<P> The Eighth Amendment forbids the imposition of excessive bails or fines, though it leaves the term "excessive" open to interpretation . The most frequently litigated clause of the amendment is the last, which forbids cruel and unusual punishment . This clause was only occasionally applied by the Supreme Court prior to the 1970s, generally in cases dealing with means of execution . In Furman v. Georgia (1972), some members of the Court found capital punishment itself in violation of the amendment, arguing that the clause could reflect "evolving standards of decency" as public opinion changed; others found certain practices in capital trials to be unacceptably arbitrary, resulting in a majority decision that effectively halted executions in the United States for several years . Executions resumed following Gregg v. Georgia (1976), which found capital punishment to be constitutional if the jury was directed by concrete sentencing guidelines . The Court has also found that some poor prison conditions constitute cruel and unusual punishment, as in Estelle v. Gamble (1976) and Brown v. Plata (2011). </P> <P> The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people . </P> <P> The Ninth Amendment declares that there are additional fundamental rights that exist outside the Constitution . The rights enumerated in the Constitution are not an explicit and exhaustive list of individual rights . It was rarely mentioned in Supreme Court decisions before the second half of the 20th century, when it was cited by several of the justices in Griswold v. Connecticut (1965). The Court in that case voided a statute prohibiting use of contraceptives as an infringement of the right of marital privacy . This right was, in turn, the foundation upon which the Supreme Court built decisions in several landmark cases, including, Roe v. Wade (1973), which overturned a Texas law making it a crime to assist a woman to get an abortion, and Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992), which invalidated a Pennsylvania law that required spousal awareness prior to obtaining an abortion . </P> <P> The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people . </P>

How many rights do we have in america