<P> In astronomy, cardinal points of the disk of an astronomical body may be four points defined by the direction in which the celestial poles are located, as seen from the center of the disk . </P> <P> A line (here it is a great circle on the celestial sphere) drawn from the center of the disk to the North celestial pole will intersect the body's limb at the North point . Similarly, a line from the center to the South celestial pole will define the South point by its intersection with the limb . The points at right angles to the North and South points are the East and West points . The North point will then be the point on the limb that is closest to the North celestial pole . </P> <P> During the Migration Period, the Germanic languages' names for the cardinal directions entered the Romance languages, where they replaced the Latin names borealis (or septentrionalis) with north, australis (or meridionalis) with south, occidentalis with west and orientalis with east . It is possible that some northern people used the Germanic names for the intermediate directions . Medieval Scandinavian orientation would thus have involved a 45 degree rotation of cardinal directions . </P> <Ul> <Li> north (Proto - Germanic * norþ -) from the proto - Indo - European * nórto - s' submerged' from the root * ner -' left, below, to the left of the rising sun' whence comes the Ancient Greek name Nereus . </Li> <Li> east (* aus - t -) from the word for dawn . The proto - Indo - European form is * austo - s from the root is * aues -' shine (red)' . See Ēostre . </Li> <Li> south (* sunþ -), derived from proto - Indo - European * sú - n - to - s from the root * seu -' seethe, boil' . Cognate with this root is the word Sun, thus "the region of the Sun ." </Li> <Li> west (* wes - t -) from a word for "evening ." The proto - Indo - European form is * uestos from the root * ues -' shine (red)', itself a form of * aues - . Cognate with the root are the Latin words vesper and vesta and the Ancient Greek Hestia, Hesperus and Hesperides . </Li> </Ul>

Who came up with north south east and west