<P> Typically the open - loop phase lag (relative to input) varies with frequency, progressively increasing to exceed 180 °, at which frequency the output signal becomes inverted, or antiphase in relation to the input . The PM will be positive but decreasing at frequencies less than the frequency at which inversion sets in (at which PM = 0), and PM is negative (PM <0) at higher frequencies . In the presence of negative feedback, a zero or negative PM at a frequency where the loop gain exceeds unity (1) guarantees instability . Thus positive PM is a "safety margin" that ensures proper (non-oscillatory) operation of the circuit . This applies to amplifier circuits as well as more generally, to active filters, under various load conditions (e.g. reactive loads). In its simplest form, involving ideal negative feedback voltage amplifiers with non-reactive feedback, the phase margin is measured at the frequency where the open - loop voltage gain of the amplifier equals the desired closed - loop DC voltage gain . </P> <P> More generally, PM is defined as that of the amplifier and its feedback network combined (the "loop", normally opened at the amplifier input), measured at a frequency where the loop gain is unity, and prior to the closing of the loop, through tying the output of the open loop to the input source, in such a way as to subtract from it . </P> <P> In the above loop - gain definition, it is assumed that the amplifier input presents zero load . To make this work for non-zero - load input, the output of the feedback network needs to be loaded with an equivalent load for the purpose of determining the frequency response of the loop gain . </P> <P> It is also assumed that the graph of gain vs. frequency crosses unity gain with a negative slope and does so only once . This consideration matters only with reactive and active feedback networks, as may be the case with active filters . </P>

Which type of system exhibit fastest and non-oscillatory response