<P> In game theory, which constructs mathematical models for individuals' behavior in strategic situations, the corresponding "game", developed by Hardin, is known as the Commonize Costs--Privatize Profits Game (CC--PP game). </P> <P> Kopelman, Weber, & Messick (2002), in a review of the experimental research on cooperation in commons dilemmas, identify nine classes of independent variables that influence cooperation in commons dilemmas: social motives, gender, payoff structure, uncertainty, power and status, group size, communication, causes, and frames . They organize these classes and distinguish between psychological individual differences (stable personality traits) and situational factors (the environment). Situational factors include both the task (social and decision structure) and the perception of the task . </P> <P> Empirical findings support the theoretical argument that the cultural group is a critical factor that needs to be studied in the context of situational variables . Rather than behaving in line with economic incentives, people are likely to approach the decision to cooperate with an appropriateness framework . An expanded, four factor model of the Logic of Appropriateness, suggests that the cooperation is better explained by the question: "What does a person like me (identity) do (rules) in a situation like this (recognition) given this culture (group)?" </P> <P> Strategic factors also matter in commons dilemmas . One often - studied strategic factor is the order in which people take harvests from the resource . In simultaneous play, all people harvest at the same time, whereas in sequential play people harvest from the pool according to a predetermined sequence--first, second, third, etc . There is a clear order effect in the latter games: the harvests of those who come first--the leaders--are higher than the harvest of those coming later--the followers . The interpretation of this effect is that the first players feel entitled to take more . With sequential play, individuals adopt a first come - first served rule, whereas with simultaneous play people may adopt an equality rule . Another strategic factor is the ability to build up reputations . Research found that people take less from the common pool in public situations than in anonymous private situations . Moreover, those who harvest less gain greater prestige and influence within their group . </P>

Which of the following is not an example of the tradegy of the commons