<P> The great auk of the Northern Hemisphere, now extinct, was superficially similar to penguins, and the word penguin was originally used for that bird, centuries ago . They are only distantly related to the penguins, but are an example of convergent evolution . </P> <P> Perhaps one in 50,000 penguins (of most species) are born with brown rather than black plumage . These are called isabelline penguins . Isabellinism is different from albinism . Isabelline penguins tend to live shorter lives than normal penguins, as they are not well - camouflaged against the deep, and are often passed over as mates . </P> <P> Although almost all penguin species are native to the Southern Hemisphere, they are not found only in cold climates, such as Antarctica . In fact, only a few species of penguin actually live so far south . Several species live in the temperate zone; one, the Galápagos penguin, lives as far north as the Galápagos Islands, but this is only made possible by the cold, rich waters of the Antarctic Humboldt Current that flows around these islands . </P> <P> Several authors have suggested that penguins are a good example of Bergmann's Rule where larger bodied populations live at higher latitudes than smaller bodied populations . There is some disagreement about this, and several other authors have noted that there are fossil penguin species that contradict this hypothesis and that ocean currents and upwellings are likely to have had a greater effect on species diversity than latitude alone . </P>

How many species of penguin are found in the arctic circle
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