<P> By comparison, under U.S. law, "A trade secret, as defined under 18 U.S.C. § 1839 (3) (A), (B) (1996), has three parts: (1) information; (2) reasonable measures taken to protect the information; and (3) which derives independent economic value from not being publicly known". </P> <P> Trade secrets are an important, but invisible component of a company's intellectual property (IP). Their contribution to a company's value, measured as its market capitalization, can be major . Being invisible, that contribution is hard to measure . Patents are a visible contribution, but delayed, and unsuitable for internal innovations . Having an internal scoreboard provides insight into the cost of risks of employees leaving to serve or start competing ventures . </P> <P> In contrast to registered intellectual property, trade secrets are, by definition, not disclosed to the world at large . Instead, owners of trade secrets seek to protect trade secret information from competitors by instituting special procedures for handling it, as well as technological and legal security measures . Legal protections include non-disclosure agreement s (NDAs), and work - for - hire and non-compete clauses . In other words, in exchange for an opportunity to be employed by the holder of secrets, an employee may sign agreements to not reveal their prospective employer's proprietary information, to surrender or assign to their employer ownership rights to intellectual work and work - products produced during the course (or as a condition) of employment, and to not work for a competitor for a given period of time (sometimes within a given geographic region). Violation of the agreement generally carries the possibility of heavy financial penalties which operate as a disincentive to reveal trade secrets . However, proving a breach of an NDA by a former stakeholder who is legally working for a competitor or prevailing in a lawsuit for breaching a non-compete clause can be very difficult . A holder of a trade secret may also require similar agreements from other parties he or she deals with, such as vendors, licensees, and board members . </P> <P> As a company can protect its confidential information through NDA, work - for - hire, and non-compete contracts with its stakeholders (within the constraints of employment law, including only restraint that is reasonable in geographic - and time - scope), these protective contractual measures effectively create a perpetual monopoly on secret information that does not expire as would a patent or copyright . The lack of formal protection associated with registered intellectual property rights, however, means that a third party not bound by a signed agreement is not prevented from independently duplicating and using the secret information once it is discovered, such as through reverse engineering . </P>

An individual may freely use the trade secret of another if
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