<P> Antonio Pacinotti, an Italian physics professor, solved this problem around 1860 by replacing the spinning two - pole axial coil with a multi-pole toroidal one, which he created by wrapping an iron ring with a continuous winding, connected to the commutator at many equally spaced points around the ring; the commutator being divided into many segments . This meant that some part of the coil was continually passing by the magnets, smoothing out the current . </P> <P> The Woolrich Electrical Generator of 1844, now in Thinktank, Birmingham Science Museum, is the earliest electrical generator used in an industrial process . It was used by the firm of Elkingtons for commercial electroplating . </P> <P> Independently of Faraday, the Hungarian Anyos Jedlik started experimenting in 1827 with the electromagnetic rotating devices which he called electromagnetic self - rotors . In the prototype of the single - pole electric starter, both the stationary and the revolving parts were electromagnetic . </P> <P> About 1856 he formulated the concept of the dynamo about six years before Siemens and Wheatstone but did not patent it as he thought he was not the first to realize this . His dynamo used, instead of permanent magnets, two electromagnets placed opposite to each other to induce the magnetic field around the rotor . It was also the discovery of the principle of dynamo self - excitation, which replaced permanent magnet designs . </P>

Who invented the first simple electric motor and the first dynamo for generating electricity