<P> Neil Fleming's VARK model expanded upon earlier notions of sensory modalities such as the VAK model of Barbe and colleagues and the representational systems (VAKOG) in neuro - linguistic programming . The four sensory modalities in Fleming's model are: </P> <Ol> <Li> Visual learning </Li> <Li> Auditory learning </Li> <Li> Physical learning </Li> <Li> Social learning </Li> </Ol> <P> Fleming claimed that visual learners have a preference for seeing (visual aids that represent ideas using methods other than words, such as graphs, charts, diagrams, symbols, etc .). Subsequent neuroimaging research has suggested that visual learners convert words into images in the brain and vice versa, but some psychologists have argued that this "is not an instance of learning styles, rather, it is an instance of ability appearing as a style". Likewise, Fleming claimed that auditory learners best learn through listening (lectures, discussions, tapes, etc .), and tactile / kinesthetic learners prefer to learn via experience--moving, touching, and doing (active exploration of the world, science projects, experiments, etc .). Students can use the model to identify their preferred learning style and, it is claimed, maximize their learning by focusing on the mode that benefits them the most . Fleming's model also posits two types of multimodality . </P> <P> Anthony Gregorc and Kathleen Butler organized a model describing different learning styles rooted in the way individuals acquire and process information differently . This model posits that an individual's perceptual abilities are the foundation of his or her specific learning strengths, or learning styles . </P>

The vark model states that everyone has a preferred style of