<P> John Arderne (1307 - 1392) was an English physician and surgeon who invented his own anesthetic that combined hemlock, henbane, and opium . In his writings, he also described how to properly excise and remove the abscess caused by anal fistula . </P> <P> Nicole Oresme (c. 1323--82) was one of the most original thinkers of the 14th century . A theologian and bishop of Lisieux, he wrote influential treatises in both Latin and French on mathematics, physics, astronomy, and economics . In addition to these contributions, Oresme strongly opposed astrology and speculated about the possibility of a plurality of worlds . </P> <P> Giovanni Dondi dell'Orologio (c. 1330 - 1388) was a clockmaker from Padua, Italy who designed the astarium, an astronomical clock and planetarium that utilized the escapement mechanism that had been recently invented in Europe . He also attempted to describe the mechanics of the solar system with mathematical precision . </P> <P> Nicholas of Cusa (1401--1464) was a German philosopher, theologian, and astronomer who believed the Earth was not the center of the known universe, that celestial bodies were not perfect spheres, that their orbits were not entirely circular, and advanced the idea of relative velocity to explain the difference between theory and appearance of celestial objects . </P>

Complete the concept chart notable scholars in europe