<P> The effectiveness of reinforcement and punishment can be changed in various ways . </P> <Ol> <Li> Satiation / Deprivation: The effectiveness of a positive or "appetitive" stimulus will be reduced if the individual has received enough of that stimulus to satisfy its appetite . The opposite effect will occur if the individual becomes deprived of that stimulus: the effectiveness of a consequence will then increase . If someone is not hungry, food will not be an effective reinforcer for behavior . </Li> <Li> Immediacy: An immediate consequence is more effective than a delayed consequence . If one gives a dog a treat for "sitting" right away, the dog will learn faster than if the treat is given later . </Li> <Li> Contingency: To be most effective, reinforcement should occur consistently after responses and not at other times . Learning may be slower if reinforcement is intermittent, that is, following only some instances of the same response, but responses reinforced intermittently are usually much slower to extinguish than are responses that have always been reinforced . </Li> <Li> Size: The size, or amount, of a stimulus often affects its potency as a reinforcer . Humans and animals engage in a sort of "cost - benefit" analysis . A tiny amount of food may not "be worth" an effortful lever press for a rat . A pile of quarters from a slot machine may keep a gambler pulling the lever longer than a single quarter . </Li> </Ol> <Li> Satiation / Deprivation: The effectiveness of a positive or "appetitive" stimulus will be reduced if the individual has received enough of that stimulus to satisfy its appetite . The opposite effect will occur if the individual becomes deprived of that stimulus: the effectiveness of a consequence will then increase . If someone is not hungry, food will not be an effective reinforcer for behavior . </Li> <Li> Immediacy: An immediate consequence is more effective than a delayed consequence . If one gives a dog a treat for "sitting" right away, the dog will learn faster than if the treat is given later . </Li>

What are the four types of operant conditioning