<P> Satyagraha Sanskrit: सत्याग्रह; satya: "truth", graha: "insistence" or "holding firmly to") or holding onto truth or truth force--is a particular form of nonviolent resistance or civil resistance . The term satyagraha was coined and developed by Mahatma Gandhi (1869--1948). He deployed satyagraha in the Indian independence movement and also during his earlier struggles in South Africa for Indian rights . Satyagraha theory influenced Martin Luther King Jr.'s and James Bevel's campaigns during the Civil Rights Movement in the United States, and many other social justice and similar movements . Someone who practices satyagraha is a satyagrahi . </P> <P> The term originated in a competition in the news - sheet Indian Opinion in South Africa in 1906 . Mr. Maganlal Gandhi, grandson of an uncle of Gandhi, came up with the word "Sadagraha" and won the prize . Subsequently, to make it clearer, Gandhi changed it to Satyagraha . "Satyagraha" is a tatpuruṣaya compound of the Sanskrit words satya (meaning "truth") and agraha ("polite insistence", or "holding firmly to"). Satya is derived from the word "sat", which means "being". Nothing is or exists in reality except Truth . In the context of satyagraha, Truth therefore includes a) Truth in speech, as opposed to falsehood, b) what is real, as opposed to nonexistent (asat) and c) good as opposed to evil, or bad . This was critical to Gandhi's understanding of and faith in nonviolence: "The world rests upon the bedrock of satya or truth . Asatya, meaning untruth, also means nonexistent, and satya or truth also means that which is . If untruth does not so much as exist, its victory is out of the question . And truth being that which is, can never be destroyed . This is the doctrine of satyagraha in a nutshell ." For Gandhi, satyagraha went far beyond mere "passive resistance" and became strength in practising non-violent methods . In his words: </P> <P> Truth (satya) implies love, and firmness (agraha) engenders and therefore serves as a synonym for force . I thus began to call the Indian movement Satyagraha, that is to say, the Force which is born of Truth and Love or non-violence, and gave up the use of the phrase "passive resistance", in connection with it, so much so that even in English writing we often avoided it and used instead the word "satyagraha" itself or some other equivalent English phrase . </P>

When did first formulation of satyagraha in india as political movement occur