<P> In his 2006 State of the Union Address, George W. Bush used the phrase addicted to oil, a phrase widely discussed in the media . </P> <P> Andy Grove argues that energy independence is a flawed and infeasible objective, particularly in a network of integrated global exchange . He suggests instead that the objective should be energy resilience: resilience goes hand in hand with adaptability, and it also is reflected in important market ideas like substitutability . Resilience is one of the best features of market processes; the information transmission function of prices means that individual buyers and sellers can adapt to changes in supply and demand conditions in a decentralized way . His suggestion for how to increase the resilience of the U.S. energy economy is to shift use from petroleum to electricity (electrification), that can be produced using multiple sources of energy, including renewables . </P> <P> In 2008 former vice president Al Gore challenged the United States to commit to producing all electricity from renewable sources (AERS) like solar and wind power in 10 years . Both the Center for Resource Solutions and current president Barack Obama have publicly stated they support Al Gore's AERS goal . </P> <P> Canada is the worlds second largest producer of hydroelectricity (after China) and exported three billion dollars worth of electricity to the US in 2015, mostly from the major hydro - producing provinces of Québec, Ontario, Manitoba and British Columbia . </P>

When was the united states considered an oil-independent nation