<P> In 1593, the first printing press in the Philippine islands was founded and it released the first (albeit polyglot) book, the Doctrina Christiana that same year . In the 17th century, Spanish religious orders founded the first universities in the Philippines, some of which are considered the oldest in Asia . During colonial rule through Mexico, Spanish was the language of education, trade, politics, and religion, and by the 19th century, became the colony's lingua franca although it was mainly used by the educated Filipinos . In 1863, a Spanish decree introduced a system of public education, creating free public schooling in Spanish . In the 1890s, the Philippines had a prominent group of Spanish - speaking scholars called the Ilustrados, such as José Rizal . Some of these scholars participated in the Philippine Revolution and later in the struggle against American occupation . Both the Malolos Constitution and the Lupang Hinirang (national anthem) were written in Spanish . </P> <P> Under U.S. rule, the English language began to be promoted instead of Spanish . The use of Spanish began to decline as a result of the introduction of English into the public schools as a language of instruction . The 1935 constitution establishing the Philippine Commonwelath designated both English and Spanish as official languages . The 1950 census stated that Filipinos who spoke Spanish as a first or second language made up only 6% of the population . In 1990, the census reported that the number had dwindled to just 2,500 . A 2012 survey estimates that while around 3 million people can speak Spanish with varying degrees of competency, only around 439,000 people can speak the language at a native level . </P> <P> Spanish briefly lost its status as an official language upon promulgation of the 1973 constitution but regained official status two months later when President Marcos signed Presidential Decree No. 155 . In the 1987 constitution, Spanish is designated as an "optional and voluntary language" but does not mention it as an "official language". Spanish was dropped as a college requirement during Corazón Aquino's administration . Former president Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, a third - language Spanish speaker, introduced legislation to re-establish the instruction of Spanish in 2009 in the state education system . Today, the language is still spoken by Filipino - Spanish mestizos and Spanish families who are mainly concentrated in Metro Manila, Iloilo and Cebu . It remains a required subject in some academic institutions, such as the University of Santo Tomás in Manila and the University of San Carlos in Cebu . </P> <P> Many historical documents, land titles, and works of literature are written in Spanish and are still not translated into Filipino languages, despite the fact that some such as land titles have legal value . Spanish, through colonization has contributed the largest number of loanwords and expressions in Tagalog, Cebuano, and other Philippine languages . The Academia Filipina de la Lengua Espanola (Philippine Academy of the Spanish Language), established in 1924, is a founding member of the Association of Academies of the Spanish Language; an association of the various Spanish academies of the world which cooperate in the standardizing and promotion of the Spanish language . Among its past and present academics are former President Arroyo, former Foreign Affairs Secretary Alberto Romulo, and Archbishop of Cebú Cardinal Ricardo Vidal . </P>

Which of the following languages is indigenous to the philippines