<P> Furthermore, gender shapes the particular variety of flexibility demanded . In advantaged occupations, both men and women are able to acquire the flexibility they so desire . However, they choose to use the control that this affords them in different manners . Women cut back on paid work hours and take leaves to handle domestic labor and child - care . In other words, they make job sacrifices . On the other hand, men are less likely to utilize family - friendly policies to make work sacrifices; they spend less at home and more time working . In essence, both men and women of class - advantaged occupations use the flexibility that their status provides them to "enact neotraditional gender expectations". </P> <P> Class - disadvantaged men and women do not have the same temporal flexibility that allows them to make decisions on how to allocate their time . They face stricter constraints on their work hours and policies, thus making it impossible for them to choose whether to spend more time at work or more time at home . For example, even if a class - disadvantaged woman wanted to spend less time at work and more time with her children or in the home, she might not be able due to the inability to get time off from work or take a leave of absence . </P> <P> Thus, class - disadvantage makes it more difficult for both men and women to adhere to traditional gender expectations . The researchers showed that class advantage is used to "do gender" in traditional ways, while class disadvantage may lead to a violation of traditional gender expectations in a way that "undoes gender". </P> <P> Research indicates that three principal factors predict how well men and women perceive their work - life balance in marriage: job characteristics, family characteristics, and spillover between work and family . Job characteristics determine workers' freedom to balance multiple demands and obligations in their marriage . As demonstrated by Gertsel and Clawson, higher - level occupations are generally more accommodating to family life than are lower level occupations (2014). Furthermore, the number of hours worked and the work spillover into family life are the most telling predictors of perceived imbalance in marriage . Keene and Quadagno found a greater likelihood of perceived imbalance when work duties caused men or women to miss a family event or make it difficult to maintain their home (2004). </P>

The delay in cultural adjustments to changing social conditions is called