<Li> Second stage: good and bad are viewed as different . Because the boundaries between the self and the other are not stable yet, the other as a person is viewed as either all good or all bad, depending on their actions . This also means that thinking about another person as bad implies that the self is bad as well, so it's better to think about the caregiver as a good person, so the self is viewed as good too . "Bringing together extremely opposite loving and hateful images of the self and of significant others would trigger unbearable anxiety and guilt ." </Li> <Li> Third stage: Splitting--"the division of external objects into' all good' or' all bad"'--begins to be resolved when the self and the other can be seen as possessing both good and bad qualities . Having hateful thoughts about the other does not mean that the self is all hateful and does not mean that the other person is all hateful either . </Li> <P> If a person fails to accomplish this developmental task satisfactorily, borderline pathology can emerge . "In the borderline personality organization", Kernberg found' dissociated ego states that result from the use of "splitting" defences' . His therapeutic work then aimed at "the analysis of the repeated and oscillating projections of unwanted self and object representations onto the therapist" so as to produce "something more durable, complex and encompassing than the initial, split - off and polarized state of affairs". </P> <P> Heinz Kohut has emphasised in his self psychology the distinction between horizontal and vertical forms of splitting . Traditional psychoanalysis saw repression as forming a horizontal barrier between different levels of the mind--so that for example an unpleasant truth might be accepted superficially but denied in a deeper part of the psyche . Kohut contrasted with this vertical fractures of the mind into two parts with incompatible attitudes separated by mutual disavowal . </P>

What is the opposite of black and white thinking