<Dd> Unlike the "moderate," internationalist, largely eastern bloc of Republicans who accepted (or at least acquiesced in) some of the "Roosevelt Revolution" and the essential premises of President Truman's foreign policy, the Republican Right at heart was counterrevolutionary . Anti-collectivist, anti-Communist, anti-New Deal, passionately committed to limited government, free market economics, and congressional (as opposed to executive) prerogatives, the G.O.P. conservatives were obliged from the start to wage a constant two - front war: against liberal Democrats from without and "me - too" Republicans from within . </Dd> <P> The Old Right emerged in opposition to the New Deal of President Roosevelt and Hoff says that "moderate Republicans and leftover Republican Progressives like Hoover composed the bulk of the Old Right by 1940, with a sprinkling of former members of the Farmer - Labor party, Non-Partisan League, and even a few midwestern prairie Socialists". </P> <P> The Swope Plan was the starting point for drafting the NIRA and it was in no way copied from Europe . Many prominent businessmen had participated in writing it . However, Hoover denounced the Swope plan as monopolistic and refused to support any proposal made by the Chamber of Commerce, though it was widely praised by American businessmen and academics . The Swope Plan was corporatist, but far less extensive than fascist corporatism . Historian John A. Garraty said that the NIRA was "similar to experiments being carried out by the fascist dictator Benito Mussolini in Italy and by the Nazis in Hitler's Germany . It did not, of course, turn America into a fascist state, but it did herald an increasing concentration of economic power in the hands of interest groups, both industrialists' organizations and labor unions". Garraty said that another influence was the concept of the corporate state, where capitalists and workers, supervised by the government, worked out problems to avoid wasteful competition and dangerous social clashes . Historian Ellis Hawley reviewed the legislative history of the NIRA . A key member of the Brains Trust, Raymond Moley, led efforts to review industrial recovery plans . Another significant influence was Hugh S. Johnson, who drew on his experience with the war industries board . Popular historian Amity Shlaes stated: </P> <P> The NRA was the consummation of a thousand articles and a thousand trends . It was the ideas of Moley, the trade unions, Stuart Chase, Tugwell, Stalin, Insull, Teddy Roosevelt, Henry Ford, and Mussolini's Italian model all rolled into one . </P>

What were the two major complaints about the new deal