<P> Furthermore, the roads are of poor quality and do not receive maintenance . For example, in the scope of the entire country, "Of the 31,400 km of national roads in the system, only about 45% (14,200 km) were assessed as being in good or fair condition in November 2011 ." The poor quality of roads has made road - transportation inefficient . Furthermore, this has contributed to the increase in road accidents, which therefore affects both traffic congestion and public health . </P> <P> The current railways carry around 1.3 million passengers per day and spans 79 km in 4 different lines . In 1998, plans for a railway expansion were implemented however only 5 km of the planned 73 km was actually built . As such, there exists a lack of an adequate non-road - based public transportation system . This is made evident with the problem of overcrowding during peak hours . </P> <P> In Metro Manila, there exists a variety of road - based public transport, such as tricycles, taxis, buses, and jeepneys which are all privately owned . While there is such a prevalence of these modes of transportation, these "account for more than 50% of daily commuting trips, incur no subsidy, and with low productivity ." Meanwhile, "car travel accounts for 30% of person - km, but constitutes 72% of the road traffic in terms of PCU - km ." The high number of vehicles on the road, which could be attributed to the high population, is one of the contributors to traffic congestion . </P> <P> The layout of Metro Manila lacks holistic and intrinsic planning from the ground up . The poor design did not account for the density of the city or the eventual propensity to vehicles . A classic example is the fact that the city hosts more vehicles than the roads could afford . Furthermore, laws and policies that are meant to mitigate such poor design are not enforced properly . </P>

Major causes of traffic congestion in the philippines