<P> Many of the exchanges encountered in the supply chain are therefore between different companies that seek to maximize their revenue within their sphere of interest, but may have little or no knowledge or interest in the remaining players in the supply chain . More recently, the loosely coupled, self - organizing network of businesses that cooperates to provide product and service offerings has been called the extended enterprise . </P> <P> As part of their efforts to demonstrate ethical practices, many large companies and global brands are integrating codes of conduct and guidelines into their corporate cultures and management systems . Through these, corporations are making demands on their suppliers (facilities, farms, subcontracted services such as cleaning, canteen, security etc .) and verifying, through social audits, that they are complying with the required standard . A lack of transparency in the supply chain is known as mystification, which bars consumers from the knowledge of where their purchases originated and can enable socially irresponsible practices . Supply Chain Managers are under constant scrutiny to secure the best pricing for their resources, which becomes a difficult task when faced with the inherent lack of transparency . Cost benchmarking is one effective method for identifying competitive pricing within the industry . This gives negotiators a solid basis to form their strategy on and drive overall spend down . </P> <P> There are a variety of supply chain models, which address both the upstream and downstream elements of supply chain management (SCM). The SCOR (Supply - Chain Operations Reference) model, developed by a consortium of industry and the non-profit Supply Chain Council (now part of APICS) became the cross-industry de facto standard defining the scope of supply chain management . SCOR measures total supply chain performance . It is a process reference model for supply - chain management, spanning from the supplier's supplier to the customer's customer . It includes delivery and order fulfillment performance, production flexibility, warranty and returns processing costs, inventory and asset turns, and other factors in evaluating the overall effective performance of a supply chain . </P> <P> The Global Supply Chain Forum has introduced another supply chain model . This framework is built on eight key business processes that are both cross-functional and cross-firm in nature . Each process is managed by a cross-functional team including representatives from logistics, production, purchasing, finance, marketing, and research and development . While each process interfaces with key customers and suppliers, the processes of customer relationship management and supplier relationship management form the critical linkages in the supply chain . </P>

Which of the following is not a common chain for a product to move from manufacturer to consumer