<P> Factors affecting denudation include: _́ </P> <Ul> <Li> Anthropogenic activity </Li> <Li> Biosphere </Li> <Li> Climate (most directly in chemical weathering) </Li> <Li> Geology </Li> <Li> Surface topography </Li> <Li> Tectonic activity </Li> </Ul> <Li> Climate (most directly in chemical weathering) </Li> <P> Modern denudation estimates are usually based on stream load measurements taken at gauging stations . Suspended load, bed load, and dissolved load are included in measurements . The weight of the load is converted to volumetric units and the load volume is divided by the area of the watershed above the gauging station . The result is an estimate of the wearing down of the Earth's surface in inches or centimeters per 1000 years . In most cases no adjustments are made for human impact, which causes the measurements to be inflated . </P>

Geological processes on the earth's surface are directly related to