<P> In the same war, the Prussian Edward Schnell served the Aizu domain as a military instructor and procurer of weapons . He was granted the Japanese name Hiramatsu Buhei (平松 武 兵衛), which inverted the characters of the daimyō's name Matsudaira . Hiramatsu (Schnell) was given the right to wear swords, as well as a residence in the castle town of Wakamatsu, a Japanese wife, and retainers . In many contemporary references, he is portrayed wearing a Japanese kimono, overcoat, and swords, with Western riding trousers and boots . </P> <Ul> <Li> Japanese swords (samurai sword) are the weapons that have come to be synonymous with the samurai . Ancient Japanese swords from the Nara period (Chokutō) featured a straight blade, by the late 900s curved tachi appeared, followed by the uchigatana and ultimately the katana . Smaller commonly known companion swords are the wakizashi and the tantō . Wearing a long sword (katana) or (tachi) together with a smaller sword such as a wakizashi or tantō became the symbol of the samurai, this combination of swords is referred to as a daishō (literally "big and small"). During the Edo period only samurai were allowed to wear a daisho . A longer blade known as the nodachi was also used in the fourteenth century, though primarily used by samurai on the ground . </Li> <Li> The yumi (longbow), reflected in the art of kyūjutsu (lit . the skill of the bow) was a major weapon of the Japanese military . Its usage declined with the introduction of the tanegashima (Japanese matchlock) during the Sengoku period, but the skill was still practiced at least for sport . The yumi, an asymmetric composite bow made from bamboo, wood, rattan and leather, had an effective range of 50 or 100 meters (160 or 330 feet) if accuracy was not an issue . On foot, it was usually used behind a tate (手 盾), a large, mobile wooden shield, but the yumi could also be used from horseback because of its asymmetric shape . The practice of shooting from horseback became a Shinto ceremony known as yabusame (流鏑馬). </Li> <Li> Pole weapons including the yari and naginata were commonly used by the samurai . The yari (Japanese spear) displaced the naginata from the battlefield as personal bravery became less of a factor and battles became more organized around massed, inexpensive foot troops (ashigaru). A charge, mounted or dismounted, was also more effective when using a spear rather than a sword, as it offered better than even odds against a samurai using a sword . In the Battle of Shizugatake where Shibata Katsuie was defeated by Toyotomi Hideyoshi, then known as Hashiba Hideyoshi, seven samurai who came to be known as the "Seven Spears of Shizugatake" (賤 ヶ 岳 七 本 槍) played a crucial role in the victory . </Li> <Li> Tanegashima (Japanese matchlock) were introduced to Japan in the 1543 through Portuguese trade . Tanegashima were produced on a large scale by Japanese gunsmiths, enabling warlords to raise and train armies from masses of peasants . The new weapons were highly effective, their ease of use and deadly effectiveness led to the tanegashima becoming the weapon of choice over the yumi (bow). By the end of the 16th century, there were more firearms in Japan than in many European nations . Tanegashima--employed en masse, largely by ashigaru peasant foot troops--were responsible for a change in military tactics that eventually led to establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate (Edo period) and an end to civil war . Production of tanegashima declined sharply as there was no need for massive amounts of firearms . During the Edo period, tanegashima were stored away, and used mainly for hunting and target practice . Foreign intervention in the 1800s renewed interest in firearms--but the tanegashima was outdated by then, and various samurai factions purchased more modern firearms from European sources . </Li> <Li> Cannons became a common part of the samurai's armory in the 1570s . They often were mounted in castles or on ships, being used more as anti-personnel weapons than against castle walls or the like, though in the siege of Nagashino castle (1575) a cannon was used to good effect against an enemy siegetower . The first popular cannon in Japan were swivel - breech loaders nicknamed kunikuzushi or "province destroyers". Kunikuzushi weighed 264 lb (120 kg). and used 40 lb (18 kg). chambers, firing a small shot of 10 oz (280 g). The Arima clan of Kyushu used guns like this at the Battle of Okinawate against the Ryūzōji clan . By the time of the Osaka campaign (1614--1615), cannon technology had improved in Japan to the point where at Osaka, Ii Naotaka managed to fire an 18 lb (8.2 kg). shot into the castle's keep . </Li> <Li> Staff weapons of many shapes and sizes made from oak and other hard woods were also used by the samurai, commonly known ones include the bō, the jō, the hanbō, and the tanbō . </Li> <Li> Clubs and truncheons made of iron or wood, of all shapes and sizes were used by the samurai . Some like the jutte were one - handed weapons and others like the kanabō were large two - handed weapons . </Li> <Li> Chain weapons, various weapons using chains kusari were used during the samurai era, the kusarigama and Kusari - fundo are examples . </Li> </Ul> <Li> Japanese swords (samurai sword) are the weapons that have come to be synonymous with the samurai . Ancient Japanese swords from the Nara period (Chokutō) featured a straight blade, by the late 900s curved tachi appeared, followed by the uchigatana and ultimately the katana . Smaller commonly known companion swords are the wakizashi and the tantō . Wearing a long sword (katana) or (tachi) together with a smaller sword such as a wakizashi or tantō became the symbol of the samurai, this combination of swords is referred to as a daishō (literally "big and small"). During the Edo period only samurai were allowed to wear a daisho . A longer blade known as the nodachi was also used in the fourteenth century, though primarily used by samurai on the ground . </Li> <Li> The yumi (longbow), reflected in the art of kyūjutsu (lit . the skill of the bow) was a major weapon of the Japanese military . Its usage declined with the introduction of the tanegashima (Japanese matchlock) during the Sengoku period, but the skill was still practiced at least for sport . The yumi, an asymmetric composite bow made from bamboo, wood, rattan and leather, had an effective range of 50 or 100 meters (160 or 330 feet) if accuracy was not an issue . On foot, it was usually used behind a tate (手 盾), a large, mobile wooden shield, but the yumi could also be used from horseback because of its asymmetric shape . The practice of shooting from horseback became a Shinto ceremony known as yabusame (流鏑馬). </Li>

During most of the tokugawa reign the essential role of samurai was