<P> "Thus by survival of the fittest, the militant type of society becomes characterized by profound confidence in the governing power, joined with a loyalty causing submission to it in all matters whatever". </P> <P> Though Spencer's conception of organic evolution is commonly interpreted as a form of Lamarckism, Herbert Spencer is sometimes credited with inaugurating Social Darwinism . The phrase "survival of the fittest" has become widely used in popular literature as a catchphrase for any topic related or analogous to evolution and natural selection . It has thus been applied to principles of unrestrained competition, and it has been used extensively by both proponents and opponents of Social Darwinism . </P> <P> Evolutionary biologists criticise the manner in which the term is used by non-scientists and the connotations that have grown around the term in popular culture . The phrase also does not help in conveying the complex nature of natural selection, so modern biologists prefer and almost exclusively use the term natural selection . The biological concept of fitness refers to reproductive success, as opposed to survival, and is not explicit in the specific ways in which organisms can be more "fit" (increase reproductive success) as having phenotypic characteristics that enhance survival and reproduction (which was the meaning that Spencer had in mind). </P> <P> While the phrase "survival of the fittest" is often used to refer to "natural selection", it is avoided by modern biologists, because the phrase can be misleading . For example, "survival" is only one aspect of selection, and not always the most important . Another problem is that the word "fit" is frequently confused with a state of physical fitness . In the evolutionary meaning "fitness" is the rate of reproductive output among a class of genetic variants . </P>

Which of the following sentences is compatible with the idea of the survival of the fittest