<Li> 1941: U.S. begins large - scale lend - lease aid to Britain, Free France, the USSR and other Allies; Canada also provides financial aid . </Li> <Li> 1941: Germany invades the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa; fails to capture Moscow or Leningrad . </Li> <Li> 1942: Nazi Germany commences the Holocaust--a Final Solution, with the murder of 6 million Jews . </Li> <Li> 1943: After Stalingrad and Kursk, Soviet forces begin recapturing Nazi - occupied territory in the East . </Li>

Historically the rise of the european nation states can be attributed to