<P> In the early 21st century, following the failure of the Arab Spring and defeat of the self - proclaimed "Islamic State", there has seen "a broad mainstream embrace of a collective Muslim identity" by young Muslims and the appeal of a caliphate as a "idealized future Muslim state" has grown ever stronger . </P> <P> Before the advent of Islam, Arabian monarchs traditionally used the title malik (King, ruler), or another from the same root . </P> <P> The term caliph (/ ˈkeɪlɪf, ˈkælɪf /), derives from the Arabic word khalīfah (خَليفة, pronunciation (help info)), which means "successor", "steward", or "deputy" and has traditionally been considered a shortening of Khalifat Rasul Allah ("successor of the messenger of God"). However, studies of pre-Islamic texts suggest that the original meaning of the phrase was "successor selected by God". </P> <P> Shortly before his death, Muhammad called all the Muslims who had accompanied him on the final Hajj (pilgrimage) to gather around at a place known as Ghadir Khumm . Muhammad gave a long sermon, part of which states: </P>

The caliphate expansion civil wars and sect formation