<P> As mentioned above, one of the most important scientific advancements in all of history was the unification of light, electricity and magnetism through Maxwell's electromagnetic theory . A scientific understanding of electricity was necessary for the development of efficient electric generators, motors and transformers . David Edward Hughes and Heinrich Hertz both demonstrated and confirmed the phenomenon of electromagnetic waves that had been predicted by Maxwell . </P> <P> It was Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi who successfully commercialized radio at the turn of the century . He founded The Wireless Telegraph & Signal Company in Britain in 1897 and in the same year transmitted Morse code across Salisbury Plain, sent the first ever wireless communication over open sea and made the first transatlantic transmission in 1901 from Poldhu, Cornwall to Signal Hill, Newfoundland . Marconi built high - powered stations on both sides of the Atlantic and began a commercial service to transmit nightly news summaries to subscribing ships in 1904 . </P> <P> The key development of the vacuum tube by Sir John Ambrose Fleming in 1904 underpinned the development of modern electronics and radio broadcasting . Lee De Forest's subsequent invention of the triode allowed the amplification of electronic signals, which paved the way for radio broadcasting in the 1920s . </P> <P> Railroads are credited with creating the modern business enterprise by scholars such as Alfred Chandler . Previously, the management of most businesses had consisted of individual owners or groups of partners, some of whom often had little daily hands - on operations involvement . Centralized expertise in the home office was not enough . A railroad required expertise available across the whole length of its trackage, to deal with daily crises, breakdowns and bad weather . A collision in Massachusetts in 1841 led to a call for safety reform . This led to the reorganization of railroads into different departments with clear lines of management authority . When the telegraph became available, companies built telegraph lines along the railroads to keep track of trains . </P>

Which of the following was a consequence of the second industrial revolution