<P> Initially, prohibition had some positive effects in some states, with Ford reporting that absenteeism in his companies had decreased by half . Alcohol consumption decreased dramatically . Also, statistical analysis has shown that the temperance movement during this time had a positive, though moderate, effect on later adult educational outcomes through providing a healthy pre-natal environment . However, prohibition had negative effects on the American economy, with thousands of jobs being lost, the catering and entertainment industries losing huge profits . The US and other countries with prohibition saw their tax revenues decrease dramatically, with some estimating this at a loss of 11 billion dollars for the US . Furthermore, enforcement of the alcohol ban was an expensive undertaking for the government . Because the Eighteenth Amendment did not prohibit consumption, but only manufacture, distribution and sale, illegal consumption became commonplace . Illegal production of alcohol rose, and a thousand people per year died of alcohol that was illegally produced with little quality control . Bootlegging was a profitable activity for the mafia, and crime increased rather than decreased as expected and advocated by proponents . </P> <P> The temperance movement itself was in decline as well: fundamentalist and nativist groups had become dominant in the movement, which led moderate members to leave the movement . </P> <P> During this time, in former colonies (such as Gujarat in India, Sri Lanka and Egypt), the temperance movement was associated with anti-colonialism or religious revival . </P> <P> The temperance movement still exists in many parts of the world, although it is generally less politically influential than it was in the early 20th century . In youth culture in the 1990s, temperance was an important part of the straight edge scene, which also stressed abstinence from other drugs . </P>

Who began the crusade against the use of alcohol