<Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . Please consider splitting content into sub-articles, condensing it, or adding or removing subheadings . (January 2017) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . Please consider splitting content into sub-articles, condensing it, or adding or removing subheadings . (January 2017) </Td> </Tr> <P> Gunpowder is the first physical explosive and propellant . Before its invention, many incendiary and burning devices had been used, including Greek fire . The invention of gunpowder is attributed to experimentation in Chinese alchemy by Taoists in the pursuit of immortality, and is popularly listed as one of the "Four Great Inventions" of China . It was invented during the late Tang dynasty (9th century) but the earliest record of a written formula appeared in the Song dynasty (11th century). Knowledge of gunpowder spread rapidly throughout the Old World possibly as a result of the Mongol conquests during the 13th century, with the earliest written formula for it outside of China contained within the Opus Majus, a 1267 treatise by the English friar Roger Bacon . It was employed in warfare to some effect from at least the 12th century in weapons such as fire arrows, bombs, and the fire lance before the appearance of the gun . While the fire lance was eventually supplanted by the gun, other gunpowder weapons such as rockets continued to see use in China, Korea, India, and eventually Europe . Bombs too never ceased to develop and continued to progress into the modern day as grenades, mines, and other explosive implements . Gunpowder has also been used for non-military purposes such as fireworks for entertainment, or in explosives for mining and tunneling . </P> <P> The evolution of guns led to the development of artillery during the 15th century, pioneered by states such as the Duchy of Burgundy . Firearms came to dominate early modern warfare in Europe by the 17th century . The gradual improvement of cannons firing heavier rounds for a greater impact against fortifications led to the invention of the star fort and the bastion in the Western world, where traditional city walls and castles were no longer suitable for defense . The use of gunpowder technology also spread throughout the Islamic world and to India, Korea, and Japan . The so - called Gunpowder Empires of the early modern period consisted of the Mughal Empire, Safavid Empire, and Ottoman Empire . The use of gunpowder in warfare during the course of the 19th century diminished due to the invention of smokeless powder . Gunpowder is often referred to today as "black powder" to distinguish it from the propellant used in contemporary firearms . </P>

During what dynasty did the chinese make explosives