<Li> Stage 3: Play age (3 to 5) in which the psychosocial crisis is Initiative vs. Guilt . (This stage is also called the "pre-school age," "exploratory age" and "toy age .") </Li> <Li> Stage 4: School age (5 to 12) in which the psychosocial crisis is Industry vs. Inferiority </Li> <P> Play (or preschool) ages 3--5 . In the earliest years, children are "completely dependent on the care of others ." Therefore, they develop a "social relationship" with their care givers and, later, with family members . During their preschool years (3 - 5), they "enlarge their social horizons" to include people outside the family . </P> <P> Preoperational and then operational thinking develops, which means actions are reversible, and egocentric thought diminishes . </P>

Who emphasized the importance of social approval in human development