<P> Several areas of the human brain are not on the brain side of the BBB . Some examples of this include the circumventricular organs, the roof of the third and fourth ventricles, capillaries in the pineal gland on the roof of the diencephalon and the pineal gland . The pineal gland secretes the hormone melatonin "directly into the systemic circulation", thus melatonin is not affected by the blood--brain barrier . </P> <P> Originally, experiments in the 1920s seemed to (wrongly) show that the blood--brain barrier (BBB) was still immature in newborns . This was due to an error in methodology (the osmotic pressure was too high and the delicate embryonal capillary vessels were partially damaged). It was later shown in experiments with a reduced volume of the injected liquids that the markers under investigation could not pass the BBB . It was reported that those natural substances such as albumin, α - 1 - fetoprotein or transferrin with elevated plasma concentration in the newborn could not be detected outside of cells in the brain . The transporter P - glycoprotein exists already in the embryonal endothelium . </P> <P> The measurement of brain uptake of acetamide, antipyrine, benzyl alcohol, butanol, caffeine, cytosine, phenytoin, ethanol, ethylene glycol, heroin, mannitol, methanol, phenobarbital, propylene glycol, thiourea, and urea in ether - anesthetized newborn vs. adult rabbits shows that newborn rabbit and adult rabbit brain endothelia are functionally similar with respect to lipid - mediated permeability . These data confirmed that no differences in permeability could be detected between newborn and adult BBB capillaries . No difference in brain uptake of glucose, amino acids, organic acids, purines, nucleosides, or choline was observed between adult and newborn rabbits . These experiments indicate that the newborn BBB has restrictive properties similar to that of the adult . In contrast to suggestions of an immature barrier in young animals, these studies indicate that a sophisticated, selective BBB is operative at birth . </P> <P> The blood--brain barrier acts effectively to protect the brain from circulating pathogens . Accordingly, blood - borne infections of the brain are rare . Infections of the brain that do occur are often difficult to treat . Antibodies are too large to cross the blood--brain barrier, and only certain antibiotics are able to pass . In some cases, a drug has to be administered directly into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) where it can enter the brain by crossing the blood--cerebrospinal fluid barrier . </P>

When does the blood brain barrier fully formed
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