<P> The 1919 treaties generally included guarantees of minority rights, but there was no enforcement mechanism . The new states of eastern Europe mostly all had large ethnic minorities . Millions of Germans found themselves in the newly created countries as minorities . More than two million ethnic Hungarians found themselves living outside of Hungary in Slovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia . Many of these national minorities found themselves in hostile situations because the modern governments were intent on defining the national character of the countries, often at the expense of the other nationalities . The interwar years were hard for religious minorities in the new states built around ethnic nationalism . The Jews were especially distrusted because of their minority religion and distinct subculture . This was a dramatic come - down from the days of the Austro - Hungarian Empire . Although antisemitism had been widespread during Habsburg rule, Jews faced no official discrimination because they were, for the most part, ardent supporters of the multi-national state and the monarchy . </P> <P> The economic disruption of the war and the end of the Austro - Hungarian customs union created great hardship in many areas . Although many states were set up as democracies after the war, one by one, with the exception of Czechoslovakia, they reverted to some form of authoritarian rule . Many quarreled amongst themselves but were too weak to compete effectively . Later, when Germany rearmed, the nation states of south - central Europe were unable to resist its attacks, and fell under German domination to a much greater extent than had ever existed in Austria - Hungary . </P> <P> At the end of the war, the Allies occupied Constantinople (İstanbul) and the Ottoman government collapsed . The Treaty of Sèvres, a plan designed by the Allies to dismember the remaining Ottoman territories, was signed on 10 August 1920, although it was never ratified by the Sultan . </P> <P> The occupation of Smyrna by Greece on 18 May 1919 triggered a nationalist movement to rescind the terms of the treaty . Turkish revolutionaries led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, a successful Ottoman commander, rejected the terms enforced at Sèvres and under the guise of General Inspector of the Ottoman Army, left Istanbul for Samsun to organize the remaining Ottoman forces to resist the terms of the treaty . On the eastern front, the Turkish--Armenian War and signing of the Treaty of Kars with the Russian S.F.S.R. took over territory lost to Armenia and post-Imperial Russia . </P>

What are the results of first world war