<P> At the time of an event, the fog of war often makes it impossible to recognize all of the implications of any specific outcome . Only hindsight can fully reveal the endpoint and all of the developments that led up to it . For this reason, contemporary observers may lack confidence in predicting a turning point . Many of the turning points of the Civil War cited here would not have been recognized as such at the time . </P> <P> The First Battle of Bull Run, on July 21, 1861, was the first major land battle of the war . Until this time, the North was generally confident about its prospects for quickly crushing the rebellion with an easy, direct strike against the Confederate capital at Richmond, Virginia . The embarrassing rout of Brig. Gen. Irvin McDowell's army during the battle made clear the fallacy of this viewpoint . Many Northerners were shocked and realized that the war was going to be much lengthier and bloodier than they had anticipated . It steeled their determination . Lincoln immediately signed legislation that increased the Union Army by 500,000 men and allowed for their terms of service to last the duration of the war . Congress quickly passed the Confiscation Act of 1861, which provided for freeing slaves whose masters participated in the rebellion and was the first attempt to define the war legislatively as a matter of ending slavery . If Confederates had hoped before this that they could sap Northern determination and quietly slip away from the Union with a minor military investment, their victory at Bull Run, ironically, destroyed those hopes . </P> <P> By mid-1861, eleven states had seceded, but four more slave - owning "border states" remained in the Union--Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, and Delaware . Kentucky was considered the most at risk; the state legislature had declared neutrality in the dispute, which was seen as a moderately pro-Confederate stance . The loss of Kentucky might have been catastrophic because of its control of the strategic Tennessee and Ohio rivers and its position from which the vital state of Ohio could be invaded . Lincoln wrote, "I think to lose Kentucky is nearly the same as to lose the whole game ." </P> <P> On September 3, 1861, Confederate General Leonidas Polk extended his defensive line north from Tennessee when Gideon Pillow occupied Columbus, Kentucky (in response to Ulysses S. Grant's occupation of Belmont, Missouri, directly across the Mississippi River). Polk followed this by moving through the Cumberland Gap and occupying parts of southeastern Kentucky . This violation of state neutrality enraged many of its citizens; the state legislature, overriding the veto of the governor, requested assistance from the federal government . Kentucky was never again a safe area of operation for Confederate forces . Ironically, Polk's actions were not directed by the Confederate government . Thus, almost by accident, the Confederacy was placed at an enormous strategic disadvantage . Indeed, the early Union successes in the Western Theater (the locale of all their successful large - scale non-naval initiatives until 1864) can be directly tied to Polk's blunder . </P>

Who led the north to victory in the civil war