<Ul> <Li> 1800--James Grant discovers the Australian coastline from Cape Banks to Cape Otway . </Li> <Li> c. 1801--04--A fur trading post is built on Great Bear Lake . </Li> <Li> 1802--John Murray discovers Port Phillip Bay . </Li> <Li> 1802--Matthew Flinders explores the coast from Fowlers Bay to Encounter Bay, discovering Spencer Gulf, Kangaroo Island, and Gulf St. Vincent . </Li> <Li> 1802--Nicolas Baudin explores the coast from Cape Banks to Encounter Bay, where he meets Flinders . </Li> <Li> 1802--03--Flinders circumnavigates Australia . </Li> <Li> 1805--06--Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, from Fort Mandan, ascend the Missouri to its headwaters, cross the Continental Divide via Lemhi Pass in the Bitterroot Range to enter the present state of Idaho, and descend the Clearwater and Snake rivers to the Columbia, which they descend to its mouth; on the way back Lewis explores the Blackfoot and Sun rivers, as well as the headwaters of the Marias, while Clark travels through Bozeman Pass and descends the Yellowstone to its confluence with the Missouri . </Li> <Li> 1805--06--Mungo Park descends the Niger as far as the Bussa rapids, where he is drowned . </Li> <Li> 1806--Yakov Sannikov discovers New Siberia Island . </Li> <Li> 1806--Abraham Bristow discovers the Auckland Islands . </Li> <Li> 1808--Simon Fraser descends the Fraser River for some 800 kilometres (500 mi) to its mouth, reaching the Strait of Georgia . </Li> <Li> 1810--Frederick Hasselborough discovers Campbell and Macquarie Islands . </Li> <Li> 1811--12--Wilson Price Hunt discovers Union Pass in the Wind River Range and reaches the upper Snake River, while Robert Stuart discovers South Pass--his route would later become the Oregon Trail . </Li> <Li> 1816--Otto von Kotzebue discovers Kotzebue Sound . </Li> <Li> 1819--William Smith discovers the South Shetland Islands . </Li> <Li> 1819--20--William Edward Parry enters Lancaster Sound and reaches Melville Island, discovering and naming Cornwallis, Bathurst, and Somerset Islands; the following year sights "Banks Land" (Banks Island). </Li> <Li> 1820--Edward Bransfield sights the Antarctic Peninsula; also discovers northernmost islands of the South Shetlands . </Li> <Li> 1820--21--Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen discovers the northernmost islands of the South Sandwich group; following year discovers Peter I and Alexander Islands . </Li> <Li> 1821--John Franklin explores over 800 kilometres (500 mi) of coastline from the mouth of the Coppermine River to Point Turnagain on the Kent Peninsula . </Li> <Li> 1821--Sealers Nathaniel Palmer and George Powell discover "Powell's Islands" (South Orkney Islands). </Li> <Li> 1821--23--Parry explores the eastern side of the Melville Peninsula, reaching the western entrance of Fury and Hecla Strait; also explores the northern coast of Foxe Basin . </Li> <Li> 1823--Dixon Denham, Walter Oudney, and Hugh Clapperton are the first Europeans to sight Lake Chad . </Li> <Li> 1823--Sealer James Weddell sails to 74 ° 15 ′ S into "King George IV's Sea" (Weddell Sea). </Li> <Li> 1824--Samuel Black ascends the Finlay to Thutade Lake, source of the Finlay - Peace - Slave - Mackenzie river system; then portages to the Stikine and Turnagain . </Li> <Li> 1824--25--Étienne Provost, Jim Bridger, and Peter Skene Ogden independently reach Great Salt Lake . </Li> <Li> 1825--26--Franklin explores the Arctic coastline from the mouth of the Mackenzie River west to Point Beechey, while his partner John Richardson explores east to the Coppermine River, naming Dolphin and Union Strait and discovering "Wollaston Land" (part of the southern coast of Victoria Island)--combining to chart over 1,930 kilometres (1,200 mi) of coastline; Richardson also surveys the five arms of Great Bear Lake . </Li> <Li> 1826--Frederick William Beechey charts the Alaskan coastline from Icy Cape to Point Barrow; also discovers Vanavana, Fangataufa, and Ahunui in the Tuamotu archipelago . </Li> <Li> 1826--Alexander Gordon Laing becomes the first European to reach the fabled city of Timbuktu . </Li> <Li> 1827--Jedediah Smith crosses the Sierra Nevada (via Ebbetts Pass) and Great Basin . </Li> <Li> 1828--René Caillié is the first European to return alive from Timbuktu . </Li> <Li> 1829--30--John Ross discovers "Boothia Felix" (the Boothia Peninsula); the following year his nephew James Clark Ross crosses its narrow isthmus and reaches King William Island . </Li> <Li> 1830--Richard Lander and his brother John descend the Niger for more than 643 kilometres (400 mi) from Bussa to its mouth . </Li> <Li> 1831--32--John Biscoe discovers Enderby Land; following year discovers Adelaide, Anvers, and Biscoe Islands . </Li> <Li> 1833--Andrei Glazunov and Semyon Lukin discover the mouth of the Yukon River . </Li> <Li> 1833--35--Pyotr Pakhtusov and Avgust Tsivolko chart the entire east coast of Yuzhny Island, as well as the east coast of Severny Island north to nearly 74 ° 24' N . </Li> <Li> 1834--George Back descends the Back River to Chantrey Inlet . </Li> <Li> 1837--Glazunov ascends the Unalakleet and portages to the middle Yukon . </Li> <Li> 1837--39--Peter Warren Dease and Thomas Simpson reach Point Barrow from the east; following two summers they map the region from Point Turnagain to just north of the Castor and Pollux River on the Boothia Peninsula and chart the coastline of "Victoria Land" (Victoria Island) from Point Back to Point Parry . </Li> <Li> 1838--Pyotr Malakhov reaches Nulato, near the confluence of the Koyukuk and Yukon . </Li> <Li> 1838--40--Jules Dumont d'Urville discovers the Joinville Island group and Adélie Land (138 ° 21 ′ E). </Li> <Li> 1839--John Balleny discovers the Balleny Islands and sights the Sabrina Coast (121 ° E). </Li> <Li> 1840--Charles Wilkes discovers Wilkes Land, mapping 2,414 kilometres (1,500 mi) of the Antarctic coast from Piner Bay (140 ° E) to the Shackleton Ice Shelf (97 ° E), proving that Antarctica is a continent . </Li> <Li> 1841--43--James Clark Ross discovers the Ross Sea, reaches 78 ° 09 ′ 30" S, and discovers the active volcano Mount Erebus on Ross Island, the Ross Ice Shelf, and Victoria Land; also sights Snow Hill, Seymour, and James Ross Islands . </Li> <Li> 1845--John Bell discovers the Porcupine, which he descends to its confluence with the Yukon . </Li> <Li> 1846--Candido José da Costa Cardoso discovers Lake Malawi . </Li> <Li> 1846--Rodrigues Graça travels from Angola to southwestern Katanga . </Li> <Li> 1846--47--John Rae maps over 1,046 kilometres (650 mi) of coastline, from Lord Mayor Bay to Cape Crozier, discovering Committee Bay . </Li> <Li> c. 1847--48--António da Silva Porto reaches the upper Zambezi . </Li> <Li> 1848--Johannes Rebmann is the first to sight Mount Kilimanjaro . </Li> <Li> 1849--David Livingstone and William Cotton Oswell cross the Kalahari Desert to Lake Ngami . </Li> <Li> 1849--James Clark Ross charts 240 kilometres (150 mi) of the west coast of Somerset Island south to Cape Coulman, discovering Peel Sound . </Li> <Li> 1850--Edwin De Haven sails up Wellington Channel, discovering and naming "Grinnell Land" (the Grinnell Peninsula, which forms the northwestern corner of Devon Island). </Li> <Li> 1850--54--Robert McClure transits the Northwest Passage (by boat and sledge); he and his men also chart some 2,736 kilometres (1,700 mi) of new coastline, consisting of the entire coast of Banks Island and much of the northwestern coast of Victoria Island (from just east of Point Reynolds in the north to Prince Albert Sound in the south), in the process discovering Prince of Wales Strait and McClure Strait . </Li> <Li> 1851--Rae charts over 965 kilometres (600 mi) of the southern coastline of Victoria Island, from Cape Back to Pelly Point . </Li> <Li> 1851--Erasmus Ommanney, Sherard Osborn and William Browne chart the northern half of Prince of Wales Island, Osborn west to Sherard Osborn Point (72 ° 20' N) and Browne east to Pandora Island; meanwhile, Robert D. Aldrich charts the west coast of the Bathurst Island group north to Cape Aldrich (about 76 ° 11' N, on Île Vanier) and Dr. Abraham Bradford charts the east coast of Melville Island north to Bradford Point . </Li> <Li> 1851--Robert Campbell descends the Pelly to the Yukon, which he descends to its confluence with the Porcupine, reaching Fort Yukon . </Li> <Li> 1851--52--William Kennedy and Joseph René Bellot discover Bellot Strait and cross Prince of Wales Island east to west, reaching Ommanney Bay . </Li> <Li> 1852--Edward Augustus Inglefield reaches 78 ° 28' N, entering Smith Sound; also charts Jones Sound as far west as 84 ° 10' W . </Li> <Li> 1852--53--Edward Belcher sails two of his squadron to the northwestern coast of the Grinnell Peninsula, wintering at 77 ° 52' N, 97 ° W; later circumnavigates the peninsula via Arthur Strait (now Fiord), discovering Cornwall and North Kent . </Li> <Li> 1853--Richard Vesey Hamilton and George Henry Richards chart the Sabine Peninsula of Melville Island from Cape Mudge east to Bradford Point; the latter, along with Sherard Osborn, also charts the northern coast of Bathurst Island . </Li> <Li> 1853--George Mecham discovers Prince Patrick and Eglinton Islands and charts the southwest corner of Melville Island; along with Francis Leopold McClintock, he charts nearly the entire coast of Prince Patrick; McClintock also charts the northwest coast of Melville Island, from Cape Fisher northwest to Cape Scott and south along its west coast to Cape Purchase . </Li> <Li> 1853--54--Elisha Kent Kane and his men chart the Kane Basin and discover Kennedy Channel; one of his men, William Morton, reaches as far north as Kap Constitution (81 ° 22' N). </Li> <Li> 1853--56--Livingstone becomes the first to traverse Africa from west to east, traveling from Luanda in Angola to Quelimane in Mozambique; also explores much of the upper Zambezi and discovers and names Victoria Falls . </Li> <Li> 1854--Rae charts the Boothia Peninsula from the Castor and Pollux River north to Point de la Guiche, discovering Rae Strait and proving the insularity of King William Island . </Li> <Li> 1858--Richard Francis Burton and John Hanning Speke discover Lake Tanganyika and Lake Victoria . </Li> <Li> 1859--McClintock charts the remaining 193 kilometres (120 mi) of the continental coastline of America (on the west coast of the Boothia Peninsula), while his companion Allen Young charts the southern half of Prince of Wales Island . </Li> <Li> 1860--61--Robert O'Hara Burke and William Wills are the first to cross Australia from south to north, traveling from Melbourne to the Flinders River . </Li> <Li> 1862--Speke discovers the Nile flowing from the northern end of Lake Victoria . </Li> <Li> 1862--Ivan Lukin ascends the Yukon to Fort Yukon . </Li> <Li> 1864--Samuel Baker discovers "Luta Nzige" (Lake Albert); in the distance he sights the Mountains of the Moon (the Rwenzori). </Li> <Li> 1865--Edward Whymper is the first to ascend the Matterhorn . </Li> <Li> 1869--70--Carl Koldewey and Julius von Payer explore the east coast of Greenland from 74 ° 18' to 77 ° 01'N . </Li> <Li> 1871--Charles Francis Hall reaches Robeson Channel, sailing his ship as far north as 82 ° 11' N; he later travels by sledge to 83 ° 05' N . </Li> <Li> 1872--William Adams proves the insularity of Bylot Island . </Li> <Li> 1873--74--Karl Weyprecht and Von Payer discover and name Franz Josef Land . </Li> <Li> 1875--76--George Nares sails as far north as 82 ° 24' N; following year Albert Hastings Markham sledges to 83 ° 20' 26" N, while Pelham Aldrich sledges along the northern coast of Ellesmere Island east to Alert Point and Lewis A. Beaumont explores the northwestern coast of Greenland . </Li> <Li> 1875--77--Henry Morton Stanley circumnavigates both Lakes Tanganyika and Victoria, sights Lake George, and descends the Lualaba and Congo to the sea . </Li> <Li> 1876--Luigi D'Albertis ascends over 800 kilometres (500 mi) up the Fly River in New Guinea . </Li> <Li> 1878--79--Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld is the first to transit the Northeast Passage . </Li> <Li> 1881--83--Adolphus Greely explores the interior of Ellesmere Island, discovering Lake Hazen; one of his men, James Booth Lockwood, crosses the island and reaches Greely Fiord, as well as sledging eastwards to the vicinity of Kap Washington (reaching 83 ° 23'08" N in the process). </Li> <Li> 1883--84--Franz Boas is the first to see Nettilling Lake . </Li> <Li> 1887--89--Stanley traverses the Ituri Rainforest, explores the Rwenzori, and follows the Semliki to its source (which he names Lake Edward). </Li> <Li> 1892--Robert Peary discovers and names Independence Bay and Peary Land . </Li> <Li> 1893--96--Fridtjof Nansen and Hjalmar Johansen sledge to 86 ° 13'06" N; their ship, the Fram, under Otto Sverdrup, drifts in the ice from the New Siberian Islands west to the northwest coast of Spitsbergen, reaching 85 ° 55'05" N--a new record for a ship . </Li> <Li> 1898--1902--Sverdrup and Gunnar Isachsen chart the western coast of Ellesmere Island and discover and name Axel Heiberg, Ellef Ringnes, Amund Ringnes, and King Christian Islands . </Li> </Ul> <Li> 1800--James Grant discovers the Australian coastline from Cape Banks to Cape Otway . </Li> <Li> c. 1801--04--A fur trading post is built on Great Bear Lake . </Li> <Li> 1802--John Murray discovers Port Phillip Bay . </Li>

When were european countries exploring and conquering other territories