<P> The Russian Empire, which had withdrawn from the war in 1917 after the October Revolution, lost much of its western frontier as the newly independent nations of Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland were carved from it . Romania took control of Bessarabia in April 1918 . </P> <P> The Ottoman Empire disintegrated, with much of its Levant territory awarded to various Allied powers as protectorates . The Turkish core in Anatolia was reorganised as the Republic of Turkey . The Ottoman Empire was to be partitioned by the Treaty of Sèvres of 1920 . This treaty was never ratified by the Sultan and was rejected by the Turkish National Movement, leading to the victorious Turkish War of Independence and the much less stringent 1923 Treaty of Lausanne . </P> <P> Poland re-emerged as an independent country, after more than a century . The Kingdom of Serbia and its dynasty, as a "minor Entente nation" and the country with the most casualties per capita, became the backbone of a new multinational state, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, later renamed Yugoslavia . Czechoslovakia, combining the Kingdom of Bohemia with parts of the Kingdom of Hungary, became a new nation . Russia became the Soviet Union and lost Finland, Estonia, Lithuania, and Latvia, which became independent countries . The Ottoman Empire was soon replaced by Turkey and several other countries in the Middle East . </P> <P> In the British Empire, the war unleashed new forms of nationalism . In Australia and New Zealand the Battle of Gallipoli became known as those nations' "Baptism of Fire". It was the first major war in which the newly established countries fought, and it was one of the first times that Australian troops fought as Australians, not just subjects of the British Crown . Anzac Day, commemorating the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps, celebrates this defining moment . </P>

Where and when did world war 1 end