<P> Meanwhile, considerable changes had been made in other parts of the continent . The occupation of Algiers by France in 1830 put an end to the piracy of the Barbary states . Egyptian authority continued to expand southward, with the consequent additions to knowledge of the Nile . The city of Zanzibar, on the island of that name, rapidly attained importance . Accounts of a vast inland sea, and the discovery of the snow - clad mountains of Kilimanjaro in 1840--1848, stimulated the desire for further knowledge about Africa in Europe . </P> <P> In the mid-19th century, Protestant missions were carrying on active missionary work on the Guinea coast, in South Africa and in the Zanzibar dominions . Missionaries visited little - known regions and peoples, and in many instances became explorers and pioneers of trade and empire . David Livingstone, a Scottish missionary, had been engaged since 1840 in work north of the Orange River . In 1849, Livingstone crossed the Kalahari Desert from south to north and reached Lake Ngami . Between 1851 and 1856, he traversed the continent from west to east, discovering the great waterways of the upper Zambezi River . In November 1855, Livingstone became the first European to see the famous Victoria Falls, named after the Queen of the United Kingdom . From 1858 to 1864, the lower Zambezi, the Shire River and Lake Nyasa were explored by Livingstone . Nyasa had been first reached by the confidential slave of António da Silva Porto, a Portuguese trader established at Bié in Angola, who crossed Africa during 1853--1856 from Benguella to the mouth of the Rovuma . A prime goal for explorers was to locate the source of the River Nile . Expeditions by Burton and Speke (1857--1858) and Speke and Grant (1863) located Lake Tanganyika and Lake Victoria . It was eventually proved to be the latter from which the Nile flowed . </P> <P> Henry Morton Stanley, who had in 1871 succeeded in finding and succouring Livingstone (originating the famous line "Dr. Livingstone, I presume"), started again for Zanzibar in 1874 . In one of the most memorable of all exploring expeditions in Africa, Stanley circumnavigated Victoria Nyanza (Lake Victoria) and Lake Tanganyika . Striking farther inland to the Lualaba, he followed that river down to the Atlantic Ocean--which he reached in August 1877--and proved it to be the Congo . </P> <P> In 1895, the British South Africa Company hired the American scout Frederick Russell Burnham to look for minerals and ways to improve river navigation in the central and southern Africa region . Burnham oversaw and led the Northern Territories British South Africa Exploration Company expedition that first established that major copper deposits existed north of the Zambezi in North - Eastern Rhodesia . Along the Kafue River, Burnham saw many similarities to copper deposits he had worked in the United States, and he encountered native peoples wearing copper bracelets . Copper rapidly became the primary export of Central Africa and it remains essential to the economy even today . </P>

Who began exploration of africa's atlantic coast