<P> Androgen receptor is modified by post translational modification through acetylation, which directly promotes AR mediated transactivation, apoptosis and contact independent growth of prostate cancer cells . AR acetylation is induced by androgens and determines recruitment into chromatin . The AR acetylation site is a key target of NAD - dependent and TSA - dependent histone deacetylases and long non coding RNA . </P> <P> More recently, androgen receptors have been shown to have a second mode of action . As has been also found for other steroid hormone receptors such as estrogen receptors, androgen receptors can have actions that are independent of their interactions with DNA . Androgen receptors interact with certain signal transduction proteins in the cytoplasm . Androgen binding to cytoplasmic androgen receptors can cause rapid changes in cell function independent of changes in gene transcription, such as changes in ion transport . Regulation of signal transduction pathways by cytoplasmic androgen receptors can indirectly lead to changes in gene transcription, for example, by leading to phosphorylation of other transcription factors . </P> <P> In humans, the androgen receptor is encoded by the AR gene located on the X chromosome at Xq11 - 12 . </P> <P> The androgen insensitivity syndrome, formerly known as testicular feminization, is caused by a mutation of the androgen receptor gene located on the X chromosome (locus: Xq11 - Xq12). The androgen receptor seems to affect neuron physiology and is defective in Kennedy's disease . In addition, point mutations and trinucleotide repeat polymorphisms has been linked to a number of additional disorders . </P>

Where are androgen receptors located in the body