<P> Expectancy theory is about the mental processes regarding choice, or choosing . It explains the processes that an individual undergoes to make choices . In the study of organizational behavior, expectancy theory is a motivation theory first proposed by Victor Vroom of the Yale School of Management . </P> <P> "This theory emphasizes the needs for organizations to relate rewards directly to performance and to ensure that the rewards provided are those rewards deserved and wanted by the recipients ." </P> <P> Victor H. Vroom (1964) defines motivation as a process governing choices among alternative forms of voluntary activities, a process controlled by the individual . The individual makes choices based on estimates of how well the expected results of a given behavior are going to match up with or eventually lead to the desired results . Motivation is a product of the individual's expectancy that a certain effort will lead to the intended performance, the instrumentality of this performance to achieving a certain result, and the desirability of this result for the individual, known as valence . </P> <P> In 1964, Victor H. Vroom developed the expectancy theory through his study of the motivations behind decision making . This theory is relevant to the study of management . </P>

Where is motivation derived from according to the expectancy theory
find me the text answering this question