<P> After 1830, revolutionary sentiment in favour of a unified Italy began to experience a resurgence, and a series of insurrections laid the groundwork for the creation of one nation along the Italian peninsula . </P> <P> The Duke of Modena, Francis IV, was an ambitious noble, and he hoped to become king of Northern Italy by increasing his territory . In 1826, Francis made it clear that he would not act against those who subverted opposition toward the unification of Italy . Encouraged by the declaration, revolutionaries in the region began to organize . </P> <P> During the July Revolution of 1830 in France, revolutionaries forced the king to abdicate and created the July Monarchy with encouragement from the new French king, Louis - Philippe . Louis - Philippe had promised revolutionaries such as Ciro Menotti that he would intervene if Austria tried to interfere in Italy with troops . Fearing he would lose his throne, Louis - Philippe did not, however, intervene in Menotti's planned uprising . The Duke of Modena abandoned his Carbonari supporters, arrested Menotti and other conspirators in 1831, and once again conquered his duchy with help from the Austrian troops . Menotti was executed, and the idea of a revolution centered in Modena faded . </P> <P> At the same time, other insurrections arose in the Papal Legations of Bologna, Forlì, Ravenna, Imola, Ferrara, Pesaro and Urbino . These successful revolutions, which adopted the tricolore in favour of the Papal flag, quickly spread to cover all the Papal Legations, and their newly installed local governments proclaimed the creation of a united Italian nation . The revolts in Modena and the Papal Legations inspired similar activity in the Duchy of Parma, where the tricolore flag was adopted . The Parmese duchess Marie Louise left the city during the political upheaval . </P>

Why was italian unification in 1861 led by the kingdom of piedmont-sardinia