<Li> Introduction of residency system in the United States . </Li> <Tr> <Td> Toxicology </Td> <Td> Paracelsus </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Field </Th> <Th> Person / s considered "father" or "mother" </Th> <Th> Rationale </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Acoustics </Td> <Td> Ernst Chladni </Td> <Td> For important research in vibrating plates </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Atomic bomb </Td> <Td> Enrico Fermi J. Robert Oppenheimer Leslie Groves Edward Teller </Td> <Td> For their role in the Manhattan Project </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Aerodynamics </Td> <Td> Nikolai Zhukovsky George Cayley </Td> <Td> Zhukovsky was the first to undertake the study of airflow, was the first engineer scientist to explain mathematically the origin of aerodynamic lift . Cayley Investigated theoretical aspects of flight and experimented with flight a century before the first airplane was built </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Physical cosmology </Td> <Td> Albert Einstein (founder) <P> Henrietta Leavitt (mother) Edwin Hubble (father) </P> </Td> <Td> Leavitt discovered Cepheid variables, the "Standard Candle" by which Hubble later determined galactic distances . Einstein's general theory of relativity is usually recognized as the theoretic foundation of modern cosmology . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Classical mechanics </Td> <Td> Isaac Newton (founder) </Td> <Td> Described laws of motion and law of gravity in Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Electricity </Td> <Td> William Gilbert Michael Faraday </Td> <Td> Book: De Magnete (1600) Discovered electromagnetic induction (1831) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Electrodynamics </Td> <Td> André - Marie Ampère </Td> <Td> Book: Memoir on the Mathematical Theory of Electrodynamic Phenomena, Uniquely Deduced from Experience (1827) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Energetics </Td> <Td> Willard Gibbs </Td> <Td> Publication: On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances (1876) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Experimental physics (founder) </Td> <Td> Ibn al - Haytham (Alhazen) </Td> <Td> For introducing experimental method into physics with his Book of Optics (1021) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Modern astronomy </Td> <Td> Nicolaus Copernicus </Td> <Td> Developed the first explicit heliocentric model in De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (1543) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Modern physics </Td> <Td> Galileo Galilei </Td> <Td> His development and extensive use of experimental physics, e.g. the telescope </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nuclear physics </Td> <Td> Ernest Rutherford </Td> <Td> Developed the Rutherford atom model (1909) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nuclear science </Td> <Td> Marie Curie Pierre Curie </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Optics </Td> <Td> Ibn al - Haytham (Alhazen) </Td> <Td> Correctly explained vision and carried out the first experiments on light and optics in the Book of Optics (1021). </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Plasma physics </Td> <Td> Irving Langmuir Hannes Alfvén </Td> <Td> Langmuir first described ionised gas as plasma and observed fundamental plasma vibrations, Langmuir waves . Alfvén pioneered the theoretical description of plasma by developing magnetohydrodynamics . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Quantum mechanics </Td> <Td> Max Planck (founder) Werner Heisenberg </Td> <Td> Stated that electromagnetic energy could be emitted only in quantized form </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Relativity </Td> <Td> Albert Einstein (founder) </Td> <Td> Pioneered special relativity (1905) and general relativity (1915) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spaceflight (rocketry) </Td> <Td> Robert Hutchings Goddard Konstantin Tsiolkovsky Hermann Oberth </Td> <Td> Goddard launched the first liquid - fueled rocket . Tsiolkovsky created the Tsiolkovsky rocket equation . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thermodynamics </Td> <Td> Sadi Carnot (founder) </Td> <Td> Publication: On the Motive Power of Fire and Machines Fitted to Develop that Power (1824) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Tr> <Th> Field </Th> <Th> Person / s considered "father" or "mother" </Th> <Th> Rationale </Th> </Tr>

Who is known as the father of astronomy
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