<P> In Development as Freedom, Sen outlines five specific types of freedoms: political freedoms, economic facilities, social opportunities, transparency guarantees, and protective security . Political freedoms, the first of these, refers to the ability of the people to have a voice in government and to be able to scrutinize the authorities . Economic facilities concern both the resources within the market and the market mechanism itself . Any focus on income and wealth in the country would serve to increase the economic facilities for the people . Social opportunities deal with the establishments that provide benefits like healthcare or education for the populace, allowing individuals to live better lives . Transparency guarantees allow individuals to interact with some degree of trust and knowledge of the interaction . Protective security is the system of social safety nets that prevent a group affected by poverty being subjected to terrible misery . Before Sen's work, these had been viewed as only the ends of development; luxuries afforded to countries that focus on increasing income . However, Sen argues that the increase in real freedoms should be both the ends and the means of development . He elaborates upon this by illustrating the closely interconnected natures of the five main freedoms as he believes that expansion of one of those freedoms can lead to expansion in another one as well . In this regard he discusses the correlation between social opportunities of education and health and how both of these complement economic and political freedoms as a healthy and well - educated person is better suited to make informed economic decisions and be involved in fruitful political demonstrations etc . A comparison is also drawn between China and India to illustrate this interdependence of freedoms . Both countries were working towards developing their economies, India since 1979 and China since 1991 . Despite the fact that China opened its economy about a decade later, it was able to see more rapid development as it had always been pro health and education so its population was much more productive than that of India, where health and education was unavailable to about half of the population . </P> <P> Welfare economics seeks to evaluate economic policies in terms of their effects on the well - being of the community . Sen, who devoted his career to such issues, was called the "conscience of his profession". His influential monograph Collective Choice and Social Welfare (1970), which addressed problems related to individual rights (including formulation of the liberal paradox), justice and equity, majority rule, and the availability of information about individual conditions, inspired researchers to turn their attention to issues of basic welfare . Sen devised methods of measuring poverty that yielded useful information for improving economic conditions for the poor . For instance, his theoretical work on inequality provided an explanation for why there are fewer women than men in India and China despite the fact that in the West and in poor but medically unbiased countries, women have lower mortality rates at all ages, live longer, and make a slight majority of the population . Sen claimed that this skewed ratio results from the better health treatment and childhood opportunities afforded boys in those countries, as well as sex - selective abortions . </P> <P> Governments and international organizations handling food crises were influenced by Sen's work . His views encouraged policy makers to pay attention not only to alleviating immediate suffering but also to finding ways to replace the lost income of the poor--for example through public works--and to maintain stable prices for food . A vigorous defender of political freedom, Sen believed that famines do not occur in functioning democracies because their leaders must be more responsive to the demands of the citizens . In order for economic growth to be achieved, he argued, social reforms--such as improvements in education and public health--must precede economic reform . </P> <P> In 2009, Sen published a book called The Idea of Justice . Based on his previous work in welfare economics and social choice theory, but also on his philosophical thoughts, he presented his own theory of justice that he meant to be an alternative to the influential modern theories of justice of John Rawls or John Harsanyi . In opposition to Rawls but also earlier justice theoreticians Immanuel Kant, Jean - Jacques Rousseau or David Hume, and inspired by the philosophical works of Adam Smith and Mary Wollstonecraft, Sen developed a theory that is both comparative and realizations - oriented (instead of being transcendental and institutional). However, he still regards institutions and processes as being important . As an alternative to Rawls's veil of ignorance, Sen chose the thought experiment of an impartial spectator as the basis of his theory of justice . He also stressed the importance of public discussion (understanding democracy in the sense of John Stuart Mill) and a focus on people's capabilities (an approach that he had co-developed), including the notion of universal human rights, in evaluating various states with regard to justice . </P>

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