<P> There are no accurate recent estimates of the level of subsidies for water and sanitation in India . It has been estimated that transfers to the water sector in India amounted to ₹ 54,708 million (US $796.1 million) per year in the mid-1990s, accounting for 4% of all government subsidies in India . About 98% of this subsidy is said to come from State rather than Central budgets . This figure may only cover recurrent cost subsidies and not investment subsidies, which are even higher (see below). There is little targeting of subsidies . According to the World Bank, 70% of those benefiting from subsidies for public water supply are not poor, while 40% of the poor are excluded because they do not have access to public water services . </P> <P> Investment in urban water supply and sanitation has increased during the first decade of the 21st century, not least thanks to increased central government grants made available under Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission under the Congress government until 2014 and the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (Clean India Mission) under the BJP government since 2014, alongside loans from the Housing and Urban Development Corporation . </P> <P> The Eleventh Five - Year Plan (2007--2012) foresaw investments of ₹ 1,270.25 billion (US $18.5 billion) for urban water supply and sanitation, including urban (stormwater) drainage and solid waste management . </P> <P> The funding of government programmes for water supply and sanitation is shared by the central government, states and other contributors, with the share contributed by various stakeholders varying between programmes and over time . For example, as of 2016 the states pay 60% and the central government pays 40% for investments financed under the Clean India Mission and the National Rural Drinking Water Programme . Until 2015 the central government had funded 75% of the Clean India Mission . </P>

Who developed the countrys first water works system