<Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <P> The Townshend Acts were a series of British acts passed beginning in 1767 and relating to the British American colonies in North America . The acts are named after Charles Townshend, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, who proposed the program . Historians vary slightly as to which acts they include under the heading "Townshend Acts", but five acts are often mentioned: The Revenue Act of 1767, the Indemnity Act (1767), the New York Restraining Act (1767), the Commissioners of Customs Act (1767) and the Vice Admiralty Court Act (1767). The purpose of the Townshend Acts was to raise revenue in the colonies to pay the salaries of governors and judges so that they would remain loyal to Great Britain, to create a more effective means of enforcing compliance with trade regulations, to punish the province of New York for failing to comply with the 1765 Quartering Act, and to establish the precedent that the British Parliament had the right to tax the colonies . The Townshend Acts were met with resistance in the colonies, prompting the occupation of Boston by British troops in 1768, which eventually resulted in the Boston Massacre of 1770 . </P> <P> The Townshend Acts placed an indirect tax on glass, lead, paints, paper and tea . These goods, were not produced within the colonies and had to be imported from Britain . This form of generating revenue was Townshend's response to the failure of the Stamp Act, which served as the first form of direct taxation placed upon the colonies . However, the import duties proved to be similarly controversial . Colonial indignation over the Townshend Acts was predominantly driven by John Dickinson's anonymous publication of Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania, as well as the Massachusetts Circular Letter . As a result of widespread protest and non-importation of British goods in colonial ports, Parliament began to partially repeal the Townshend duties . In March 1770, most of the indirect taxes from the Townshend Acts were repealed by Parliament under Frederick Lord North . However, the import duty on tea was retained in order to demonstrate to the colonists that Parliament withheld the sovereign authority to tax its colonies an accordance with the Declaratory Act of 1766 . The British government continued in its attempt to tax the colonists without their consent . Retaining the Townshend Acts' taxation on imported tea, re-enforced by the Tea Act of 1773, subsequently led to the Boston Tea Party in 1773, which in turn sparked the Intolerable Acts in 1774 . The American Revolution soon followed . </P> <P> Following the Seven Years' War (1756--1763), the British Empire was deep in debt . To help pay some of the costs of the newly expanded empire, the British Parliament decided to levy new taxes on the colonies of British America . Previously, through the Trade and Navigation Acts, Parliament had used taxation to regulate the trade of the empire . But with the Sugar Act of 1764, Parliament sought, for the first time, to tax the colonies for the specific purpose of raising revenue . American colonists argued that there were constitutional issues involved . </P>

Who led the parliament in passing unpopular acts