<Tr> <Th> Next (lower) </Th> <Td> Padma Vibhushan </Td> </Tr> <P> The Bharat Ratna (Hindi pronunciation: (bhaːrət̪ rət̪nə); Jewel of India) is the highest civilian award of the Republic of India . Instituted in 1954, the award is conferred "in recognition of exceptional service / performance of the highest order", without distinction of race, occupation, position, or sex . The award was originally limited to achievements in the arts, literature, science, and public services, but the government expanded the criteria to include "any field of human endeavour" in December 2011 . The recommendations for the Bharat Ratna are made by the Prime Minister to the President, with a maximum of three nominees being awarded per year . Recipients receive a Sanad (certificate) signed by the President and a peepal - leaf--shaped medallion; there is no monetary grant associated with the award . Bharat Ratna recipients rank seventh in the Indian order of precedence . </P> <P> The first recipients of the Bharat Ratna were politician C. Rajagopalachari, philosopher Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, and scientist C.V. Raman, who were honoured in 1954 . Since then, the award has been bestowed upon 45 individuals, including 12 who were awarded posthumously . The original statutes did not provide for posthumous awards but were amended in January 1955 to permit them . Former Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri became the first individual to be honoured posthumously . In 2014, cricketer Sachin Tendulkar, then aged 40, became the youngest recipient; while social reformer Dhondo Keshav Karve was awarded on his 100th birthday . Though usually conferred on India - born citizens, the Bharat Ratna has been awarded to one naturalised citizen, Mother Teresa, and to two non-Indians, Pakistan national Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan and former South African President Nelson Mandela . On 24 December 2014, the Indian government announced the award to independence activist Madan Mohan Malaviya (posthumously) and former Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee . </P> <P> The Bharat Ratna, along with other personal civil honours, was briefly suspended from July 1977 to January 1980, during the change in the national government; and for a second time from August 1992 to December 1995, when several public - interest litigations challenged the constitutional validity of the awards . In 1992, the government's decision to confer the award posthumously on Subhas Chandra Bose was opposed by those who had refused to accept the fact of his death, including some members of his extended family . Following a 1997 Supreme Court decision, the press communiqué announcing Bose's award was cancelled; it is the only time when the award was announced but not conferred . </P>

Who was the first recipient of bharat ratna to be awarded posthumously