<P> The earliest recorded use of the term "Industrial Revolution" seems to have been in a letter from 6 July 1799 written by French envoy Louis - Guillaume Otto, announcing that France had entered the race to industrialise . In his 1976 book Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society, Raymond Williams states in the entry for "Industry": "The idea of a new social order based on major industrial change was clear in Southey and Owen, between 1811 and 1818, and was implicit as early as Blake in the early 1790s and Wordsworth at the turn of the (19th) century ." The term Industrial Revolution applied to technological change was becoming more common by the late 1830s, as in Jérôme - Adolphe Blanqui's description in 1837 of la révolution industrielle . Friedrich Engels in The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 spoke of "an industrial revolution, a revolution which at the same time changed the whole of civil society". However, although Engels wrote in the 1840s, his book was not translated into English until the late 1800s, and his expression did not enter everyday language until then . Credit for popularising the term may be given to Arnold Toynbee, whose 1881 lectures gave a detailed account of the term . </P> <P> Some historians, such as John Clapham and Nicholas Crafts, have argued that the economic and social changes occurred gradually and the term revolution is a misnomer . This is still a subject of debate among some historians . </P> <P> The commencement of the Industrial Revolution is closely linked to a small number of innovations, beginning in the second half of the 18th century . By the 1830s the following gains had been made in important technologies: </P> <Ul> <Li> Textiles--mechanised cotton spinning powered by steam or water increased the output of a worker by a factor of around 500 . The power loom increased the output of a worker by a factor of over 40 . The cotton gin increased productivity of removing seed from cotton by a factor of 50 . Large gains in productivity also occurred in spinning and weaving of wool and linen, but they were not as great as in cotton . </Li> <Li> Steam power--the efficiency of steam engines increased so that they used between one - fifth and one - tenth as much fuel . The adaptation of stationary steam engines to rotary motion made them suitable for industrial uses . The high pressure engine had a high power to weight ratio, making it suitable for transportation . Steam power underwent a rapid expansion after 1800 . </Li> <Li> Iron making--the substitution of coke for charcoal greatly lowered the fuel cost for pig iron and wrought iron production . Using coke also allowed larger blast furnaces, resulting in economies of scale . The cast iron blowing cylinder was first used in 1760 . It was later improved by making it double acting, which allowed higher blast furnace temperatures . The puddling process produced a structural grade iron at a lower cost than the finery forge . The rolling mill was fifteen times faster than hammering wrought iron . Hot blast (1828) greatly increased fuel efficiency in iron production in the following decades . </Li> <Li> Invention of machine tools--The first machine tools were invented . These included the screw cutting lathe, cylinder boring machine and the milling machine . </Li> </Ul>

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