<P> In companies law the doctrine of constructive notice is a doctrine where all persons dealing with a company are deemed (or "construed") to have knowledge of the company's articles of association and memorandum of association . The doctrine of indoor management is an exception to this rule . </P> <P> The New York City Housing Court allows use of the concept of constructive notice by either the tenant or the landlord . For example, constructive notice could be given to a landlord if a broken and unsupported metal grate on a public sidewalk collapses when stepped on by a pedestrian . The landlord is reasonably expected to know that this is a safety hazard . </P> <P> The harshness of the doctrine of constructive notice is somewhat reduced by the "Rule of Indoor management" or "Turquand's Rule". The Rule derives its name from the case of Royal British Bank v Turquand, where the defendant was the liquidator of the insolvent Cameron's Coalbrook Steam, Coal and Swansea and Loughor Railway Company . The company had borrowed from Royal British Bank by giving a bond worth £ 2,000 . </P> <P> The articles of the company stated that the directors could only borrow if authorised by a resolution of the company's general meeting, and could not borrow more than the amount specified in the resolution . </P>

Where would one find information based on constructive notice