<P> The Hemingway scholar Allen Josephs thinks the novel is centered on the corrida (the bullfighting), and how each character reacts to it . Brett seduces the young matador; Cohn fails to understand and expects to be bored; Jake understands fully because only he moves between the world of the inauthentic expatriates and the authentic Spaniards; the hotel keeper Montoya is the keeper of the faith; and Romero is the artist in the ring--he is both innocent and perfect, and the one who bravely faces death . The corrida is presented as an idealized drama in which the matador faces death, creating a moment of existentialism or nada (nothingness), broken when he vanquishes death by killing the bull . </P> <P> Hemingway presents matadors as heroic characters dancing in a bullring . He considered the bullring as war with precise rules, in contrast to the messiness of the real war that he, and by extension Jake, experienced . Critic Keneth Kinnamon notes that young Romero is the novel's only honorable character . Hemingway named Romero after Pedro Romero, an 18th - century bullfighter who killed thousands of bulls in the most difficult manner: having the bull impale itself on his sword as he stood perfectly still . Reynolds says Romero, who symbolizes the classically pure matador, is the "one idealized figure in the novel ." Josephs says that when Hemingway changed Romero's name from Guerrita and imbued him with the characteristics of the historical Romero, he also changed the scene in which Romero kills a bull to one of recibiendo (receiving the bull) in homage to the historical namesake . </P> <P> Before the group arrives in Pamplona, Jake and Bill take a fishing trip to the Irati River . As Harold Bloom points out, the scene serves as an interlude between the Paris and Pamplona sections, "an oasis that exists outside linear time ." More importantly, on another level it reflects "the mainstream of American fiction beginning with the Pilgrims seeking refuge from English oppression"--the prominent theme in American literature of escaping into the wilderness, as seen in Cooper, Hawthorne, Melville, Twain, and Thoreau . Fiedler calls the theme "The Sacred Land"; he thinks the American West is evoked in The Sun Also Rises by the Pyrenees and given a symbolic nod with the name of the "Hotel Montana ." In Hemingway's writing, nature is a place of refuge and rebirth, according to Stoltzfus, where the hunter or fisherman gains a moment of transcendence at the moment the prey is killed . Nature is the place where men act without women: men fish, men hunt, men find redemption . In nature Jake and Bill do not need to discuss the war because their war experience, paradoxically, is ever - present . The nature scenes serve as counterpoint to the fiesta scenes . </P> <P> All of the characters drink heavily during the fiesta and generally throughout the novel . In his essay "Alcoholism in Hemingway's The Sun Also Rises," Matts Djos says the main characters exhibit alcoholic tendencies such as depression, anxiety and sexual inadequacy . He writes that Jake's self - pity is symptomatic of an alcoholic, as is Brett's out - of - control behavior . William Balassi thinks that Jake gets drunk to avoid his feelings for Brett, notably in the Madrid scenes at the end where he has three martinis before lunch and drinks three bottles of wine with lunch . Reynolds, however, believes the drinking is relevant as set against the historical context of Prohibition in the United States . The atmosphere of the fiesta lends itself to drunkenness, but the degree of revelry among the Americans also reflects a reaction against Prohibition . Bill, visiting from the US, drinks in Paris and in Spain . Jake is rarely drunk in Paris where he works but on vacation in Pamplona, he drinks constantly . Reynolds says that Prohibition split attitudes about morality, and in the novel Hemingway made clear his dislike of Prohibition . </P>

What novel and author made the fiesta de san fermin famous throughout the world