<P> Previous to the time of the Nuremberg Trials, this excuse was known in common parlance as "Superior Orders". After the prominent, high - profile event of the Nuremberg Trials, that excuse is now referred to by many as the "Nuremberg Defense". In recent times, a third term, "lawful orders" has become common parlance for some people . All three terms are in use today, and they all have slightly different nuances of meaning, depending on the context in which they are used . </P> <P> Nuremberg Principle IV is legally supported by the jurisprudence found in certain articles in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights which deal indirectly with conscientious objection . It is also supported by the principles found in paragraph 171 of the Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status which was issued by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). Those principles deal with the conditions under which conscientious objectors can apply for refugee status in another country if they face persecution in their own country for refusing to participate in an illegal war . </P> <P> "Any person charged with a crime under international law has the right to a fair trial on the facts and law ." </P> <P> "The crimes hereinafter set out are punishable as crimes under international law: </P>

Following world war 2 the nuremberg tribunal established the principle that