<P> There is some debate over whether recycling is economically efficient . It is said that dumping 10,000 tons of waste in a landfill creates six jobs while recycling 10,000 tons of waste can create over 36 jobs . However, the cost effectiveness of creating the additional jobs remains unproven . According to the U.S. Recycling Economic Informational Study, there are over 50,000 recycling establishments that have created over a million jobs in the US . </P> <P> Two years after New York City declared that implementing recycling programs would be "a drain on the city," New York City leaders realized that an efficient recycling system could save the city over $20 million . Municipalities often see fiscal benefits from implementing recycling programs, largely due to the reduced landfill costs . A study conducted by the Technical University of Denmark according to the Economist found that in 83 percent of cases, recycling is the most efficient method to dispose of household waste . However, a 2004 assessment by the Danish Environmental Assessment Institute concluded that incineration was the most effective method for disposing of drink containers, even aluminium ones . </P> <P> Fiscal efficiency is separate from economic efficiency . Economic analysis of recycling does not include what economists call externalities, which are unpriced costs and benefits that accrue to individuals outside of private transactions . Examples include: decreased air pollution and greenhouse gases from incineration, reduced hazardous waste leaching from landfills, reduced energy consumption, and reduced waste and resource consumption, which leads to a reduction in environmentally damaging mining and timber activity . About 4,000 minerals are known, of these only a few hundred minerals in the world are relatively common . Known reserves of phosphorus will be exhausted within the next 100 years at current rates of usage . Without mechanisms such as taxes or subsidies to internalize externalities, businesses may ignore them despite the costs imposed on society . To make such nonfiscal benefits economically relevant, advocates have pushed for legislative action to increase the demand for recycled materials . The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has concluded in favor of recycling, saying that recycling efforts reduced the country's carbon emissions by a net 49 million metric tonnes in 2005 . In the United Kingdom, the Waste and Resources Action Programme stated that Great Britain's recycling efforts reduce CO emissions by 10--15 million tonnes a year . Recycling is more efficient in densely populated areas, as there are economies of scale involved . </P> <P> Certain requirements must be met for recycling to be economically feasible and environmentally effective . These include an adequate source of recyclates, a system to extract those recyclates from the waste stream, a nearby factory capable of reprocessing the recyclates, and a potential demand for the recycled products . These last two requirements are often overlooked--without both an industrial market for production using the collected materials and a consumer market for the manufactured goods, recycling is incomplete and in fact only "collection". </P>

Name at least two benefits of recycling more of our wastes
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