<P> The freedoms guaranteed by Article 19 are further sought to be protected by Articles 20--22 . The scope of these articles, particularly with respect to the doctrine of due process, was heavily debated by the Constituent Assembly . It was argued, especially by Benegal Narsing Rau, that the incorporation of such a clause would hamper social legislation and cause procedural difficulties in maintaining order, and therefore it ought to be excluded from the Constitution altogether . The Constituent Assembly in 1948 eventually omitted the phrase "due process" in favour of "procedure established by law". As a result, Article 21, which prevents the encroachment of life or personal liberty by the State except in accordance with the procedure established by law, was, until 1978, construed narrowly as being restricted to executive action . However, in 1978, the Supreme Court in the case of Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India extended the protection of Article 21 to legislative action, holding that any law laying down a procedure must be just, fair and reasonable, and effectively reading due process into Article 21 . In the same case, the Supreme Court also ruled that "life" under Article 21 meant more than a mere "animal existence"; it would include the right to live with human dignity and all other aspects which made life "meaningful, complete and worth living". Subsequent judicial interpretation has broadened the scope of Article 21 to include within it a number of rights including those to livelihood, good health, clean environment, water, speedy trial and humanitarian treatment while imprisoned . The right to education at elementary level has been made one of the Fundamental Rights under Article 21A by the 86th Constitutional amendment of 2002 . </P> <P> Article 20 provides protection from conviction for offences in certain respects, including the rights against ex post facto laws, double jeopardy and freedom from self - incrimination . Article 22 provides specific rights to arrested and detained persons, in particular the rights to be informed of the grounds of arrest, consult a lawyer of one's own choice, be produced before a magistrate within 24 hours of the arrest, and the freedom not to be detained beyond that period without an order of the magistrate . The Constitution also authorizes the State to make laws providing for preventive detention, subject to certain other safeguards present in Article 22 . The provisions pertaining to preventive detention were discussed with skepticism and misgivings by the Constituent Assembly, and were reluctantly approved after a few amendments in 1949 . Article 22 provides that when a person is detained under any law of preventive detention, the State can detain such person without trial for only three months, and any detention for a longer period must be authorised by an Advisory Board . The person being detained also has the right to be informed about the grounds of detention, and be permitted to make a representation against it, at the earliest opportunity . </P> <P> The Right against Exploitation, contained in Articles 23--24, lays down certain provisions to prevent exploitation of the weaker sections of the society by individuals or the State . Article 23 prohibits human trafficking, making it an offence punishable by law, and also prohibits forced labour or any act of compelling a person to work without wages where he was legally entitled not to work or to receive remuneration for it . However, it permits the State to impose compulsory service for public purposes, including conscription and community service . The Bonded Labour system (Abolition) Act, 1976, has been enacted by Parliament to give effect to this Article . Article 24 prohibits the employment of children below the age of 14 years in factories, mines and other hazardous jobs . Parliament has enacted the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986, providing regulations for the abolition of, and penalties for employing, child labour, as well as provisions for rehabilitation of former child labourers . </P> <P> The Right to Freedom of Religion, covered in Articles 25--28, provides religious freedom to all citizens and ensures a secular state in India . According to the Constitution, there is no official State religion, and the State is required to treat all religions impartially and neutrally . Article 25 guarantees all persons the freedom of conscience and the right to preach, practice and propagate any religion of their choice . This right is, however, subject to public order, morality and health, and the power of the State to take measures for social welfare and reform . The right to propagate, however, does not include the right to convert another individual, since it would amount to an infringement of the other's right to freedom of conscience . Article 26 guarantees all religious denominations and sects, subject to public order, morality and health, to manage their own affairs in matters of religion, set up institutions of their own for charitable or religious purposes, and own, acquire and manage property in accordance with law . These provisions do not derogate from the State's power to acquire property belonging to a religious denomination . The State is also empowered to regulate any economic, political or other secular activity associated with religious practice . Article 27 guarantees that no person can be compelled to pay taxes for the promotion of any particular religion or religious institution . Article 28 prohibits religious instruction in a wholly State - funded educational institution, and educational institutions receiving aid from the State cannot compel any of their members to receive religious instruction or attend religious worship without their (or their guardian's) consent . </P>

How many duties are enumerated in the indian constitution