<P> The division Mamdani spoke about in Citizen and Subject is still visible in African cities . The segregation he talks about was based on race, but now, it is based on wealth and class . African urban cities are divided between rich areas, and poor areas that do not have services . This is best illustrated by Johnny Miller, who created a project called Unequal Scenes to showcase the inequalities in urban African spaces . One city that Miller looks at is Nairobi in Kenya . The photographs he provides highlights the housing inequality . The suburb of Loresho is home to the rich that live in gated communities, and to the poor that live in slum communities . They are only separated by a concrete barrier . This barrier represents a class segregation and the uneven distribution of wealth . </P> <P> Achille Mbembe is a Cameroonian historian, political theorist, and philosopher who has written and theorized extensively on life in the colony and postcolony . His 2000 book, On the Postcolony, critically examines postcolonial life in Africa and is a prolific work within the field of postcolonialism . It is through this examination of the postcolony that Mbembe reveals the modes through which power was exerted in colonial Africa . He reminds the reader that colonial powers demanded use of African bodies in particularly violent ways for the purpose of labor as well as the shaping of subservient colonised identities . </P> <P> Through a comparison of power in the colony and postcolony, Mbembe demonstrates that violence in the colony was exerted on African bodies largely for the purpose of labor and submission . European colonial powers sought natural resources in African colonies and needed the requisite labor force to extract them and simultaneously build the colonial city around these industries . Because Europeans viewed native bodies as degenerate and in need of taming, violence was necessary to create a submissive laborer . </P> <P> Colonisers viewed this violence as necessary and good because it shaped the African into a productive worker . They had the simultaneous goals of utilizing the raw labor and shaping the identity and character of the African . By beating into the African a docile nature, colonisers ultimately shaped and enforced the way Africans could move through colonial spaces . The African's day - to - day life then became a show of submission done through exercises like public works projects and military conscription . </P>

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