<P> Political conservatives attacked his rulings as inappropriate and have called for courts to be deferential to the elected political branches . Some political liberals agreed that the court went too far in some areas but insist that most of its controversial decisions struck a responsive chord in the nation and have become firmly established law . </P> <P> Warren was a more liberal justice than anyone had anticipated . Warren was able to craft a long series of landmark decisions because he built a winning coalition . When Frankfurter retired in 1962 and President John F. Kennedy named labor lawyer Arthur Goldberg to replace him, Warren finally had the fifth liberal vote for his majority . William J. Brennan Jr., a liberal Democrat appointed by Eisenhower in 1956, was the intellectual leader of the activist faction that included Black and Douglas . Brennan complemented Warren's political skills with the strong legal skills Warren lacked and Warren would often have Brennan edit his opinions before they were circulated . Warren and Brennan met before the regular conferences to plan out their strategy . Warren actively sought out lower court cases to overrule precedent, directing his clerks to "keep your eyes peeled for a right to counsel case" as early as 1961 . </P> <P> Brown v. Board of Education 347 U.S. 483 (1954) banned the segregation of public schools . The very first case put Warren's leadership skills to an extraordinary test . The NAACP had been waging a systematic legal fight against the "separate but equal" doctrine enunciated in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) and finally had challenged Plessy in a series of five related cases, which had been argued before the Court in the spring of 1953 . However the justices had been unable to decide the issue and ordered a reargument of the case in fall 1953, with special attention to whether the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection clause prohibited the operation of separate public schools by the states for whites and blacks . </P> <P> While all but one justice personally rejected segregation, the self - restraint faction questioned whether the Constitution gave the Court the power to order its end, especially since the Court, in several cases decided after Plessy, had upheld the doctrine of "separate but equal" as constitutional . The activist faction believed the Fourteenth Amendment did give the necessary authority and were pushing to go ahead . Warren, who held only a recess appointment, held his tongue until the Senate, dominated by southerners, confirmed his appointment . Warren told his colleagues after oral argument that he believed racial segregation violated the Constitution and that only if one considered African Americans inferior to whites could the practice be upheld . But he did not push for a vote . Instead, he talked with the justices and encouraged them to talk with each other as he sought a common ground on which all could stand . Finally he had eight votes, and the last holdout, Stanley Reed of Kentucky, agreed to join the rest . Warren drafted the basic opinion in Brown v. Board of Education (1954) and kept circulating and revising it until he had an opinion endorsed by all the members of the Court . </P>

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