<P> John Maynard Smith may have coined the actual term "kin selection" in 1964: </P> <P> These processes I will call kin selection and group selection respectively . Kin selection has been discussed by Haldane and by Hamilton....By kin selection I mean the evolution of characteristics which favour the survival of close relatives of the affected individual, by processes which do not require any discontinuities in the population breeding structure . </P> <P> Kin selection causes changes in gene frequency across generations, driven by interactions between related individuals . This dynamic forms the conceptual basis of the theory of social evolution . Some cases of evolution by natural selection can only be understood by considering how biological relatives influence each other's fitness . Under natural selection, a gene encoding a trait that enhances the fitness of each individual carrying it should increase in frequency within the population; and conversely, a gene that lowers the individual fitness of its carriers should be eliminated . However, a hypothetical gene that prompts behaviour which enhances the fitness of relatives but lowers that of the individual displaying the behaviour, may nonetheless increase in frequency, because relatives often carry the same gene . According to this principle, the enhanced fitness of relatives can at times more than compensate for the fitness loss incurred by the individuals displaying the behaviour, making kin selection possible . This is a special case of a more general model, "inclusive fitness". This analysis has been challenged, Wilson writing that "the foundations of the general theory of inclusive fitness based on the theory of kin selection have crumbled" and that he now relies instead on the theory of eusociality and "gene - culture co-evolution" for the underlying mechanics of sociobiology . </P> <P> "Kin selection" should not be confused with "group selection" according to which a genetic trait can become prevalent within a group because it benefits the group as a whole, regardless of any benefit to individual organisms . All known forms of group selection conform to the principle that an individual behaviour can be evolutionarily successful only if the genes responsible for this behaviour conform to Hamilton's Rule, and hence, on balance and in the aggregate, benefit from the behaviour . </P>

How can inclusive fitness lead to kin selection
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