<P> Time Period: First half of the 20th century </P> <P> Modern art foreshadowed several characteristics of what would later be definied as postmodern art; as a matter of fact, several modern art movements can often be classified as both modern and postmodern, such as pop art . Postmodern art, for instance, places a strong emphasis on irony, parody and humour in general; modern art started to develop a more ironic approach to art which would later advance in a postmodern context . Postmodern art sees the blurring between the high and fine arts with low - end and commercial art; modern art started to experiment with this blurring . Recent developments in art have been characterised by a significant expansion of what can now deemed to be art, in terms of materials, media, activity and concept . Conceptual art in particular has had a wide influence . This started literally as the replacement of concept for a made object, one of the intentions of which was to refute the commodification of art . However, it now usually refers to an artwork where there is an object, but the main claim for the work is made for the thought process that has informed it . The aspect of commercialism has returned to the work . </P> <P> There has also been an increase in art referring to previous movements and artists, and gaining validity from that reference . </P> <P> Postmodernism in art, which has grown since the 1960s, differs from Modernism in as much as Modern art movements were primarily focused on their own activities and values, while Postmodernism uses the whole range of previous movements as a reference point . This has by definition generated a relativistic outlook, accompanied by irony and a certain disbelief in values, as each can be seen to be replaced by another . Another result of this has been the growth of commercialism and celebrity . Postmodern art has questioned common rules and guidelines of what is regarded as' fine art', merging low art with the fine arts until none is fully distinguishable . Before the advent of postmodernism, the fine arts were characterised by a form of aesthetic quality, elegance, craftsmanship, finesse and intellectual stimulation which was intended to appeal to the upper or educated classes; this distinguished high art from low art, which, in turn, was seen as tacky, kitsch, easily made and lacking in much or any intellectual stimulation, art which was intended to appeal to the masses . Postmodern art blurred these distinctions, bringing a strong element of kitsch, commercialism and campness into contemporary fine art; what is nowadays seen as fine art may have been seen as low art before postmodernism revolutionised the concept of what high or fine art truly is . In addition, the postmodern nature of contemporary art leaves a lot of space for individualism within the art scene; for instance, postmodern art often takes inspiration from past artistic movements, such as Gothic or Baroque art, and both juxtaposes and recycles styles from these past periods in a different context . </P>

What are some characteristics of 18th century art in europe (site 1)