<P> Groundwater is the water present beneath Earth's surface in soil pore spaces and in the fractures of rock formations . A unit of rock or an unconsolidated deposit is called an aquifer when it can yield a usable quantity of water . The depth at which soil pore spaces or fractures and voids in rock become completely saturated with water is called the water table . Groundwater is recharged from, and eventually flows to, the surface naturally; natural discharge often occurs at springs and seeps, and can form oases or wetlands . Groundwater is also often withdrawn for agricultural, municipal, and industrial use by constructing and operating extraction wells . The study of the distribution and movement of groundwater is hydrogeology, also called groundwater hydrology . </P> <P> Typically, groundwater is thought of as water flowing through shallow aquifers, but, in the technical sense, it can also contain soil moisture, permafrost (frozen soil), immobile water in very low permeability bedrock, and deep geothermal or oil formation water . Groundwater is hypothesized to provide lubrication that can possibly influence the movement of faults . It is likely that much of Earth's subsurface contains some water, which may be mixed with other fluids in some instances . Groundwater may not be confined only to Earth . The formation of some of the landforms observed on Mars may have been influenced by groundwater . There is also evidence that liquid water may also exist in the subsurface of Jupiter's moon Europa . </P> <P> Groundwater is often cheaper, more convenient and less vulnerable to pollution than surface water . Therefore, it is commonly used for public water supplies . For example, groundwater provides the largest source of usable water storage in the United States, and California annually withdraws the largest amount of groundwater of all the states . Underground reservoirs contain far more water than the capacity of all surface reservoirs and lakes in the US, including the Great Lakes . Many municipal water supplies are derived solely from groundwater . </P>

Water that flows over the ground surface is called