<P> The phrase was also mentioned in an eloquent letter written by President John Tyler on July 10, 1843 . During the 1960 presidential campaign the potential influence of the Catholic Church on John F. Kennedy's presidency was raised . If elected, it would be the first time that a Catholic would occupy the highest office in the United States . John F. Kennedy, in his Address to the Greater Houston Ministerial Association on 12 September 1960, addressed the question directly, saying, </P> <P> I believe in an America where the separation of church and state is absolute--where no Catholic prelate would tell the President (should he be Catholic) how to act, and no Protestant minister would tell his parishioners for whom to vote--where no church or church school is granted any public funds or political preference--and where no man is denied public office merely because his religion differs from the President who might appoint him or the people who might elect him . I believe in an America that is officially neither Catholic, Protestant nor Jewish--where no public official either requests or accepts instructions on public policy from the Pope, the National Council of Churches or any other ecclesiastical source--where no religious body seeks to impose its will directly or indirectly upon the general populace or the public acts of its officials--and where religious liberty is so indivisible that an act against one church is treated as an act against all . (...) I do not speak for my church on public matters--and the church does not speak for me . Whatever issue may come before me as President--on birth control, divorce, censorship, gambling or any other subject--I will make my decision in accordance with these views, in accordance with what my conscience tells me to be the national interest, and without regard to outside religious pressures or dictates . And no power or threat of punishment could cause me to decide otherwise . But if the time should ever come--and I do not concede any conflict to be even remotely possible--when my office would require me to either violate my conscience or violate the national interest, then I would resign the office; and I hope any conscientious public servant would do the same . </P> <P> The United States Supreme Court has referenced the separation of church and state metaphor more than 25 times, though not always fully embracing the principle, saying "the metaphor itself is not a wholly accurate description of the practical aspects of the relationship that in fact exists between church and state". In Reynolds, the Court denied the free exercise claims of Mormons in the Utah territory who claimed polygamy was an aspect of their religious freedom . The Court used the phrase again by Justice Hugo Black in 1947 in Everson . In a minority opinion in Wallace v. Jaffree, Justice Rehnquist presented the view that the establishment clause was intended to protect local establishments of religion from federal interference . Rehnquist made numerous citations of cases that rebutted the idea of a total wall of separation between Church and State . A result of such reasoning was Supreme Court support for government payments to faith - based community projects . Justice Scalia has criticized the metaphor as a bulldozer removing religion from American public life . </P> <P> Critics of the American Pledge of Allegiance have argued that the use of the phrase "under God" violates the separation of church and state . While the pledge was created by Francis Bellamy in 1891, in 1954, the Knights of Columbus, a Catholic organization, campaigned with other groups to have the words "under god" added to the pledge . On June 14th, 1954, President Dwight Eisenhower signed the bill to make the addition . </P>

When did separation of church and state happen
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