<P> Renewable Energy co-operatives in Europe became important in the early development of windpower in Denmark beginning in the 1970s . Germany followed in the early 1990s, first on a larger scale with wind co-ops, then with a citizen's movement which challenged the reliance on nuclear power, organized, challenged the energy monopolists there, and successfully created a successful co-op social enterprise by 1999 . A citizen's group began operating wind turbines and involving broad community ownership in the U.K. by 1995 . Deregulation of the electricity markets allowed energy co-operative social entrepreneurs to begin to create alternatives to the monopolies in various countries . In France, where an enormous percentage of the power is generated by nuclear sources, this occurred after 2000 . In Spain, wind power was developed by corporate - led efforts, and it took longer for a renewable energy - focused social enterprise to get established . Similar renewable energy co-ops around Europe have organized in a network . </P> <P> Asian societies have adapted the co-operative model, including some of the most successful in the world . Nevertheless, the crises generated by traditional inequalities and the shareholder model continues to require civil society and entrepreneurial responses, such as the Citizens Coalition for Economic Justice in South Korea, the Seikatsu Club Consumer Co-operative in Japan, and the Self - Employed Women's Association in India . Other noteworthy efforts include Sophon Suphapong's efforts as governor in Thailand with agricultural co-ops and Antonio Yapsutco Fortich's contributions in the Philippines helping formulate a co-operative strategy with sugar workers . </P> <P> The International Labor Organization, originally established in 1919, has a Co-operative Division . </P> <P> Co-operatives were brought to Latin America and developed there by 1902 . Substantially independent efforts to develop employee - owned enterprises or co-operatives have occurred as responses to crises, such as the systemic IMF - based default in Argentina in 2001 In Brazil, the World Social Forum process lead to the articulation of Solidarity Economics, a modern, activist formulation of co-operativism, with the MST landless worker's movement demonstrating enormous courage and social entrepreneurship . In Venezuela, the late Hugo Chávez's administration began to incentivize co-operatives, resulting in their rapid and extensive development there . </P>

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