<Li> The provisions of this article shall not apply to employment in the public service . </Li> <P> The right to free movement has both' horizontal' and' vertical' direct effect, such that a private citizen can invoke the right, without more, in an ordinary court, against other persons, both governmental and non-governmental . </P> <P> The Treaty of Paris (1951) establishing the European Coal and Steel Community established a right to free movement for workers in these industries and the Treaty of Rome (1957) provided a right for the free movement of workers within the European Economic Community . The Directive 2004 / 38 / EC on the right to move and reside freely assembles the different aspects of the right of movement in one document, replacing inter alia the directive 1968 / 360 / EEC . It also clarifies procedural issues, and it strengthens the rights of family members of European citizens using the freedom of movement . According to the official site of the European Parliament, the explanation of the freedom of workers goes as follows: </P> <P> Freedom of movement and residence for persons in the EU is the cornerstone of Union citizenship, which was established by the Treaty of Maastricht in 1992 . Its practical implementation in EU law, however, has not been straightforward . It first involved the gradual phasing out, of internal borders under the Schengen agreements, initially in just a handful of Member States . Today, the provisions governing the free movement of persons are laid down in Directive 2004 / 38 / EC on the right of EU citizens and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States . However, the implementation of this directive continues to face many obstacles . </P>

When was free movement in the eu introduced