<P> Mission San Carlos Borromeo del río Carmelo, also known as the Carmel Mission or Mission Carmel, first built in 1797, is one of the most authentically restored Roman Catholic mission churchs in California . Located in Carmel - by - the - Sea, California, it is on the National Register of Historic Places and is a National Historic Landmark . The mission was the headquarters of all Alta California missions from 1797 until 1833 . It was headed by Saint Junípero Serra from 1770 until his death in 1784 . It was also the seat of the second presidente, Father Fermin Francisco de Lasuen, who was in charge of completing nine more mission churches . </P> <P> The mission buildings and lands were secularized by the Mexican government in 1833 . They fell into disrepair by the mid-19th century . The chapel was saved from total destruction when the roof was rebuilt in 1884 . In 1886, ownership of the mission was transferred from a group of Franciscans to the Diocese of Monterey . The mission has been a parish within that diocese ever since . Beginning in 1931, Harry Downie began restoring the mission and worked continuously on the project for the next 50 years . It is the only Spanish mission in California that has its original bell and bell tower . </P> <P> Mission Carmel was the second mission built by Franciscan missionaries in Upper California . It was first established as Mission San Carlos Borromeo in Monterey, California near the native village of Tamo on June 3, 1770 . It was named for Carlo Borromeo, Archbishop of Milan, Italy, and was the site of the first Christian confirmation in Alta California . When the mission moved, the original building continued to operate as the Royal Presidio chapel and later became the current Cathedral of San Carlos Borromeo . </P> <P> Pedro Fages, who served as military governor of Alta California from 1770 to 1774, kept his headquarters in the polity's capitol, at the Presidio of Monterey . Fages worked his men very harshly and was seen as a tyrant . Serra intervened on behalf of Fages' soldiers, and the two men did not get along . Fages regarded the Spanish installations in California as military institutions first, and religious outposts second . The soldiers raped the Indian woman and kept them as concubines . Serra wanted to put some distance between the missions neophytes and Fages' soldiers . </P>

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