<Li> The availability and exhaustion of alternatives to using force; and </Li> <Li> Whether using preemptive force is consistent with the terms and purposes of the U.N. Charter and other applicable international agreements . </Li> <P> Professor Mark R. Amstutz (citing Michael Walzer) adopted a similar but slightly varied set of criteria and noted three factors when evaluating the justification of a preemptive strike . </P> <Ol> <Li> The existence of an intention to injure; </Li> <Li> The undertaking of military preparations that increase the level of danger; and </Li> <Li> The need to act immediately because of a higher degree of risk . </Li> </Ol>

Where are the barbary states against whom america fought its first preemptive war