<P> In the United States, forming a corporation usually required an act of legislation until the late 19th century . Many private firms, such as Carnegie's steel company and Rockefeller's Standard Oil, avoided the corporate model for this reason (as a trust). State governments began to adopt more permissive corporate laws from the early 19th century, although these were all restrictive in design, often with the intention of preventing corporations for gaining too much wealth and power . </P> <P> New Jersey was the first state to adopt an "enabling" corporate law, with the goal of attracting more business to the state, in 1896 . In 1899, Delaware followed New Jersey's lead with the enactment of an enabling corporate statute, but Delaware only became the leading corporate state after the enabling provisions of the 1896 New Jersey corporate law were repealed in 1913 . </P> <P> The end of the 19th century saw the emergence of holding companies and corporate mergers creating larger corporations with dispersed shareholders . Countries began enacting anti-trust laws to prevent anti-competitive practices and corporations were granted more legal rights and protections . The 20th century saw a proliferation of laws allowing for the creation of corporations by registration across the world, which helped to drive economic booms in many countries before and after World War I. Another major post World War I shift was toward the development of conglomerates, in which large corporations purchased smaller corporations to expand their industrial base . </P> <P> Starting in the 1980s, many countries with large state - owned corporations moved toward privatization, the selling of publicly owned (or' nationalised') services and enterprises to corporations . Deregulation (reducing the regulation of corporate activity) often accompanied privatization as part of a laissez - faire policy . </P>

Which of the following is part of the process of incorporation