<P> One of the most striking sections of the Ming Great Wall is where it climbs extremely steep slopes in Jinshanling . There it runs 11 km (7 mi) long, ranges from 5 to 8 m (16 ft 5 in to 26 ft 3 in) in height, and 6 m (19 ft 8 in) across the bottom, narrowing up to 5 m (16 ft 5 in) across the top . Wangjinglou (t 望 京 樓, s 望 京 楼, Wàngjīng Lóu) is one of Jinshanling's 67 watchtowers, 980 m (3,220 ft) above sea level . Southeast of Jinshanling is the Mutianyu Great Wall which winds along lofty, cragged mountains from the southeast to the northwest for 2.25 km (1.40 mi). It is connected with Juyongguan Pass to the west and Gubeikou to the east . This section was one of the first to be renovated following the turmoil of the Cultural Revolution . </P> <P> At the edge of the Bohai Gulf is Shanhai Pass, considered the traditional end of the Great Wall and the "First Pass Under Heaven". The part of the wall inside Shanhai Pass that meets the sea is named the "Old Dragon Head". 3 km (2 mi) north of Shanhai Pass is Jiaoshan Great Wall (焦 山 長城), the site of the first mountain of the Great Wall . 15 km (9 mi) northeast from Shanhaiguan is Jiumenkou (t 九 門口, s 九 门口, Jiǔménkǒu), which is the only portion of the wall that was built as a bridge . Beyond Jiumenkou, an offshoot known as the Liaodong Wall continues through Liaoning province and terminates at the Hushan Great Wall, in the city of Dandong near the North Korean border . </P> <P> In 2009, 180 km of previously unknown sections of the wall concealed by hills, trenches and rivers were discovered with the help of infrared range finders and GPS devices . In March and April 2015 nine sections with a total length of more than 10 km (6 mi), believed to be part of the Great Wall, were discovered along the border of Ningxia autonomous region and Gansu province . </P> <P> Before the use of bricks, the Great Wall was mainly built from rammed earth, stones, and wood . During the Ming, however, bricks were heavily used in many areas of the wall, as were materials such as tiles, lime, and stone . The size and weight of the bricks made them easier to work with than earth and stone, so construction quickened . Additionally, bricks could bear more weight and endure better than rammed earth . Stone can hold under its own weight better than brick, but is more difficult to use . Consequently, stones cut in rectangular shapes were used for the foundation, inner and outer brims, and gateways of the wall . Battlements line the uppermost portion of the vast majority of the wall, with defensive gaps a little over 30 cm (12 in) tall, and about 23 cm (9.1 in) wide . From the parapets, guards could survey the surrounding land . Communication between the army units along the length of the Great Wall, including the ability to call reinforcements and warn garrisons of enemy movements, was of high importance . Signal towers were built upon hill tops or other high points along the wall for their visibility . Wooden gates could be used as a trap against those going through . Barracks, stables, and armories were built near the wall's inner surface . </P>

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