<P> Davy seems not to have continued the experiments . Although the journal of the small, infant Royal Institution probably reached its very small group of members, the article eventually must have been read by much more people . It was reviewed by David Brewster in the Edinburgh Magazine in December 1802, appeared in chemistry textbooks as early as 1803, was translated into French, and published in German in 1811 . Readers of the article may have been discouraged to find a fixer, because the highly acclaimed scientist Davy had already tried and failed . Apparently the article wasn't noted by Niépce nor Daguerre, and by Talbot only after he had developed his own processes . </P> <P> French balloonist / professor / inventor Jacques Charles is believed to have captured fleeting negative photograms of silhouettes on light sensitive paper at the start of the 19th century, prior to Westwood . Charles died in 1823 without documenting the process, but purportedly demonstrated it in his lectures at the Louvre . It was not publicized until François Arago mentioned it at his introduction of the details of the Daguerreotupe to the world in 1839 . He later wrote that the first idea of fixing the images of the camera obscura or the solar microscope with chemical substances belonged to Charles . Later historians probably only built on Arago's information and much later the unsupported year 1780 was attached to it . Since Arago indicated the first years of the 19th century and a date prior to Wedgwood's process published in 1802, this would mean that Charles' demonstrations took place in 1800 or 1801 - assuming Arago was this accurate almost 40 years later . </P> <P> In 1816 Nicéphore Niépce, using paper coated with silver chloride, succeeded in photographing the images formed in a small camera, but the photographs were negatives, darkest where the camera image was lightest and vice versa, and they were not permanent in the sense of being reasonably light - fast; like earlier experimenters, Niépce could find no way to prevent the coating from darkening all over when it was exposed to light for viewing . Disenchanted with silver salts, he turned his attention to light - sensitive organic substances . </P> <P> The oldest surviving photograph of the image formed in a camera was created by Niépce in 1826 or 1827 . It was made on a polished sheet of pewter and the light - sensitive substance was a thin coating of bitumen, a naturally occurring petroleum tar, which was dissolved in lavender oil, applied to the surface of the pewter and allowed to dry before use . After a very long exposure in the camera (traditionally said to be eight hours, but now believed to be several days), the bitumen was sufficiently hardened in proportion to its exposure to light that the unhardened part could be removed with a solvent, leaving a positive image with the light areas represented by hardened bitumen and the dark areas by bare pewter . To see the image plainly, the plate had to be lit and viewed in such a way that the bare metal appeared dark and the bitumen relatively light . </P>

When was the first black and white camera invented