<Li> Northern Democrats: 45--1 (98--2%) (only Robert Byrd of West Virginia voted against) </Li> <Li> Northern Republicans: 27--5 (84--16%) </Li> <P> Just one year earlier, the same Congress had passed the Equal Pay Act of 1963, which prohibited wage differentials based on sex . The prohibition on sex discrimination was added to the Civil Rights Act by Howard W. Smith, a powerful Virginia Democrat who chaired the House Rules Committee and who strongly opposed the legislation . Smith's amendment was passed by a teller vote of 168 to 133 . Historians debate Smith's motivation, whether it was a cynical attempt to defeat the bill by someone opposed to civil rights both for blacks and women, or an attempt to support their rights by broadening the bill to include women . Smith expected that Republicans, who had included equal rights for women in their party's platform since 1944, would probably vote for the amendment . Historians speculate that Smith was trying to embarrass northern Democrats who opposed civil rights for women because the clause was opposed by labor unions . Representative Carl Elliott of Alabama later claimed, "Smith didn't give a damn about women's rights...he was trying to knock off votes either then or down the line because there was always a hard core of men who didn't favor women's rights," and the Congressional Record records that Smith was greeted by laughter when he introduced the amendment . </P> <P> Smith asserted that he was not joking; he sincerely supported the amendment and, indeed, along with Rep. Martha Griffiths, he was the chief spokesperson for the amendment . For twenty years Smith had sponsored the Equal Rights Amendment (with no linkage to racial issues) in the House because he believed in it . He for decades had been close to the National Woman's Party and its leader Alice Paul, who was also the leader in winning the right to vote for women in 1920, the author of the first Equal Rights Amendment, and a chief supporter of equal rights proposals since then . She and other feminists had worked with Smith since 1945 trying to find a way to include sex as a protected civil rights category . Now was the moment . Griffiths argued that the new law would protect black women but not white women, and that was unfair to white women . Furthermore, she argued that the laws "protecting" women from unpleasant jobs were actually designed to enable men to monopolize those jobs, and that was unfair to women who were not allowed to try out for those jobs . The amendment passed with the votes of Republicans and Southern Democrats . The final law passed with the votes of Republicans and Northern Democrats . Thus, as Justice William Rehnquist explained in Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson, "The prohibition against discrimination based on sex was added to Title VII at the last minute on the floor of the House of Representatives...the bill quickly passed as amended, and we are left with little legislative history to guide us in interpreting the Act's prohibition against discrimination based on' sex ."' </P>

Who enforced the civil rights act of 1964