<P> Across all variations of 802.11, maximum achievable throughputs are given either based on measurements under ideal conditions or in the layer - 2 data rates . This, however, does not apply to typical deployments in which data is being transferred between two endpoints, of which at least one is typically connected to a wired infrastructure and the other endpoint is connected to an infrastructure via a wireless link . </P> <P> This means that, typically, data frames pass an 802.11 (WLAN) medium, and are being converted to 802.3 (Ethernet) or vice versa . Due to the difference in the frame (header) lengths of these two media, the application's packet size determines the speed of the data transfer . This means applications that use small packets (e.g., VoIP) create dataflows with high - overhead traffic (i.e., a low goodput). Other factors that contribute to the overall application data rate are the speed with which the application transmits the packets (i.e., the data rate) and, of course, the energy with which the wireless signal is received . The latter is determined by distance and by the configured output power of the communicating devices . </P> <P> The same references apply to the attached graphs that show measurements of UDP throughput . Each represents an average (UDP) throughput (please note that the error bars are there, but barely visible due to the small variation) of 25 measurements . Each is with a specific packet size (small or large) and with a specific data rate (10 kbit / s--100 Mbit / s). Markers for traffic profiles of common applications are included as well . These figures assume there are no packet errors, which if occurring will lower transmission rate further . </P> <P> 802.11 b, 802.11 g, and 802.11 n - 2.4 utilize the 2.400--2.500 GHz spectrum, one of the ISM bands . 802.11 a and 802.11 n use the more heavily regulated 4.915--5.825 GHz band . These are commonly referred to as the "2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands" in most sales literature . Each spectrum is sub-divided into channels with a center frequency and bandwidth, analogous to the way radio and TV broadcast bands are sub-divided . </P>

What type of 802.11 frame is used for media access and includes rts frames