<P> Movie cameras were available before World War II often using the 9.5 mm film format . The use of movie cameras had an upsurge in popularity in the immediate post-war period giving rise to the creation of home movies . Compared to the pre-war models, these cameras were small, light, fairly sophisticated and affordable . </P> <P> An extremely compact 35 mm movie camera Kinamo was designed by Emanuel Goldberg for amateur and semi-professional movies in 1921 . A spring motor attachment was added in 1923 to allow flexible handheld filming . The Kinamo was used by Joris Ivens and other avant - garde and documentary filmmakers in the late 1920s and early 1930s . </P> <P> While a basic model might have a single fixed aperture / focus lens, a better version might have three or four lenses of differing apertures and focal lengths on a rotating turret . A good quality camera might come with a variety of interchangeable, focusable lenses or possibly a single zoom lens . The viewfinder was normally a parallel sight within or on top of the camera body . In the 1950s and for much of the 1960s these cameras were powered by clockwork motors, again with variations of quality . A simple mechanism might only power the camera for some 30 seconds, while a geared drive camera might work for as long as 75--90 seconds (at standard speeds). </P> <P> The common film used for these cameras was termed Standard 8, which was a strip of 16 millimetre wide film which was only exposed down one half during shooting . The film had twice the number of perforations as film for 16 mm cameras and so the frames were half as high and half as wide as 16 mm frames . The film was removed and placed back in the camera to expose the frames on the other side once the first half had been exposed . Once the film was developed it was sliced down the middle and the ends attached, giving 50 - foot (15 m) of Standard 8 film from a spool of 25 - foot (7.6 m) of 16 mm film . 16 mm cameras, mechanically similar to the smaller format models, were also used in home movie making but were more usually the tools of semi professional film and news film makers . </P>

When was the first movie camera invented and by who