<P> In the mid-20th century psychologists such as Hans Eysenck developed a personality profile for the typical smoker of that period; extraversion was associated with smoking, and smokers tended to be sociable, impulsive, risk taking, and excitement - seeking individuals . Although personality and social factors may make people likely to smoke, the actual habit is a function of operant conditioning . During the early stages, smoking provides pleasurable sensations (because of its action on the dopamine system) and thus serves as a source of positive reinforcement . After an individual has smoked for many years, the avoidance of withdrawal symptoms and negative reinforcement become the key motivations . Like all addictive substances, the amount of exposure required to become dependent on nicotine can vary from person to person . </P> <P> Education and counselling by physicians of children and adolescents has been found to be effective in decreasing the risk of tobacco use . Systematic reviews show that psychosocial interventions can help women stop smoking in late pregnancy, reducing low birthweight and preterm births . </P> <P> Smoking, primarily of tobacco, is an activity that is practiced by some 1.1 billion people, and up to 1 / 3 of the adult population . The image of the smoker can vary considerably, but is very often associated, especially in fiction, with individuality and aloofness . Even so, smoking of both tobacco and cannabis can be a social activity which serves as a reinforcement of social structures and is part of the cultural rituals of many and diverse social and ethnic groups . Many smokers begin smoking in social settings and the offering and sharing of a cigarette is often an important rite of initiation or simply a good excuse to start a conversation with strangers in many settings; in bars, night clubs, at work or on the street . Lighting a cigarette is often seen as an effective way of avoiding the appearance of idleness or mere loitering . For adolescents, it can function as a first step out of childhood or as an act of rebellion against the adult world . Also, smoking can be seen as a sort of camaraderie . It has been shown that even opening a packet of cigarettes, or offering a cigarette to other people, can increase the level of dopamine (the "happy feeling") in the brain, and it is doubtless that people who smoke form relationships with fellow smokers, in a way that only proliferates the habit, particularly in countries where smoking inside public places has been made illegal . Other than recreational drug use, it can be used to construct identity and a development of self - image by associating it with personal experiences connected with smoking . The rise of the modern anti-smoking movement in the late 19th century did more than create awareness of the hazards of smoking; it provoked reactions of smokers against what was, and often still is, perceived as an assault on personal freedom and has created an identity among smokers as rebels or outcasts, apart from non-smokers: </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> "</Td> <Td> There is a new Marlboro land, not of lonesome cowboys, but of social - spirited urbanites, united against the perceived strictures of public health . </Td> <Td>" </Td> </Tr> </Table>

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