<P> The Confederate cause was hopeless by the time Atlanta fell and William T. Sherman marched through Georgia in late 1864, but the rebels fought on, refusing to give up their independence until Lee's army surrendered in April 1865 . All the Confederate forces surrendered, and the region moved into the Reconstruction Era . </P> <P> The South suffered much more than the North overall, as the Union strategy of attrition warfare meant that Lee could not replace his casualties, and the total war waged by Sherman, Sheridan and other Union armies devastated the infrastructure and caused widespread poverty and distress . The Confederacy suffered military losses of 95,000 men killed in action and 165,000 who died of disease, for a total of 260,000, out of a total white Southern population at the time of around 5.5 million . Based on 1860 census figures, 8% of all white males aged 13 to 43 died in the war, including 6% in the North and about 18% in the South . Northern military casualties exceeded Southern casualties in absolute numbers, but were two - thirds smaller in terms of proportion of the population affected . </P> <P> After the Civil War, the South was devastated in terms of population, infrastructure and economy . Because of states' reluctance to grant voting rights to freedmen, Congress instituted Reconstruction governments . It established military districts and governors to rule over the South until new governments could be established . Many white Southerners who had actively supported the Confederacy were temporarily disenfranchised . Rebuilding was difficult as people grappled with the effects of a new labor economy of a free market in the midst of a widespread agricultural depression . In addition, what limited infrastructure the South had was mostly destroyed by the war . At the same time, the North was rapidly industrializing . To avoid the social effects of the war, most of the Southern states initially passed black codes . Eventually, these were mostly legally nullified by federal law and anti-Confederate legislatures, which existed for a short time during Reconstruction . </P> <P> There were thousands of people on the move, as African Americans tried to reunite families separated by slaves sales, and sometimes migrated for better opportunities in towns or other states . Other freed people moved from plantation areas to cities or towns for a chance to get different jobs . At the same time, whites returned from refuges to reclaim plantations or town dwellings . In some areas, many whites returned to the land to farm for a while . Some freedpeople left the South altogether for states such as Ohio and Indiana, and later, Kansas . Thousands of others joined the migration to new opportunities in the Mississippi and Arkansas Delta bottomlands and Texas . </P>

Show me a map of all the states in the united states