<P> The savage nature of the trade led to the destruction of individuals and cultures . The following figures do not include deaths of enslaved Africans as a result of their labour, slave revolts, or diseases suffered while living among New World populations . </P> <P> Historian Ana Lucia Araujo has noted that the process of enslavement did not end with arrival on the American shores; the different paths taken by the individuals and groups who were victims of the Atlantic slave trade were influenced by different factors--including the disembarking region, the kind of work performed, gender, age, religion, and language . </P> <P> Estimates by Patrick Manning are that about 12 million slaves entered the Atlantic trade between the 16th and 19th century, but about 1.5 million died on board ship . About 10.5 million slaves arrived in the Americas . Besides the slaves who died on the Middle Passage, more Africans likely died during the slave raids in Africa and forced marches to ports . Manning estimates that 4 million died inside Africa after capture, and many more died young . Manning's estimate covers the 12 million who were originally destined for the Atlantic, as well as the 6 million destined for Asian slave markets and the 8 million destined for African markets . Of the slaves shipped to The Americas, the largest share went to Brazil and the Caribbean . </P> <P> According to Kimani Nehusi, the presence of European slavers affected the way in which the legal code in African societies responded to offenders . Crimes traditionally punishable by some other form of punishment became punishable by enslavement and sale to slave traders . According to David Stannard's American Holocaust, 50% of African deaths occurred in Africa as a result of wars between native kingdoms, which produced the majority of slaves . This includes not only those who died in battles but also those who died as a result of forced marches from inland areas to slave ports on the various coasts . The practice of enslaving enemy combatants and their villages was widespread throughout Western and West Central Africa, although wars were rarely started to procure slaves . The slave trade was largely a by - product of tribal and state warfare as a way of removing potential dissidents after victory or financing future wars . However, some African groups proved particularly adept and brutal at the practice of enslaving, such as Oyo, Benin, Igala, Kaabu, Asanteman, Dahomey, the Aro Confederacy and the Imbangala war bands . </P>

Who was involved in the transatlantic slave trade