<P> Madison remained active in the progress of the amendments throughout the legislative process . Historian Gordon S. Wood writes that "there is no question that it was Madison's personal prestige and his dogged persistence that saw the amendments through the Congress . There might have been a federal Constitution without Madison but certainly no Bill of Rights ." </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="4"> hide Approval of the Bill of Rights in Congress and the States </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Seventeen Articles Approved by the House August 24, 1789 </Th> <Th> Twelve Articles Approved by the Senate September 9, 1789 </Th> <Th> Twelve Articles Approved by Congress September 25, 1789 </Th> <Th> Ratification Status </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> First Article: After the first enumeration, required by the first Article of the Constitution, there shall be one Representative for every thirty thousand, until the number shall amount to one hundred, after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress, that there shall be not less than one hundred Representatives, nor less than one Representative for every forty thousand persons, until the number of Representatives shall amount to two hundred, after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress, that there shall not be less than two hundred Representatives, nor less than one Representative for every fifty thousand persons . </Td> <Td> First Article: After the first enumeration, required by the first article of the Constitution, there shall be one Representative for every thirty thousand, until the number shall amount to one hundred; to which number one Representative shall be added for every subsequent increase of forty thousand, until the Representatives shall amount to two hundred, to which number one Representative shall be added for every subsequent increase of sixty thousand persons . </Td> <Td> First Article: After the first enumeration required by the first article of the Constitution, there shall be one Representative for every thirty thousand, until the number shall amount to one hundred, after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress, that there shall be not less than one hundred Representatives, nor less than one Representative for every forty thousand persons, until the number of Representatives shall amount to two hundred; after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress, that there shall not be less than two hundred Representatives, nor more than one Representative for every fifty thousand persons . </Td> <Td> Pending: Congressional Apportionment Amendment </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Second Article: No law varying the compensation to the members of Congress, shall take effect, until an election of Representatives shall have intervened . </Td> <Td> Second Article: No law, varying the compensation for the services of the Senators and Representatives, shall take effect, until an election of Representatives shall have intervened . </Td> <Td> Second Article: No law, varying the compensation for the services of the Senators and Representatives, shall take effect, until an election of Representatives shall have intervened . </Td> <Td> Ratified: May 5, 1992 Twenty - seventh Amendment </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Third Article: Congress shall make no law establishing religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof, nor shall the rights of Conscience be infringed . </Td> <Td> Third Article: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances . </Td> <Td> Third Article: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances . </Td> <Td> Ratified: December 15, 1791 First Amendment </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fourth Article: The Freedom of Speech, and of the Press, and the right of the People peaceably to assemble, and consult for their common good, and to apply to the Government for a redress of grievances, shall not be infringed . </Td> <Td> (see Third Article above) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fifth Article: A well regulated militia, composed of the body of the People, being the best security of a free State, the right of the People to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed, but no one religiously scrupulous of bearing arms, shall be compelled to render military service in person . </Td> <Td> Fourth Article: A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed . </Td> <Td> Fourth Article: A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed . </Td> <Td> Ratified: December 15, 1791 Second Amendment </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sixth Article: No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law . </Td> <Td> Fifth Article: No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law . </Td> <Td> Fifth Article: No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law . </Td> <Td> Ratified: December 15, 1791 Third Amendment </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Seventh Article: The right of the People to be secure in their persons, houses, papers and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized . </Td> <Td> Sixth Article: The right of the People to be secure in their persons, houses, papers and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized . </Td> <Td> Sixth Article: The right of the People to be secure in their persons, houses, papers and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized . </Td> <Td> Ratified: December 15, 1791 Fourth Amendment </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Eighth Article: No person shall be subject, except in case of impeachment, to more than one trial, or one punishment for the same offense, nor shall be compelled in any criminal case, to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation . </Td> <Td> Seventh Article: No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case, to be a witnesses against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation . </Td> <Td> Seventh Article: No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation . </Td> <Td> Ratified: December 15, 1791 Fifth Amendment </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ninth Article: In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation, to be confronted with the witnesses against him, to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defence . </Td> <Td> Eighth Article: In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation, to be confronted with the witnesses against him, to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favour, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defence . </Td> <Td> Eighth Article: In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence . </Td> <Td> Ratified: December 15, 1791 Sixth Amendment </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tenth Article: The trial of all crimes (except in cases of impeachment, and in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia when in actual service in time of War or public danger) shall be by an Impartial Jury of the Vicinage, with the requisite of unanimity for conviction, the right of challenge, and other accostomed (sic) requisites; and no person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherways (sic) infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment by a Grand Jury; but if a crime be committed in a place in the possession of an enemy, or in which an insurrection may prevail, the indictment and trial may by law be authorised in some other place within the same State . </Td> <Td> (see Seventh Article above) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Eleventh Article: No appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States, shall be allowed, where the value in controversy shall not amount to one thousand dollars, nor shall any fact, triable by a Jury according to the course of the common law, be otherwise re-examinable, than according to the rules of common law . </Td> <Td> Ninth Article: In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by Jury shall be preserved, and no fact, tried by a Jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law . </Td> <Td> Ninth Article: In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by Jury shall be preserved, and no fact, tried by a Jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law . </Td> <Td> Ratified: December 15, 1791 Seventh Amendment </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Twelfth Article: In suits at common law, the right of trial by Jury shall be preserved . </Td> <Td> (see Ninth Article above) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thirteenth Article: Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted . </Td> <Td> Tenth Article: Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted . </Td> <Td> Tenth Article: Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted . </Td> <Td> Ratified: December 15, 1791 Eighth Amendment </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fourteenth Article: No State shall infringe the right of trial by Jury in criminal cases, nor the rights of conscience, nor the freedom of speech, or of the press . </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fifteenth Article: The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people . </Td> <Td> Eleventh Article: The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people . </Td> <Td> Eleventh Article: The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people . </Td> <Td> Ratified: December 15, 1791 Ninth Amendment </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sixteenth Article: The powers delegated by the Constitution to the government of the United States, shall be exercised as therein appropriated, so that the Legislative shall never exercise the powers vested in the Executive or Judicial; nor the Executive the powers vested in the Legislative or Judicial; nor the Judicial the powers vested in the Legislative or Executive . </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Seventeenth Article: The powers not delegated by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it, to the States, are reserved to the States respectively . </Td> <Td> Twelfth Article: The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people . </Td> <Td> Twelfth Article: The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people . </Td> <Td> Ratified: December 15, 1791 Tenth Amendment </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="4"> hide Approval of the Bill of Rights in Congress and the States </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Seventeen Articles Approved by the House August 24, 1789 </Th> <Th> Twelve Articles Approved by the Senate September 9, 1789 </Th> <Th> Twelve Articles Approved by Congress September 25, 1789 </Th> <Th> Ratification Status </Th> </Tr>

How did the bill of rights become part of the constitution