<P> Over the last few decades, pet ownership in Japan has gradually moved from a predominantly utilitarian function to a concept that more fully incorporates pets into the family system . In the majority of cases, pets are now considered to be family members . To many Japanese, pets are as well loved as children, and may even serve as a substitute for those who choose to forgo child - rearing . </P> <P> In the context of spiritual hierarchy, pets occupy the space directly below humans, but above all other animals and forms of life . This position is not clearly defined, leaving many aspects of pet ownership open to interpretation, including the practice of keeping and caring for pets, as well as the correct means of caring for them after death . This position within the family is presented through various forms within the everyday flow of contemporary life, spiritual expression, memorialization, and burial rites of Japanese pets . </P> <P> Pets have been increasing in numbers throughout Japan . Providing a convenient way for companionship without having the demands that a child would, pets are a popular alternative for people who do not have the time required to raise a baby . Although it is not by any means definitive, studies reflect a trend showing that adopting pets into the family in lieu of children has become increasingly common . Currently, "estimates place the number of pets above the number of children under the age of fifteen ." </P> <P> The Japanese "pet boom" can be traced back to 2003 where it was estimated that the combined number of dogs and cats in Japan have outnumbered the number of children . The estimated number of pets and children under 16 in Japan was 19.2 and 17.9 million respectively in 2003, and 23.2 million to 17 million in 2009 . </P>

Rural japans folk traditions fading as residents age