<P> Comparative public administration or CPA is defined as the study of administrative systems in a comparative fashion or the study of public administration in other countries . There have been several issues which have hampered the development of comparative public administration, including: the major differences between Western countries and developing countries; the lack of curriculum on this sub-field in public administration programs; and the lack of success in developing theoretical models which can be scientifically tested . Even though CPA is a weakly formed field as a whole, this sub-field of public administration is an attempt at cross-cultural analysis, a "quest for patterns and regularities of administrative action and behavior ." CPA is an integral part to the analysis of public administration techniques . The process of comparison allows for more widely applicable policies to be tested in a variety of situations . </P> <P> Comparative public administration emerged during the post-World War II period in order to seek international developmental strategies which aided in the containment of communism during the Cold War . (Riggs 1954, Heady 1960) The developers of this field expanded on a general theory, a research agenda, and generalized "lessons learned". (Riggs 1954, Heady 1960) A prominent figure of Public Administration, Woodrow Wilson, commented on the study by saying, "Like principles of civil liberty are everywhere fostering like methods of government; and if comparative studies of the ways and means of government should enable us to offer suggestions which will practicably combine openness and vigor in the administration of such governments with ready docility to all serious, well - sustained public criticism, they will have approved themselves worthy to be ranked among the highest and most fruitful of the great departments of political study". As the financial state of the powering countries began to stabilize toward the decline of the Cold War, the field of CPA began to diminish . The resulting decline caused the lack of further expansion of this study making it irrelevant . </P> <P> Comparative public administration lacks curriculum, which has prevented it from becoming a major field of study . This lack of understanding of the basic concepts that build this field's foundation has ultimately led to its lack of use . For example, William Waugh, a professor at Georgia State University has stated "Comparative studies are difficult because of the necessity to provide enough information on the sociopolitical context of national administrative structures and processes for readers to understand why there are differences and similarities ." He also asserts, "Although there is sizable literature on comparative public administration it is scattered and dated ." </P> <P> Waugh argues that public administration requires an understanding of different administrative structures and a comparison of different public administration models . The literature to build this base of knowledge is scattered and often hard to obtain . The lack or ill - formed use of comparative public administration has been detrimental for many countries, including the United States . Fred Riggs a political scientist, states that "comparisons to the United States also can be problematic, because of the tendency of many American scholars to presume the American organizational structures and processes are models for other nations to emulate, which was a failing of early developmental administrative studies ." In this, he claims the misuse and misapplication of comparative public administration has led to it being underdeveloped . </P>

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