<P> Since the 20th century, the individual fields of physics have become increasingly specialised, and today most physicists work in a single field for their entire careers . "Universalists" such as Albert Einstein (1879--1955) and Lev Landau (1908--1968), who worked in multiple fields of physics, are now very rare . </P> <P> The major fields of physics, along with their subfields and the theories and concepts they employ, are shown in the following table . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Field </Th> <Th> Subfields </Th> <Th> Major theories </Th> <Th> Concepts </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nuclear and particle physics </Td> <Td> Nuclear physics, Nuclear astrophysics, Particle physics, Particle astrophysics, Particle physics phenomenology </Td> <Td> Standard Model, Quantum field theory, Quantum electrodynamics, Quantum chromodynamics, Electroweak theory, Effective field theory, Lattice field theory, Lattice gauge theory, Gauge theory, Supersymmetry, Grand unification theory, Superstring theory, M - theory </Td> <Td> Fundamental force (gravitational, electromagnetic, weak, strong), Elementary particle, Spin, Antimatter, Spontaneous symmetry breaking, Neutrino oscillation, Seesaw mechanism, Brane, String, Quantum gravity, Theory of everything, Vacuum energy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Atomic, molecular, and optical physics </Td> <Td> Atomic physics, Molecular physics, Atomic and Molecular astrophysics, Chemical physics, Optics, Photonics </Td> <Td> Quantum optics, Quantum chemistry, Quantum information science </Td> <Td> Photon, Atom, Molecule, Diffraction, Electromagnetic radiation, Laser, Polarization (waves), Spectral line, Casimir effect </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Condensed matter physics </Td> <Td> Solid state physics, High pressure physics, Low - temperature physics, Surface Physics, Nanoscale and Mesoscopic physics, Polymer physics </Td> <Td> BCS theory, Bloch wave, Density functional theory, Fermi gas, Fermi liquid, Many - body theory, Statistical Mechanics </Td> <Td> Phases (gas, liquid, solid), Bose - Einstein condensate, Electrical conduction, Phonon, Magnetism, Self - organization, Semiconductor, superconductor, superfluid, Spin, </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Astrophysics </Td> <Td> Astronomy, Astrometry, Cosmology, Gravitation physics, High - energy astrophysics, Planetary astrophysics, Plasma physics, Solar physics, Space physics, Stellar astrophysics </Td> <Td> Big Bang, Cosmic inflation, General relativity, Newton's law of universal gravitation, Lambda - CDM model, Magnetohydrodynamics </Td> <Td> Black hole, Cosmic background radiation, Cosmic string, Cosmos, Dark energy, Dark matter, Galaxy, Gravity, Gravitational radiation, Gravitational singularity, Planet, Solar System, Star, Supernova, Universe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Applied Physics </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Accelerator physics, Acoustics, Agrophysics, Biophysics, Chemical Physics, Communication Physics, Econophysics, Engineering physics, Fluid dynamics, Geophysics, Laser Physics, Materials physics, Medical physics, Nanotechnology, Optics, Optoelectronics, Photonics, Photovoltaics, Physical chemistry, Physics of computation, Plasma physics, Solid - state devices, Quantum chemistry, Quantum electronics, Quantum information science, Vehicle dynamics </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Tr> <Th> Field </Th> <Th> Subfields </Th> <Th> Major theories </Th> <Th> Concepts </Th> </Tr>

How technology is shaped by physics short question