<Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . (February 2015) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . (February 2015) </Td> </Tr> <P> Condensers are often used in reflux, where the hot solvent vapors of a liquid being heated are cooled and allowed to drip back . This reduces the loss of solvent allowing the mixture to be heated for extended periods . Condensers are used in distillation to cool the hot vapors, condensing them into liquid for separate collection . For fractional distillation, an air or Vigreux condenser is usually used to slow the rate at which the hot vapors rise, giving a better separation between the different components in the distillate . For microscale distillation, the apparatus includes the "pot", and the condenser fused into one - piece, which reduces the hold - up volume, and obviates the need for ground glass joints preventing contamination by grease and precluding leaks . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Simple distillation with Minimal Added Theoretical Plates </Th> <Th> (Legend) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Shown in a cutaway view, blue indicating cooling flow and bath, red and yellow indicating heat . White areas in the short Vigreux section, 3, above boiling flask 2, and in Liebig condenser 5, and in vacuum take - off adapter 10, and receiving flask 8 represent the path through which vapor flows to the Liebig condenser (2 → 3 → 5) and the condensate flows from the condenser to a pre-weighed collection flask (5 → 10 → 8). Per usual, trapezoids represent matching ground glass joints allowing tight seals of apparatus parts . Impure liquid 15 is placed in boiling flask 2, and on a hotplate - stirrer (1, 13) equipped with silicone oil bath 14, and heated with stirring (11, 12) or other otherwise prevented from "bumping" (see text). Vapor rises vertically, coming first in contact with the Vigreux indentations in distillation head 3, and when the reflux reaches the height of the downspout of the adapter (point of bulb of thermometer 4), vapor proceeds downward to contact Liebig condenser, 5, chilled by fluid flow through ports 6 and 7 . As the warm gases boiled from flask 2 come into contact with the cold surface of condenser 2, the gaseous volatile changes state to liquid (condenses), and proceeds to the right, through the drip tip of take - off adapter 10 into collection flask 8 . which is correspondingly cooled in bath 16 to prevent loss of product evaporation . After distillation is complete (often not to complete dryness of 15), the apparatus can be disassembled, a rough yield determined, and analysis for identity and purity as described above . Likewise, a as noted, distillation at ambient pressure has port 9 is attached to a drying tube while in a vacuum distillation, port 9 allows attachment of the vacuum pump . </Td> </Tr> </Table>

How does the condenser work in fractional distillation
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