<P> Concepts analogous to recusal also exist in the legislative branch . The rules of the United States Senate and House of Representatives provide that a Member should not vote on a measure as to which he or she has a personal financial interest . In such cases, the Senator or Representative may record a vote of "present" rather than "yea" or "nay". </P> <P> Laws or court rules provide the recusal of judges . Although the details vary, the following are nearly universal grounds for recusal . </P> <Ul> <Li> The judge is related to a party, attorney, or spouse of either party (usually) within three degrees of kinship . </Li> <Li> The judge is a party . </Li> <Li> The judge is a material witness unless pleading purporting to make the Judge a party is false (determined by presiding judge, but see substitution). </Li> <Li> The judge has previously acted in the case in question as an attorney for a party, or participated in some other capacity . </Li> <Li> The judge prepared any legal instrument (such as a contract or will) whose validity or construction is at issue . </Li> <Li> Appellate judge previously handled case as a trial judge . </Li> <Li> The judge has personal or financial interest in the outcome . This particular ground varies by jurisdiction . Some require recusal if there is any interest at all in the outcome, while others only require recusal if there is interest beyond a certain value . </Li> <Li> The judge determines he or she cannot act impartially . </Li> </Ul> <Li> The judge is related to a party, attorney, or spouse of either party (usually) within three degrees of kinship . </Li>

Where are the guidelines provided for recuse of a judge who is not impartial
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