<Tr> <Td> Yemen </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 15 </Td> <Td> HRW notes no legal minimum age for marriage under Sharia law, and UNSD notes that child marriage is permitted where "such marriage will entail some clear benefit ." </Td> </Tr> <P> The marriageable age as a right is 18 in all European countries, with the exception of Andorra and Scotland where it is 16 (for both sexes). Existing exceptions to this general rule (usually requiring special judicial or parental consent) are discussed below . In both the European Union and the Council of Europe the marriageable age falls within the jurisdiction of individual member states . The Istanbul convention, the first legally binding instrument in Europe in the field of violence against women and domestic violence, only requires countries which ratify it to prohibit forced marriage (Article 37) and to ensure that forced marriages can be easily voided without further victimization (Article 32), but does not make any reference to a minimum age of marriage . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Male consent </Th> <Th> Female consent </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Albania </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Andorra </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 16 </Td> <Td> 14 with judicial authority </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Armenia </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> The age was set at 18 for both sexes in 2012, prior to that date it was 17 for females and 18 for males . However, marriage at age 17 is allowed with parental consent, and at age 16 with parental consent and the condition that the other intending spouse is at least 18 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Austria </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> 16 with parental consent but the other partner must be 18 or older . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Azerbaijan </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> 17 in special cases with judicial authorization . (Article 10 of the Family Code). The marriageable age for females was raised in 2011 to 18, equalizing it to that of males; prior to that date it was 17 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belarus </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> Younger with judicial consent (with no strict minimum age). With parental consent, serious reasons are required for a minor to marry; without parental consent, the unwillingness of the parents has to constitute an abuse . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bulgaria </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> The new 2009 Family Code fixes the age at 18, but allows for an exception for 16 years olds, stating that "Upon exception, in case that important reasons impose this, matrimony may be concluded by a person at the age of 16 with permission by the regional judge". It further states that both persons wanting to marry, as well as the parents / guardians of the minor, must be consulted by the judge . (Chapter 2, Article 6) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Croatia </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> 16 with court permission . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cyprus </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> 16 with parental consent, if there are serious reasons for the marriage . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Czech Republic </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> Article 672 of Act No. 89 / 2012 Coll . the Civil Code (which came into force in 2014) states that the court may, in exceptional cases, allow a marriage of a 16 year old, if there are serious reasons for it . Moreover, a minor can marry if he or she has been granted full capacity by a court decision as given by Article 37 of the Civil Code . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Denmark </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> Since 2017, marriage is no longer allowed under 18 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Estonia </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> 15 with court permission . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> Under 18 with the consent of the ministry of justice in extraordinary circumstances, in which case parents or other guardian must be heard, but actual parental consent is not required . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> France </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> Under 18 permission from a court and both parents . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Georgia </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> 16 with parental consent . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> The minimum age was explicitly set to 18 on July 22, 2017 . (Before this day, a Family Court could issue an exception for 16 - 18 year - olds if one party was over 18 .) Marriages with a spouse under 16 are legally void . For a 16 - 17 year old spouse the marriage is repealed . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gibraltar </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Greece </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> Under 18 requires court permission, which may be given if there are serious reasons for such a marriage </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hungary </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> 16 with authorization from the guardianship authority </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Iceland </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> Under 18 with parental consent and permission of the Ministry of the Interior . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> Under 18 with the permission of the Circuit Family Court or High Court . In December 2015, the government announced its intention to remove this exception . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> 16 with court consent . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Latvia </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> 16 with court or parental permission . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Liechtenstein </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> Required court decision to marry people who are under 18 years old . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lithuania </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> 15 with court permission, minors can only marry below 15 if they are pregnant females with court permission . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Luxembourg </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> New laws of 2014 fixed the marriageable at 18 for both sexes; prior to these regulations the age was 16 for females and 18 for males . The new laws still allow both sexes to obtain judicial consent to get married under 18 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Macedonia </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> possible with age of 16 and court approval for male and female, their consent and their parents consent is needed </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Malta </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> 16 with parental consent, specifically for "a person who is subject to paternal authority or to tutorship". (However if this is unattainable, the court can provide the consent .) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> Under 18 with permission from the Minister of Justice; 16 with parental consent in case of pregnancy . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Norway </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> 16 with consent from parents (guardian) and permission from the County Governor . The County Governor may only give permission when there are' special reasons for contracting a marriage' . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Poland </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> 16 for women with judicial approval . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Portugal </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> 16 with parental consent (or if this is unattainable, the court can provide the consent). </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Romania </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> 16 with permission from the district's administrative board . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Russia </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> 16 in special circumstances, but different rules apply in some regions . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Serbia </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> 16 with court consent . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Slovakia </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> 16 with court consent, with a serious reason such as pregnancy . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Slovenia </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> Under 18 may be approved by the Social Work Center if there are "well founded reasons" arising upon the investigation of the situation of the minor . (Art 23, 24 of the Law on Marriage and Family Relations). </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> 16 with court consent </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> Not possible to marry under the age of 18 since July 1st 2014 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Switzerland </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Turkey </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> 17 with parental consent, 16 in special circumstances with court approval . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ukraine </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> Age was equalized at 18 for both sexes in 2012, but courts may still grant permission from age 16 if there are special reasons . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 (16 in Scotland) </Td> <Td> <P> England and Wales: 16 with parental consent or the permission of the court . </P> <P> Scotland: 16 </P> <P> Northern Ireland: 16 with parental consent (with the court able to give consent in some cases). </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Male consent </Th> <Th> Female consent </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr>

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