<P> The tidal range is the vertical difference between the high tide and the succeeding low tide . </P> <P> Tides are the rise and fall of sea levels caused by the combined effects of the gravitational forces exerted by the Moon and the Sun and the rotation of the Earth . The tidal range is not constant but changes depending on the locations of the sun and the moon . </P> <P> The most extreme tidal range occurs during spring tides, when the gravitational forces of both the Sun and Moon are aligned (syzygy), reinforcing each other in the same direction ((new moon))) or in opposite directions (full moon). During neap tides, when the Moon and Sun's gravitational force vectors act in quadrature (making a right angle to the Earth's orbit), the difference between high and low tides is smaller . Neap tides occur during the first and last quarters of the moon's phases . The largest annual tidal range can be expected around the time of the equinox, if coincidental with a spring tide . </P> <P> Tidal data for coastal areas is published by the national hydrographic service of the country concerned . Tidal data is based on astronomical phenomena and is predictable . Storm force winds blowing from a steady direction for a prolonged time interval combined with low barometric pressure can increase the tidal range, particularly in narrow bays . Such weather - related effects on the tide, which can cause ranges in excess of predicted values and can cause localized flooding, are not calculable in advance . </P>

During which phases of the moon are the high tides and low tides at extremes
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