<Li> Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease </Li> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Compound </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> Species </Th> <Th> Ref </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 - Quinuclidinyl benzilate </Td> <Td> 0.035--0.044 </Td> <Td> 0.027--0.030 </Td> <Td> 0.080--0.088 </Td> <Td> 0.034--0.037 </Td> <Td> 0.043--0.065 </Td> <Td> Human </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 - DAMP </Td> <Td> 0.57--0.58 </Td> <Td> 3.80--7.3 </Td> <Td> 0.37--0.52 </Td> <Td> 0.72--1.17 </Td> <Td> 0.55--1.05 </Td> <Td> Human </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> AF - DX 250 </Td> <Td> 427 </Td> <Td> 55.0 </Td> <Td> 692 </Td> <Td> 162 </Td> <Td> 3020 </Td> <Td> Human </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> AF - DX 384 </Td> <Td> 30.9 </Td> <Td> 6.03 </Td> <Td> 66.1 </Td> <Td> 10.0 </Td> <Td> 537 </Td> <Td> Human </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> AQ - RA 741 </Td> <Td> 28.8 </Td> <Td> 4.27 </Td> <Td> 63.1 </Td> <Td> 6.46 </Td> <Td> 832 </Td> <Td> Human </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Atropine </Td> <Td> 0.21--0.50 </Td> <Td> 0.76--1.5 </Td> <Td> 0.15--1.1 </Td> <Td> 0.13--0.6 </Td> <Td> 0.21--1.7 </Td> <Td> Human </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Benzatropine (benztropine) </Td> <Td> 0.231 </Td> <Td> 1.4 </Td> <Td> 1.1 </Td> <Td> 1.1 </Td> <Td> 2.8 </Td> <Td> Human </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Biperiden </Td> <Td> 0.48 </Td> <Td> 6.3 </Td> <Td> 3.9 </Td> <Td> 2.4 </Td> <Td> 6.3 </Td> <Td> Human </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Darifenacin </Td> <Td> 5.5--13 </Td> <Td> 47--77 </Td> <Td> 0.84--2.0 </Td> <Td> 8.6--22 </Td> <Td> 2.3--5.4 </Td> <Td> Human </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dicycloverine (dicyclomine) </Td> <Td> 57 (IC) </Td> <Td> 415 (IC) </Td> <Td> 67 (IC) </Td> <Td> 97 (IC) </Td> <Td> 53 (IC) </Td> <Td> Human / rat </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hexahydrodifenidol </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 200 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 76 (IC) </Td> <Td> 83 </Td> <Td> Human / rat </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hexahydrosiladifenidol </Td> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> 249 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 298 (IC) </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> Human / rat </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> (R) - Hexbutinol </Td> <Td> 2.09 </Td> <Td> 20.9 </Td> <Td> 2.14 </Td> <Td> 3.02 </Td> <Td> 5.50 </Td> <Td> Human </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hexocyclium </Td> <Td> 2.3 </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 1.4 </Td> <Td> 5.5 </Td> <Td> 3.7 </Td> <Td> Human / rat </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Himbacine </Td> <Td> 107 </Td> <Td> 10.0 </Td> <Td> 93.3 </Td> <Td> 11.0 </Td> <Td> 490 </Td> <Td> Human </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ipratropium </Td> <Td> 0.49 </Td> <Td> 1.5 </Td> <Td> 0.51 </Td> <Td> 0.66 </Td> <Td> 1.7 </Td> <Td> Human </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Methoctramine </Td> <Td> 16--50 </Td> <Td> 3.6--14.4 </Td> <Td> 118--277 </Td> <Td> 31.6--38.0 </Td> <Td> 57--313 </Td> <Td> Human </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> N - Methylscopolamine </Td> <Td> 0.054--0.079 </Td> <Td> 0.083--0.251 </Td> <Td> 0.052--0.099 </Td> <Td> 0.026--0.097 </Td> <Td> 0.106--0.125 </Td> <Td> Human </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Orphenadrine </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> 213 </Td> <Td> 120 </Td> <Td> 170 </Td> <Td> 129 </Td> <Td> Human </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Otenzepad (AF - DX 116) </Td> <Td> 1300 </Td> <Td> 186 </Td> <Td> 838 </Td> <Td> 1800 (IC) </Td> <Td> 2800 </Td> <Td> Human / rat </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Oxybutynin </Td> <Td> 0.66 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 0.72 </Td> <Td> 0.54 </Td> <Td> 7.4 </Td> <Td> Human </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> pFHHSiD </Td> <Td> 22.4 </Td> <Td> 132 </Td> <Td> 15.5 </Td> <Td> 31.6 </Td> <Td> 93.3 </Td> <Td> Human </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pirenzepine </Td> <Td> 6.3--8 </Td> <Td> 224--906 </Td> <Td> 75--180 </Td> <Td> 17--37 </Td> <Td> 66--170 </Td> <Td> Human </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Procyclidine </Td> <Td> 4.6 </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> 12.4 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Human </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Propiverine </Td> <Td> 476 </Td> <Td> 2970 </Td> <Td> 420 </Td> <Td> 536 </Td> <Td> 109 </Td> <Td> Human </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Scopolamine (hyoscine) </Td> <Td> 1.1 </Td> <Td> 2.0 </Td> <Td> 0.44 </Td> <Td> 0.8 </Td> <Td> 2.07 </Td> <Td> Human </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Silahexacyclium </Td> <Td> 2.0 </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3.2 </Td> <Td> 2.0 </Td> <Td> Human / rat </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Timepidium </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> 7.7 </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Human </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tiquizium </Td> <Td> 4.1 </Td> <Td> 4.0 </Td> <Td> 2.8 </Td> <Td> 3.6 </Td> <Td> 8.2 </Td> <Td> Human </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Trihexyphenidyl </Td> <Td> 1.6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 6.4 </Td> <Td> 2.6 </Td> <Td> 15.9 </Td> <Td> Human </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tripitamine (tripitramine) </Td> <Td> 1.58 </Td> <Td> 0.27 </Td> <Td> 38.25 </Td> <Td> 6.41 </Td> <Td> 33.87 </Td> <Td> Human </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Zamifenacin </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> 153 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 68 </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> Human </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Values are K (nM). The smaller the value, the more strongly the drug binds to the site . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Tr> <Th> Compound </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> Species </Th> <Th> Ref </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 - Quinuclidinyl benzilate </Td> <Td> 0.035--0.044 </Td> <Td> 0.027--0.030 </Td> <Td> 0.080--0.088 </Td> <Td> 0.034--0.037 </Td> <Td> 0.043--0.065 </Td> <Td> Human </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr>

What is the mechanism of action of inhaled muscarinic receptor antagonists