<P> The most dangerous topic at the Congress was the so - called Polish - Saxon Crisis . Russia wanted most of Poland, and Prussia wanted all of Saxony, whose king had allied with Napoleon . The tsar would become king of Poland . Austria was fearful this would make Russia much too powerful, a view which was supported by Britain . The result was deadlock, for which Talleyrand proposed a solution: Admit France to the inner circle, and France would support Austria and Britain . The three nations signed a secret treaty on 3 January 1815, agreeing to go to war against Russia and Prussia, if necessary, to prevent the Russo - Prussian plan from coming to fruition . </P> <P> When the tsar heard of the secret treaty he agreed to a compromise that satisfied all parties on 24 October 1815 . Russia received most of the Napoleonic Duchy of Warsaw as a "Kingdom of Poland"--called Congress Poland, with the tsar as king ruling it independently of Russia . Russia, however, did not receive the province of Posen (Poznań), which was given to Prussia as the Grand Duchy of Posen, nor Kraków, which became a free city . Furthermore, the tsar was unable to unite the new domain with the parts of Poland that had been incorporated into Russia in the 1790s . Prussia received 60 percent of Saxony - later known as the Province of Saxony, with the remainder returned to King Frederick Augustus I as his Kingdom of Saxony . </P> <P> The Final Act, embodying all the separate treaties, was signed on 9 June 1815 (a few days before the Battle of Waterloo). Its provisions included: </P> <Ul> <Li> Russia was given most of the Duchy of Warsaw (Poland) and was allowed to keep Finland (which it had annexed from Sweden in 1809 and held until 1917). </Li> <Li> Prussia was given three fifths of Saxony, parts of the Duchy of Warsaw (the Grand Duchy of Posen), Danzig, and the Rhineland / Westphalia . </Li> <Li> A German Confederation of 39 states was created from the previous 300 of the Holy Roman Empire, under the presidency of the Austrian Emperor . Only portions of the territory of Austria and Prussia were included in the Confederation . </Li> <Li> The Netherlands and the Southern Netherlands (approx . modern - day Belgium) were united in a monarchy, the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, with the House of Orange - Nassau providing the king (the Eight Articles of London). </Li> <Li> To compensate for the Orange - Nassau's loss of the Nassau lands to Prussia, the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg were to form a personal union under the House of Orange - Nassau, with Luxembourg (but not the Netherlands) inside the German Confederation . </Li> <Li> Swedish Pomerania, given to Denmark a year earlier in return for Norway, was ceded by Denmark to Prussia . France received back Guadeloupe from Sweden in return for yearly installments to the Swedish king . </Li> <Li> The neutrality of Switzerland was guaranteed . </Li> <Li> Hanover gave up the Duchy of Lauenburg to Denmark, but was enlarged by the addition of former territories of the Bishop of Münster and by the formerly Prussian East Frisia, and made a kingdom . </Li> <Li> Most of the territorial gains of Bavaria, Württemberg, Baden, Hesse - Darmstadt, and Nassau under the mediatizations of 1801--1806 were recognized . Bavaria also gained control of the Rhenish Palatinate and parts of the Napoleonic Duchy of Würzburg and Grand Duchy of Frankfurt . Hesse - Darmstadt, in exchange for giving up the Duchy of Westphalia to Prussia, received Rhenish Hesse with its capital at Mainz . </Li> <Li> Austria regained control of the Tyrol and Salzburg; of the former Illyrian Provinces; of Tarnopol district (from Russia); received Lombardy - Venetia in Italy and Ragusa in Dalmatia . Former Austrian territory in Southwest Germany remained under the control of Württemberg and Baden, and the Austrian Netherlands were also not recovered . </Li> <Li> Habsburg princes were returned to control of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany and the Duchy of Modena . </Li> <Li> The Papal States were under the rule of the pope and restored to their former extent, with the exception of Avignon and the Comtat Venaissin, which remained part of France . </Li> <Li> Britain was confirmed in control of the Cape Colony in Southern Africa; Tobago; Ceylon; and various other colonies in Africa and Asia . Other colonies, most notably the Dutch East Indies and Martinique, were restored to their previous owners . </Li> <Li> The King of Sardinia was restored in Piedmont, Nice, and Savoy, and was given control of Genoa (putting an end to the brief proclamation of a restored Republic). </Li> <Li> The Duchies of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla were given to Marie Louise, Napoleon's wife . </Li> <Li> The Duchy of Lucca was created for the House of Bourbon - Parma, which would have reversionary rights to Parma after the death of Marie Louise . </Li> <Li> The Bourbon Ferdinand IV, King of Sicily was restored to control of the Kingdom of Naples after Joachim Murat, the king installed by Bonaparte, supported Napoleon in the Hundred Days and started the Neapolitan War by attacking Austria . </Li> <Li> The slave trade was condemned . </Li> <Li> Freedom of navigation was guaranteed for many rivers, notably the Rhine and the Danube . </Li> </Ul>

Who ruled france after the congress of vienna