<P> During the 19th and 20th century, many national political parties organized themselves into international organizations along similar policy lines . Notable examples are The Universal Party, International Workingmen's Association (also called the First International), the Socialist International (also called the Second International), the Communist International (also called the Third International), and the Fourth International, as organizations of working class parties, or the Liberal International (yellow), Hizb ut - Tahrir, Christian Democratic International and the International Democrat Union (blue). Organized in Italy in 1945, the International Communist Party, since 1974 headquartered in Florence has sections in six countries . Worldwide green parties have recently established the Global Greens . The Universal Party, The Socialist International, the Liberal International, and the International Democrat Union are all based in London . Some administrations (e.g. Hong Kong) outlaw formal linkages between local and foreign political organizations, effectively outlawing international political parties . </P> <P> French political scientist Maurice Duverger drew a distinction between cadre parties and mass parties . Cadre parties were political elites that were concerned with contesting elections and restricted the influence of outsiders, who were only required to assist in election campaigns . Mass parties tried to recruit new members who were a source of party income and were often expected to spread party ideology as well as assist in elections . Socialist parties are examples of mass parties, while the British Conservative Party and the German Christian Democratic Union are examples of hybrid parties . In the United States, where both major parties were cadre parties, the introduction of primaries and other reforms has transformed them so that power is held by activists who compete over influence and nomination of candidates . </P> <P> Klaus von Beyme categorized European parties into nine families, which described most parties . He was able to arrange seven of them from left to right: communist, socialist, green, liberal, Christian democratic, conservative and libertarian . The position of two other types, agrarian and regional / ethnic parties varied . </P>

When did american political parties first emerge and why