<P> Following a long record of instigating localised conflicts throughout the 1930s, Japan began a full - scale invasion of China on 7 July 1937 . On 12 September, the Chinese representative, Wellington Koo, appealed to the League for international intervention . Western countries were sympathetic to the Chinese in their struggle, particularly in their stubborn defence of Shanghai, a city with a substantial number of foreigners . The League was unable to provide any practical measures; on 4 October, it turned the case over to the Nine Power Treaty Conference . </P> <P> Article 8 of the Covenant gave the League the task of reducing "armaments to the lowest point consistent with national safety and the enforcement by common action of international obligations". A significant amount of the League's time and energy was devoted to this goal, even though many member governments were uncertain that such extensive disarmament could be achieved or was even desirable . The Allied powers were also under obligation by the Treaty of Versailles to attempt to disarm, and the armament restrictions imposed on the defeated countries had been described as the first step toward worldwide disarmament . The League Covenant assigned the League the task of creating a disarmament plan for each state, but the Council devolved this responsibility to a special commission set up in 1926 to prepare for the 1932--1934 World Disarmament Conference . Members of the League held different views towards the issue . The French were reluctant to reduce their armaments without a guarantee of military help if they were attacked; Poland and Czechoslovakia felt vulnerable to attack from the west and wanted the League's response to aggression against its members to be strengthened before they disarmed . Without this guarantee, they would not reduce armaments because they felt the risk of attack from Germany was too great . Fear of attack increased as Germany regained its strength after the First World War, especially after Adolf Hitler gained power and became German Chancellor in 1933 . In particular, Germany's attempts to overturn the Treaty of Versailles and the reconstruction of the German military made France increasingly unwilling to disarm . </P> <P> The World Disarmament Conference was convened by the League of Nations in Geneva in 1932, with representatives from 60 states . A one - year moratorium on the expansion of armaments, later extended by a few months, was proposed at the start of the conference . The Disarmament Commission obtained initial agreement from France, Italy, Spain, Japan, and Britain to limit the size of their navies . The Kellogg--Briand Pact, facilitated by the commission in 1928, failed in its objective of outlawing war . Ultimately, the Commission failed to halt the military build - up by Germany, Italy, Spain and Japan during the 1930s . The League was mostly silent in the face of major events leading to the Second World War, such as Hitler's remilitarisation of the Rhineland, occupation of the Sudetenland and Anschluss of Austria, which had been forbidden by the Treaty of Versailles . In fact, League members themselves re-armed . In 1933, Japan simply withdrew from the League rather than submit to its judgement, as did Germany the same year (using the failure of the World Disarmament Conference to agree to arms parity between France and Germany as a pretext), Italy and Spain in 1937 . The final significant act of the League was to expel the Soviet Union in December 1939 after it invaded Finland . </P> <P> The onset of the Second World War demonstrated that the League had failed in its primary purpose, the prevention of another world war . There were a variety of reasons for this failure, many connected to general weaknesses within the organisation . Additionally, the power of the League was limited by the United States' refusal to join . </P>

What was the first challenge to the league of nations what was the second