </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> Not awarded </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1941 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1942 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1943 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> George de Hevesy </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> "for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1944 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Otto Hahn </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> "for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1945 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Artturi Ilmari Virtanen </Td> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> "for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1946 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> James Batcheller Sumner </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> "for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> John Howard Northrop </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> "for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wendell Meredith Stanley </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1947 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sir Robert Robinson </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> "for his investigations on plant products of biological importance, especially the alkaloids" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1948 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> "for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis, especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of the serum proteins" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1949 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> William Francis Giauque </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> "for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1950 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Otto Paul Hermann Diels </Td> <Td> West Germany </Td> <Td> "for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kurt Alder </Td> <Td> West Germany </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1951 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Edwin Mattison McMillan </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> "for their discoveries in the chemistry of transuranium elements" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Glenn Theodore Seaborg </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1952 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Archer John Porter Martin </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> "for their invention of partition chromatography" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Richard Laurence Millington Synge </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1953 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Hermann Staudinger </Td> <Td> West Germany </Td> <Td> "for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1954 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Linus Pauling </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> "for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1955 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Vincent du Vigneaud </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> "for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1956 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> "for their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Nikolay Nikolaevich Semenov </Td> <Td> Soviet Union </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1957 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lord (Alexander R .) Todd </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> "for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1958 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Frederick Sanger </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> "for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1959 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jaroslav Heyrovský </Td> <Td> Czechoslovakia </Td> <Td> "for his discovery and development of the polarographic methods of analysis" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1960 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Willard Frank Libby </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> "for his method to use carbon - 14 for age determination in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1961 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Melvin Calvin </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> "for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1962 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Max Ferdinand Perutz </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> "for their studies of the structures of globular proteins" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> John Cowdery Kendrew </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1963 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Karl Ziegler </Td> <Td> West Germany </Td> <Td> "for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Giulio Natta </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1964 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> "for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1965 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Robert Burns Woodward </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> "for his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1966 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Robert S. Mulliken </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> "for his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1967 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Manfred Eigen </Td> <Td> West Germany </Td> <Td> "for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ronald George Wreyford Norrish </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> George Porter </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1968 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lars Onsager </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> "for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1969 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Derek H.R. Barton </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> "for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Odd Hassel </Td> <Td> Norway </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1970 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Luis F. Leloir </Td> <Td> Argentina </Td> <Td> "for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1971 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Gerhard Herzberg </Td> <Td> Canada West Germany </Td> <Td> "for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1972 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Christian B. Anfinsen </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> "for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Stanford Moore </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> "for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> William H. Stein </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ernst Otto Fischer </Td> <Td> West Germany </Td> <Td> "for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Geoffrey Wilkinson </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Paul J. Flory </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> "for his fundamental work, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of macromolecules" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> John Warcup Cornforth </Td> <Td> Australia United Kingdom </Td> <Td> "for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme - catalyzed reactions" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Vladimir Prelog </Td> <Td> Yugoslavia Switzerland </Td> <Td> "for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1976 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> William N. Lipscomb </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> "for his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1977 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ilya Prigogine </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> "for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1978 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Peter D. Mitchell </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> "for his contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the chemiosmotic theory" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1979 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Herbert C. Brown </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> "for their development of the use of boron - and phosphorus - containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Georg Wittig </Td> <Td> West Germany </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1980 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Paul Berg </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> "for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant - DNA" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Walter Gilbert </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> "for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Frederick Sanger </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kenichi Fukui </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> "for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Roald Hoffmann </Td> <Td> United States Poland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1982 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Aaron Klug </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> "for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid - protein complexes" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Henry Taube </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> "for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Robert Bruce Merrifield </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> "for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1985 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Herbert A. Hauptman </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> "for their outstanding achievements in developing direct methods for the determination of crystal structures" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jerome Karle </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dudley R. Herschbach </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> "for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Yuan T. Lee </Td> <Td> United States Taiwan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> John C. Polanyi </Td> <Td> Canada Hungary </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Donald J. Cram </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> "for their development and use of molecules with structure - specific interactions of high selectivity" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jean - Marie Lehn </Td> <Td> France </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Charles J. Pedersen </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Johann Deisenhofer </Td> <Td> West Germany </Td> <Td> "for their determination of the three - dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Robert Huber </Td> <Td> West Germany </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Hartmut Michel </Td> <Td> West Germany </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sidney Altman </Td> <Td> Canada United States </Td> <Td> "for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Thomas Cech </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Elias James Corey </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> "for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Richard R. Ernst </Td> <Td> Switzerland </Td> <Td> "for his contributions to the development of the methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Rudolph A. Marcus </Td> <Td> United States Canada </Td> <Td> "for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kary B. Mullis </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> "for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA - based chemistry (...) for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Michael Smith </Td> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> "for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA - based chemistry (...) for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleotide - based, site - directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> George A. Olah </Td> <Td> United States Hungary </Td> <Td> "for his contribution to carbocation chemistry" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Paul J. Crutzen </Td> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> "for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mario J. Molina </Td> <Td> Mexico </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> F. Sherwood Rowland </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Robert F. Curl Jr . </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> "for their discovery of fullerenes" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sir Harold W. Kroto </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Richard E. Smalley </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Paul D. Boyer </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> "for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> John E. Walker </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jens C. Skou </Td> <Td> Denmark </Td> <Td> "for the first discovery of an ion - transporting enzyme, Na, K - ATPase" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Walter Kohn </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> "for his development of the density - functional theory" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> John A. Pople </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> "for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ahmed Zewail </Td> <Td> United States Egypt </Td> <Td> "for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Alan J. Heeger </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> "for their discovery and development of conductive polymers" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Alan G. MacDiarmid </Td> <Td> United States New Zealand </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Hideki Shirakawa </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> William S. Knowles </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> "for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ryōji Noyori </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> K. Barry Sharpless </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> "for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> John B. Fenn </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> "for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules (...) for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Koichi Tanaka </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kurt Wüthrich </Td> <Td> Switzerland </Td> <Td> "for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules (...) for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three - dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Peter Agre </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> "for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes (...) for the discovery of water channels" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Roderick MacKinnon </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> "for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes (...) for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Aaron Ciechanover </Td> <Td> Israel </Td> <Td> "for the discovery of ubiquitin - mediated protein degradation" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Avram Hershko </Td> <Td> Israel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Irwin Rose </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Yves Chauvin </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> "for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Robert H. Grubbs </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Richard R. Schrock </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Roger D. Kornberg </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> "for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Gerhard Ertl </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> "for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Osamu Shimomura </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> "for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Martin Chalfie </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Roger Y . Tsien </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Venkatraman Ramakrishnan </Td> <Td> United States India United Kingdom </Td> <Td> "for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Thomas A. Steitz </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ada E. Yonath </Td> <Td> Israel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Richard F. Heck </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> "for palladium - catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ei - ichi Negishi </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Akira Suzuki </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dan Shechtman </Td> <Td> Israel </Td> <Td> "for the discovery of quasicrystals" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Robert Lefkowitz </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> "for studies of G - protein - coupled receptors" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Brian Kobilka </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Martin Karplus </Td> <Td> United States Austria </Td> <Td> "for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Michael Levitt </Td> <Td> United States United Kingdom Israel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Arieh Warshel </Td> <Td> United States Israel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eric Betzig </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> "for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Stefan W. Hell </Td> <Td> Germany Romania </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> William E. Moerner </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tomas Lindahl </Td> <Td> Sweden United Kingdom </Td> <Td> "for mechanistic studies of DNA repair" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Paul L. Modrich </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Aziz Sancar </Td> <Td> United States Turkey </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jean - Pierre Sauvage </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> "for the design and synthesis of molecular machines" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Fraser Stoddart </Td> <Td> United Kingdom United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ben Feringa </Td> <Td> Netherlands </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jacques Dubochet </Td> <Td> Switzerland </Td> <Td> "for developing cryo - electron microscopy for the high - resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Joachim Frank </Td> <Td> Germany United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Richard Henderson </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> </Tr> </Table>

Who won nobel prizes in both physics and chemistry