<P> Pakistan attacked at several places along India's western border with Pakistan, but the Indian Army successfully held their positions . The Indian Army quickly responded to the Pakistan Army's movements in the west and made some initial gains, including capturing around 5,795 square miles (15,010 km) of Pakistan territory (land gained by India in Pakistani Kashmir, Pakistani Punjab and Sindh sectors but gifted it back to Pakistan in the Simla Agreement of 1972, as a gesture of goodwill). Within two weeks of intense fighting, Pakistani forces in East Pakistan surrendered to the joint command of Indian and Bangladeshi forces following which the People's Republic of Bangladesh was created . This war saw the highest number of casualties in any of the India - Pakistan conflicts, as well as the largest number of prisoners of war since the Second World War after the surrender of more than 90,000 Pakistani military and civilians . In the words of one Pakistani author, "Pakistan lost half its navy, a quarter of its air force and a third of its army". </P> <P> Commonly known as the Kargil War, this conflict between the two countries was mostly limited . During early 1999, Pakistani troops infiltrated across the Line of Control (LoC) and occupied Indian territory mostly in the Kargil district . India responded by launching a major military and diplomatic offensive to drive out the Pakistani infiltrators . Two months into the conflict, Indian troops had slowly retaken most of the ridges that were encroached by the infiltrators . according to official count, an estimated 75%--80% of the intruded area and nearly all high ground was back under Indian control . Fearing large - scale escalation in military conflict, the international community, led by the United States, increased diplomatic pressure on Pakistan to withdraw forces from remaining Indian territory . Faced with the possibility of international isolation, the already fragile Pakistani economy was weakened further . The morale of Pakistani forces after the withdrawal declined as many units of the Northern Light Infantry suffered heavy casualties . The government refused to accept the dead bodies of many officers, an issue that provoked outrage and protests in the Northern Areas . Pakistan initially did not acknowledge many of its casualties, but Nawaz Sharif later said that over 4,000 Pakistani troops were killed in the operation and that Pakistan had lost the conflict . By the end of July 1999, organized hostilities in the Kargil district had ceased . </P> <P> Apart from the aforementioned wars, there have been skirmishes between the two nations from time to time . Some have bordered on all - out war, while others were limited in scope . The countries were expected to fight each other in 1955 after warlike posturing on both sides, but full - scale war did not break out . </P> <Ul> <Li> Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir: An insurgency in Indian - administered Kashmir has been a cause for heightened tensions . India has also accused Pakistan - backed militant groups of executing several terrorist attacks across India . </Li> <Li> Siachen conflict: In 1984, India launched Operation Meghdoot capturing all of the Siachen Glacier . Further clashes erupted in the glacial area in 1985, 1987 and 1995 as Pakistan sought, without success, to oust India from its stronghold . </Li> <Li> Sir Creek: The dispute lies in the interpretation of the maritime boundary line between Kutch and Sindh . Before India's independence, the provincial region was a part of Bombay Presidency of British India . After India's independence in 1947, Sindh became a part of Pakistan while Kutch became a part of India . Pakistan lays claim to the entire creek as per paras 9 and 10 of the Bombay Government Resolution of 1914 signed between the then Government of Sindh and Rao Maharaj of Kutch . </Li> <Li> India--Pakistan maritime trespassing: frequent trespassing and violation of respective national territorial waters of India and Pakistan in peacetime occurs commonly by Pakistani and Indian fishermen operating along the coastline of the Indian state of Gujarat and the Pakistani province of Sindh . Most violations occur due to the absence of a physical boundary and lack of navigational tools for small fishermen . Hundreds of fishermen are arrested by the Coast Guards of both nations, but obtaining their release is difficult and long - winded owing to the hostile relations between the two nations . </Li> </Ul>

When did india and pakistan go to war