<P> In the context social control through penal and correctional services, the rehabilatative ideal (Francis Allen 1964) is a key idea that formed within the 20th century--the first principle of which is that behavior is first caused by things that happened before ("Human behaviour is a product of antecedent causes"). The idea was later thought to have less relevancy to the philosophy and exaction or execution of correctional measures, at least according to a 2007 publication (and elsewhere). </P> <P> Law is a technique used for the purposes of social control . For example, there are certain laws regarding appropriate sexual relationships and these are largely based on societal values . Historically, homosexuality has been criminalised . In modern times, this is no longer an offence and this is due to shifts in society's values . Howerever, there are still laws regarding age of consent and incest, as these are still deemed as issues in society that require means of control . </P> <P> A mechanism of social control occurs through the use of selective incentives . Selective incentives are private goods, which are gifts or services, made available to people depending on whether they do or don't contribute to the good of a group, collective, or the common good . If people do contribute, they are rewarded, if they don't they are punished . Mancur Olson gave rise to the concept in its first instance (c.f. The Logic of Collective Action). </P> <P> Oberschall, in his work, identifies three elements to the pragmatics of social control as they exist in our current society . These are, confrontational control, such as riot control and crowd control, preventative measures to deter non-normal behaviors, which is legislation outlining expected boundaries for behavior, and measures complementary to preventative measures, which amount to punishment of criminal offences . </P>

Public social control includes which of the following