<P> In molecular biology and genetics, translation is the process in which ribosomes in the cytoplasm or ER synthesize proteins after the process transcription of DNA to RNA in the cell's nucleus . The entire process is called gene expression . </P> <P> In translation, messenger RNA (mRNA) is decoded by a ribosome, outside the nucleus, to produce a specific amino acid chain, or polypeptide . The polypeptide later folds into an active protein and performs its functions in the cell . The ribosome facilitates decoding by inducing the binding of complementary tRNA anticodon sequences to mRNA codons . The tRNAs carry specific amino acids that are chained together into a polypeptide as the mRNA passes through and is "read" by the ribosome . </P> <P> Translation proceeds in three phases: </P>

The stage of protein making in which a messenger-rna molecule is 'read' by a ribosome is called