<Dd> H + O + N → H O + NO </Dd> <P> The differences between a hydrogen ICE and a traditional gasoline engine include hardened valves and valve seats, stronger connecting rods, non-platinum tipped spark plugs, a higher voltage ignition coil, fuel injectors designed for a gas instead of a liquid, larger crankshaft damper, stronger head gasket material, modified (for supercharger) intake manifold, positive pressure supercharger, and a high temperature engine oil . All modifications would amount to about one point five times (1.5) the current cost of a gasoline engine . These hydrogen engines burn fuel in the same manner that gasoline engines do . </P> <P> The theoretical maximum power output from a hydrogen engine depends on the air / fuel ratio and fuel injection method used . The stoichiometric air / fuel ratio for hydrogen is 34: 1 . At this air / fuel ratio, hydrogen will displace 29% of the combustion chamber leaving only 71% for the air . As a result, the energy content of this mixture will be less than it would be if the fuel were gasoline . Since both the carbureted and port injection methods mix the fuel and air prior to it entering the combustion chamber, these systems limit the maximum theoretical power obtainable to approximately 85% of that of gasoline engines . For direct injection systems, which mix the fuel with the air after the intake valve has closed (and thus the combustion chamber has 100% air), the maximum output of the engine can be approximately 15% higher than that for gasoline engines . </P> <P> Therefore, depending on how the fuel is metered, the maximum output for a hydrogen engine can be either 15% higher or 15% less than that of gasoline if a stoichiometric air / fuel ratio is used . However, at a stoichiometric air / fuel ratio, the combustion temperature is very high and as a result it will form a large amount of nitrogen oxides (NOx), which is a criteria pollutant . Since one of the reasons for using hydrogen is low exhaust emissions, hydrogen engines are not normally designed to run at a stoichiometric air / fuel ratio . </P>

When do vehicles use the greatest amount of fuel