<Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> American Civil War </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Clockwise from top: Battle of Gettysburg, Union Captain John Tidball's artillery, Confederate prisoners, ironclad USS Atlanta, ruins of Richmond, Virginia, Battle of Franklin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Td> April 12, 1861--May 9, 1865 (by proclamation) (4 years, 3 weeks and 6 days) (Last shot fired June 22, 1865) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> Southern United States, Northeastern United States, Western United States, Atlantic Ocean </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Result </Th> <Td> <P> Union victory </P> <Ul> <Li> Dissolution of the Confederate States </Li> <Li> U.S. territorial integrity preserved </Li> <Li> Slavery abolished </Li> <Li> Beginning of the Reconstruction Era </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Belligerents </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Confederate States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Commanders and leaders </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <P> Abraham Lincoln Ulysses S. Grant William T. Sherman David Farragut George B. McClellan Henry Halleck George Meade </P> and others </Td> <Td> <P> Jefferson Davis Robert E. Lee J.E. Johnston G.T. Beauregard A.S. Johnston † Braxton Bragg </P> and others </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Strength </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <P> 2,200,000: </P> <Ul> <Li> Union Army </Li> <Li> Union Marines </Li> <Li> Union Navy </Li> <Li> Revenue Service </Li> </Ul> 698,000 (peak) </Td> <Td> <P> 750,000--1,000,000: </P> <Ul> <Li> Confederate army </Li> <Li> Confederate marines </Li> <Li> Confederate navy </Li> </Ul> 360,000 (peak) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Casualties and losses </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <P> 110,000 + killed in action / died of wounds 230,000 + accident / disease deaths 25,000--30,000 died in Confederate prisons </P> <P> 365,000 + total dead 282,000 + wounded 181,193 captured </P> Total: 828,000 + casualties </Td> <Td> <P> 94,000 + killed in action / died of wounds 26,000--31,000 died in Union prisons </P> <P> 290,000 + total dead 137,000 + wounded 436,658 captured </P> Total: 864,000 + casualties </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> 50,000 free civilians dead 80,000 + slaves dead Total: 785,000--1,000,000 + dead </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> American Civil War </Th> </Tr>

When did the cival war begin and end