<Tr> <Td> Cluster Case Management </Td> <Td>? </Td> <Td> Mutual support </Td> <Td> Individual with optional assistant </Td> <Td> Group </Td> <Td>? </Td> </Tr> <P> A systematic review investigated the effects of intensive case management for patients with severe mental illness: </P> <Table> Intensive case management versus standard care <Tr> <Th> Summary </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Based on evidence of variable quality, ICM is effective in helping many outcomes relevant to people with severe mental illness . Compared to standard care, ICM may reduce hospitalization and increase retention in care . It also globally improved people's functioning socially, but ICM's effect on mental state and quality of life remains unclear . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> show Outcome </Th> <Th> Findings in words </Th> <Th> Findings in numbers </Th> <Th> Quality of evidence </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="4"> Service use </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Average number of days in hospital per month Follow up: by about 24 months </Td> <Td> On average, people receiving intensive case managing spent about 1 day less in hospital per month compared with people receiving standard care . There was a clear difference between the groups . This finding is based on data of low quality . </Td> <Td> MD 0.86 lower (1.37 lower to 0.34 lower) </Td> <Td> Low </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="4"> Adverse event: Death </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Suicide Follow up: by' long' term </Td> <Td> Intensive case management may very slightly reduce the chance of suicide but there the difference between people given intensive case management and those receiving standard care for severe mental illness was not clear . These findings are based on data of low quality . </Td> <Td> RR 0.68 (0.31 to 1.51) </Td> <Td> Low </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="4"> Global state </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Leaving the study early Follow up: by' long' term </Td> <Td> Intensive case management may reduce the chance of loss to follow up when compared with standard care for severe mental illness . Data are based on low quality evidence . </Td> <Td> RR 0.68 (0.58 to 0.79) </Td> <Td> Low </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="4"> Social functioning </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Employment status - not employed at the end of the trial Follow up: by' long' term </Td> <Td> Intensive case management may reduce unemployment, but, at present it is not possible to be really confident about this outcome . Data supporting this finding are very limited . </Td> <Td> RR 0.7 (0.49 to 1) </Td> <Td> Very low </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> No study reported any usable data on outcomes such as relapse and information relating to mental state </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Tr> <Th> Summary </Th> </Tr>

Who developed the wholistic case management care model