<Dl> <Dt> 2007 </Dt> </Dl> <P> Gerhard Ertl, who received the entire 2007 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his studies of the catalytic effects of metal surfaces, has expressed surprise and disappointment that Gábor Somorjai, a foundational pioneer in modern surface science and catalysis, did not share the prize . Somorjai and Ertl had previously shared the Wolf Prize for Chemistry in 1998 . The Nobel Prize committee's decision to exclude Somorjai was criticized in the surface - science community and remains mysterious . </P> <Dl> <Dt> 1993 </Dt> </Dl> <P> The 1993 prize credited Kary Mullis with the development of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method . This is a central technique in molecular biology which allows for the amplification of specified DNA sequences . However, others claimed that Norwegian scientist Kjell Kleppe, together with 1968 Nobel Prize laureate H. Gobind Khorana, had an earlier and better claim to the discovery dating from 1969 . Mullis' co-workers at that time denied that he was solely responsible for the idea of using Taq polymerase in the PCR process . Rabinow raised the issue of whether or not Mullis "invented" PCR or "merely" came up with the concept of it . However, Khudyakov and Howard Fields claimed "the full potential (of PCR) was not realized" until Mullis' work in 1983 . </P>

Who won noble prize which is not parent and child