<P> However, and simultaneously, two research groups have found independently in 2017 new theoretical evidence of the Mpemba effect and predicted also a new "inverse" Mpemba effect consisting on faster heating of a far - from - equilibrium cooled system, relative to another system initially hotter . Lu and Raz yield a general criterion based on Markovian statistical mechanics, predicting the appearance of the inverse Mpemba effect in the Ising model and diffusion dynamics . Lasanta and coworkers predict also the direct and inverse Mpemba effects for a granular gas in a far - from - equilibrium initial state . In this last work, it is suggested that a very generic mechanism leading to both Mpemba effects is due to a particle velocity distribution function that significantly deviates from the Maxwell - Boltzmann distribution . </P> <P> The behaviour seems contrary to natural expectation but many explanations have been proposed . </P> <Ul> <Li> Evaporation: The evaporation of the warmer water reduces the mass of the water to be frozen . Evaporation is endothermic, meaning that the water mass is cooled by vapor carrying away the heat, but this alone probably does not account for the entirety of the effect . </Li> <Li> Convection: Accelerating heat transfers . Reduction of water density below 4 ° C (39 ° F) tends to suppress the convection currents that cool the lower part of the liquid mass; the lower density of hot water would reduce this effect, perhaps sustaining the more rapid initial cooling . Higher convection in the warmer water may also spread ice crystals around faster . </Li> <Li> Frost: Has insulating effects . The lower temperature water will tend to freeze from the top, reducing further heat loss by radiation and air convection, while the warmer water will tend to freeze from the bottom and sides because of water convection . This is disputed as there are experiments that account for this factor . </Li> <Li> Solutes: The effects of calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate among others . </Li> <Li> Thermal conductivity: The container of hotter liquid may melt through a layer of frost that is acting as an insulator under the container (frost is an insulator, as mentioned above), allowing the container to come into direct contact with a much colder lower layer that the frost formed on (ice, refrigeration coils, etc .) The container now rests on a much colder surface (or one better at removing heat, such as refrigeration coils) than the originally colder water, and so cools far faster from this point on . </Li> <Li> Dissolved gases: Cold water can contain more dissolved gases than hot water, which may somehow change the properties of the water with respect to convection currents, a proposition that has some experimental support but no theoretical explanation . </Li> <Li> Hydrogen bonding: In warm water, hydrogen bonding is weaker . </Li> <Li> Crystallization: Another explanation suggests that the relatively higher population of water hexamer states in warm water might be responsible for the faster crystallization . </Li> <Li> Entropy: Warmed up & recooled water gains more entropy than cold water . </Li> <Li> Distribution function: Strong deviations from the Maxwell - Boltzmann distribution results in potential Mpemba effect showing up in gases . </Li> </Ul> <Li> Evaporation: The evaporation of the warmer water reduces the mass of the water to be frozen . Evaporation is endothermic, meaning that the water mass is cooled by vapor carrying away the heat, but this alone probably does not account for the entirety of the effect . </Li>

Why does hot water freeze faster than cold water of the same mass
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