<P> From 1990 to 1999, some organisations reported that the Indian Armed Forces, its paramilitary groups, and counter-insurgent militias were responsible for the deaths of 4,501 Kashmiri civilians . During the same period, there were records of 4,242 women between the ages of 7--70 being raped . Similar allegations were also made by some human rights organisations . </P> <P> In short, Pakistan holds that--</P> <Ul> <Li> The popular Kashmiri insurgency demonstrates that the Kashmiri people no longer wish to remain within India . Pakistan suggests that this means that Kashmir either wants to be with Pakistan or independent . </Li> <Li> According to the two - nation theory, one of the principles that is cited for the partition that created India and Pakistan, Kashmir should have been with Pakistan, because it has a Muslim majority . </Li> <Li> India has shown disregard for the resolutions of the UN Security Council and the United Nations Commission in India and Pakistan by failing to hold a plebiscite to determine the future allegiance of the state . </Li> <Li> The reason for India's disregard of the resolutions of the UN Security Council was given by India's Defense Minister, Kirshnan Menon, who said: "Kashmir would vote to join Pakistan and no Indian Government responsible for agreeing to plebiscite would survive .' ' </Li> <Li> Pakistan was of the view that the Maharaja of Kashmir had no right to call in the Indian Army, because it held that the Maharaja of Kashmir was not a hereditary ruler and was merely a British appointee, after the British defeated Ranjit Singh who ruled the area before the British conquest . </Li> <Li> Pakistan has noted the widespread use of extrajudicial killings in Indian - administered Kashmir carried out by Indian security forces while claiming they were caught up in encounters with militants . These encounters are commonplace in Indian - administered Kashmir . The encounters go largely uninvestigated by the authorities, and the perpetrators are spared criminal prosecution . </Li> <Li> Pakistan disputes claims by India with reference to the Simla Agreement that UN resolutions on Kashmir have lost their relevance . It argues that legally and politically, UN Resolutions cannot be superseded without the UN Security Council adopting a resolution to that effect . It also maintains the Simla Agreement emphasised exploring a peaceful bilateral outcome, without excluding the role of UN and other negotiations . This is based on its interpretation of Article 1 (i) stating "the principles and purposes of the Charter of the United Nations shall govern the relations between the two countries". </Li> </Ul> <Li> The popular Kashmiri insurgency demonstrates that the Kashmiri people no longer wish to remain within India . Pakistan suggests that this means that Kashmir either wants to be with Pakistan or independent . </Li>

What are the causes and effects of the kashmir conflict