<P> In light of these weaknesses, Barnlund (1970) proposed a transactional model of communication . The basic premise of the transactional model of communication is that individuals are simultaneously engaging in the sending and receiving of messages . </P> <P> In a slightly more complex form, a sender and a receiver are linked reciprocally . This second attitude of communication, referred to as the constitutive model or constructionist view, focuses on how an individual communicates as the determining factor of the way the message will be interpreted . Communication is viewed as a conduit; a passage in which information travels from one individual to another and this information becomes separate from the communication itself . A particular instance of communication is called a speech act . The sender's personal filters and the receiver's personal filters may vary depending upon different regional traditions, cultures, or gender; which may alter the intended meaning of message contents . In the presence of "noise" on the transmission channel (air, in this case), reception and decoding of content may be faulty, and thus the speech act may not achieve the desired effect . One problem with this encode - transmit - receive - decode model is that the processes of encoding and decoding imply that the sender and receiver each possess something that functions as a (code - book), and that these two code books are, at the very least, similar if not identical . Although something like code books is implied by the model, they are nowhere represented in the model, which creates many conceptual difficulties . </P> <P> Theories of co-regulation describe communication as a creative and dynamic continuous process, rather than a discrete exchange of information . Canadian media scholar Harold Innis had the theory that people use different types of media to communicate and which one they choose to use will offer different possibilities for the shape and durability of society . His famous example of this is using ancient Egypt and looking at the ways they built themselves out of media with very different properties stone and papyrus . Papyrus is what he called' Space Binding '. it made possible the transmission of written orders across space, empires and enables the waging of distant military campaigns and colonial administration . The other is stone and' Time Binding', through the construction of temples and the pyramids can sustain their authority generation to generation, through this media they can change and shape communication in their society . </P> <P> There is an additional working definition of communication to consider that authors like Richard A. Lanham (2003) and as far back as Erving Goffman (1959) have highlighted . This is a progression from Lasswell's attempt to define human communication through to this century and revolutionized into the constructionist model . Constructionists believe that the process of communication is in itself the only messages that exist . The packaging cannot be separated from the social and historical context from which it arose, therefore the substance to look at in communication theory is style for Richard Lanham and the performance of self for Erving Goffman . </P>

Which of the following is not part of the basic human communication model