<Ul> <Li> Brønsted </Li> <Li> Lewis </Li> <Li> Organic </Li> <Li> Strong </Li> <Li> Superbases </Li> <Li> Non-nucleophilic </Li> <Li> Weak </Li> </Ul> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <P> An acid--base reaction is a chemical reaction that occurs between an acid and a base and used to determine pH . Several theoretical frameworks provide alternative conceptions of the reaction mechanisms and their application in solving related problems; these are called the acid--base theories, for example, Brønsted--Lowry acid--base theory . Their importance becomes apparent in analyzing acid--base reactions for gaseous or liquid species, or when acid or base character may be somewhat less apparent . The first of these concepts was provided by the French chemist Antoine Lavoisier, around 1776 . </P>

Which of these species will not act as a lewis base