<P> The Safavid Empire was a great Shia Persianate empire after the Islamic conquest of Persia and established of Islam, marking an important point in the history of Islam in the east . The Safavid dynasty was founded about 1501 . From their base in Ardabil, the Safavids established control over all of Persia and reasserted the Iranian identity of the region, thus becoming the first native dynasty since the Sassanids to establish a unified Iranian state . Problematic for the Safavids was the powerful Ottoman Empire . The Ottomans, a Sunni dynasty, fought several campaigns against the Safavids . </P> <P> What fueled the growth of Safavid economy was its position between the burgeoning civilizations of Europe to its west and Islamic Central Asia to its east and north . The Silk Road, which led from Europe to East Asia, revived in the 16th century . Leaders also supported direct sea trade with Europe, particularly England and The Netherlands, which sought Persian carpet, silk, and textiles . Other exports were horses, goat hair, pearls, and an inedible bitter almond hadam - talka used as a spice in India . The main imports were spice, textiles (woolens from Europe, cotton from Gujarat), metals, coffee, and sugar . Despite their demise in 1722, the Safavids left their mark by establishing and spreading Shi'a Islam in major parts of the Caucasus and West Asia . </P> <P> In the 16th to early 18th centuries, Central Asia was under the rule of Uzbeks, and the far eastern portions were ruled by the local Pashtuns . Between the 15th and 16th centuries, various nomadic tribes arrived from the steppes, including the Kipchaks, Naymans, Kanglis, Kungrats, and Manġits . These groups were led by Muhammad Shaybani, who was the Khan of the Uzbeks . </P> <P> The lineage of the Afghan Pashtuns stretches back to the Hotaki dynasty . Following Muslim Arab and Turkic conquests, Pashtun ghazis (warriors for the faith) invaded and conquered much of northern India during the Lodhi dynasty and Suri dynasty . Pashtun forces also invaded Persia, and the opposing forces were defeated in the Battle of Gulnabad . The Pashtuns later formed the Durrani Empire . </P>

To what extent had the nature of trade in the early modern period become globalized