<P> The term "English Civil War" appears most often in the singular form, although historians often divide the conflict into two or three separate wars . These wars were not restricted to England as Wales was a part of the Kingdom of England and was affected accordingly, and the conflicts also involved wars with, and civil wars within, both Scotland and Ireland . The war in all these countries is known as the Wars of the Three Kingdoms . </P> <P> Unlike other civil wars in England, which focused on who should rule, this war was more concerned with the manner in which the kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland were governed . The 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica called the series of conflicts the "Great Rebellion", while some historians--especially Marxists such as Christopher Hill (1912--2003)--have long favoured the term "English Revolution". </P> <P> The two sides had their geographical strongholds, such that minority elements were silenced or fled . The strongholds of the royalty included the countryside, the shires, and the less economically developed areas of northern and western England . On the other hand, all the cathedral cities (except Chester, Worcester and Hereford and the royalist stronghold of Oxford) sided with Parliament . All the industrial centers, the ports, and the economically advanced regions of southern and eastern England typically were parliamentary strongholds . Lacey Baldwin Smith says, "the words populous, rich, and rebellious seemed to go hand in hand". </P> <P> Many of the officers and veteran soldiers of the English Civil War studied and implemented war strategies that had been learned and perfected in other wars across Europe, namely by the Spanish and the Dutch during the Dutch war for independence which began in 1568 . </P>

What did the english civil war and french revolution have in common