<Ul> <Li> ADP + P + H ⇌ ATP + H O + H </Li> </Ul> <Li> ADP + P + H ⇌ ATP + H O + H </Li> <P> The formation of ATP from ADP and P is energetically unfavorable and would normally proceed in the reverse direction . In order to drive this reaction forward, ATPase couples ATP synthesis during cellular respiration to an electrochemical gradient created by the difference in proton (H) concentration across the mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotes or the plasma membrane in bacteria . During photosynthesis in plants, ATP is synthesized by ATPase using a proton gradient created in the thylakoid lumen through the thylakoid membrane and into the chloroplast stroma . </P> <P> ATP synthase consists of two main subunits, F and F, which has a rotational motor mechanism allowing for ATP production . Because of its rotating subunit ATP Synthase is a molecular machine . </P>

Where are atp synthase complexes located in a plant cell