<P> It is also important to note that when examining the average personality traits of individuals in cultural groups, differences between cultures seem to exist . Some research compares one culture against another culture on a specific Big Five personality trait; Filipinos, for example, score relatively low on Neuroticism on average, compared to other cultures measured, while scoring in the middle of the scale on Extraversion . Americans, New Zealanders, and Canadians score higher on Extraversion, while scoring moderately on Neuroticism . These differences, however, exist on average, and there is still a large amount of variability in Big Five personality traits that exists within a particular culture . Gender differences in personality tend to be larger in developed societies (such as France and the United States) compared to less - developed cultures (such as Zimbabwe and Malaysia). However, although these findings are quite robust, one consideration is that these differences between cultures might be the result of translation errors, differences in self - presentation styles, or even genetic differences . </P> <P> Furthermore, although broad evidence suggests that the Big Five traits do measure meaningful constructs across a great deal of cultures, it is also true that expressions of mean levels of personality are necessarily influenced by culture . That is to say, all individuals scoring high on a certain Big Five personality trait such as Extraversion are likely to enjoy socialization with others, but where, when, and with whom they socialize is necessarily influenced by their cultural milieu . Thus, it may be most productive to think of the Five Factor Model as a framework for beginning to explore systematically individual differences in behavior within a particular culture . </P> <P> Some controversy exists over whether or not the Big Five are relevant to all other cultures, especially given that the Big Five were developed via factor analysis from English words . Although support for the Big Five across cultures is quite robust, it is unclear whether or not the Big Five personality traits are the best possible measure of personality across all cultures . Some researchers suggest that important aspects of certain cultures are not captured by the Five Factor Model . </P> <P> One proposed alternative to the Big Five that has been developed via cross-cultural research is the HEXACO model . This model builds on the research of the Big Five traits, with the novel addition of a trait named Honesty - Humility . Individuals high in the trait of honesty - humility are associated with the characteristics of straightforwardness, modesty, and fairness . In addition, the HEXACO model contains slightly rotated versions of two of the Big Five traits (Agreeableness and Neuroticism) such that sentimentality / toughness becomes part of the old Neuroticism trait (and renamed Emotionality) and anger / even - temper becomes associated with the new Agreeableness trait . This rotation creates less overlap among the six personality traits of the HEXACO, and allows for better prediction of behaviors such as deceit without hostility (e.g. social monitoring). Support for the HEXACO model has been found in multiple countries, including Dutch, French, German, Italian, Korean, Polish, and English samples . </P>

A cross-cultural study of the big five model concluded that personality structure is