<P> When its charter expired 20 years later, the United States was without a central bank for a few years, during which it suffered an unusual inflation . In 1816, James Madison signed the Second Bank of the United States into existence . Then, in 1833, before that bank's charter expired, President Jackson removed the government funds as part of the Bank War, and the United States went without a central bank for 40 years . </P> <P> A financial crisis known as the Panic of 1907 was headed off by a private conglomerate (led by J.P. Morgan), who set themselves up as "lenders of last resort" to banks in trouble . This effort succeeded in stopping the panic, and led to calls for a Federal agency to do the same thing . </P> <P> In response to this, the Federal Reserve System was created by the Federal Reserve Act of December 23, 1913, establishing a new central bank intended to serve as a formal "lender of last resort" to banks in times of liquidity crisis--panics where depositors tried to withdraw their money faster than a normal fractional - reserve - based bank could pay it out . </P> <P> The Federal Reserve Act presented by Congressman Carter Glass and Senator Robert L. Owen incorporated modifications by Woodrow Wilson and allowed for a regional Federal Reserve System, operating under a supervisory board in Washington, D.C. Congress approved the Act, and President Wilson signed it into law on December 23, 1913 . The Act, "Provided for the establishment of Federal Reserve Banks, to furnish an elastic currency, to afford means of rediscounting commercial paper, to establish a more effective supervision of banking in the United States, and for other purposes . The Act provided for a Reserve Bank Organization Committee that would designate no less than eight but no more than twelve cities to be Federal Reserve cities, and would then divide the nation into districts, each district to contain one Federal Reserve City . </P>

A federal reserve bank is located in which of the following cities