<Tr> <Td> Antarctica </Td> <Td> 0.0003 (varies) </Td> <Td> 0.004 in summer (non-permanent, varies) </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 0000001,200 (non-permanent, varies) - McMurdo Station </Td> </Tr> <P> Estimates of world population by their nature are an aspect of modernity, possible only since the Age of Discovery . Early estimates for the population of the world date to the 17th century: William Petty in 1682 estimated world population at 320 million (modern estimates ranging close to twice this number); by the late 18th century, estimates ranged close to one billion (consistent with modern estimates). More refined estimates, broken down by continents, were published in the first half of the 19th century, at 600 to 1000 million in the early 1800s and at 800 to 1000 million in the 1840s . </P> <P> Estimates of the population of the world at the time agriculture emerged in around 10,000 BCE have ranged between 1 million and 15 million . Even earlier, genetic evidence suggests humans may have gone through a population bottleneck of between 1,000 and 10,000 people about 70,000 BCE, according to the Toba catastrophe theory . By contrast, it is estimated that around 50--60 million people lived in the combined eastern and western Roman Empire in the 4th century CE . </P> <P> The Plague of Justinian, which first emerged during the reign of the Roman emperor Justinian, caused Europe's population to drop by around 50% between the 6th and 8th centuries CE . The population of Europe was more than 70 million in 1340 . The Black Death pandemic of the 14th century may have reduced the world's population from an estimated 450 million in 1340 to between 350 and 375 million in 1400; it took 200 years for population figures to recover . The population of China decreased from 123 million in 1200 to 65 million in 1393, presumably due to a combination of Mongol invasions, famine, and plague . </P>

When did the human population reached 1 million
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