<P> A conceptual model is a representation of a system, made of the composition of concepts which are used to help people know, understand, or simulate a subject the model represents . It is also a set of concepts . Some models are physical objects; for example, a toy model which may be assembled, and may be made to work like the object it represents . </P> <P> The term conceptual model may be used to refer to models which are formed after a conceptualization or generalization process . Conceptual models are often abstractions of things in the real world whether physical or social . Semantic studies are relevant to various stages of concept formation . Semantics is basically about concepts, the meaning that thinking beings give to various elements of their experience . </P> <P> The term conceptual model is normal . It could mean "a model of concept" or it could mean "a model that is conceptual ." A distinction can be made between what models are and what models are models of . With the exception of iconic models, such as a scale model of Winchester Cathedral, most models are concepts . But they are, mostly, intended to be models of real world states of affairs . The value of a model is usually directly proportional to how well it corresponds to a past, present, future, actual or potential state of affairs . A model of a concept is quite different because in order to be a good model it need not have this real world correspondence . In artificial intelligence conceptual models and conceptual graphs are used for building expert systems and knowledge - based systems; here the analysts are concerned to represent expert opinion on what is true not their own ideas on what is true . </P>

Examples of mathematical models applied to business and industry