<P> For the first half - century of independence, media control by the state was the major constraint on press freedom . Indira Gandhi famously stated in 1975 that All India Radio is "a Government organ, it is going to remain a Government organ ..." With the liberalization starting in the 1990s, private control of media has burgeoned, leading to increasing independence and greater scrutiny of government . </P> <P> It ranks poorly at 136th rank out of 179 listed countries in the Press Freedom Index 2013 released by Reporters Without Borders (RWB). Analytically India's press freedom, as could be deduced by the Press Freedom Index, has constantly reduced since 2002, when it culminated in terms of apparent freedom, achieving a rank of 80 among the reported countries . </P> <P> Many of the traditional means of delivering information are being slowly superseded by the increasing pace of modern technological advance . Almost every conventional mode of media and information dissemination has a modern counterpart that offers significant potential advantages to journalists seeking to maintain and enhance their freedom of speech . A few simple examples of such phenomena include: </P> <Ul> <Li> Satellite television versus terrestrial television: Whilst terrestrial television is relatively easy to manage and manipulate, satellite television is much more difficult to control as journalistic content can easily be broadcast from other jurisdictions beyond the control of individual governments . An example of this in the Middle East is the satellite broadcaster Al Jazeera . This Arabic - language media channel operates out of Qatar, whose government is relatively liberal compared to many of its neighboring states . As such, its views and content are often problematic to a number of governments in the region and beyond . However, because of the increased affordability and miniaturisation of satellite technology (e.g. dishes and receivers) it is simply not practicable for most states to control popular access to the channel . </Li> <Li> Internet - based publishing (e.g., blogging, social media) vs. traditional publishing: Traditional magazines and newspapers rely on physical resources (e.g., offices, printing presses) that can easily be targeted and forced to close down . Internet - based publishing systems can be run using ubiquitous and inexpensive equipment and can operate from any global jurisdiction . Nations and organisations are increasingly resorting to legal measures to take control of online publications, using national security, anti-terror measures and copyright laws to issue takedown notices and restrict opposition speech . </Li> <Li> Internet, anonymity software and strong cryptography: In addition to Internet - based publishing the Internet in combination with anonymity software such as Tor and cryptography allows for sources to remain anonymous and sustain confidentiality while delivering information to or securely communicating with journalists anywhere in the world in an instant (e.g. SecureDrop, WikiLeaks) </Li> <Li> Voice over Internet protocol (VOIP) vs. conventional telephony: Although conventional telephony systems are easily tapped and recorded, modern VOIP technology can employ low - cost strong cryptography to evade surveillance . As VOIP and similar technologies become more widespread they are likely to make the effective monitoring of journalists (and their contacts and activities) a very difficult task for governments . </Li> </Ul>

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