<P> Research on the health and safety concerns of 3D printing is new and in development due to the recent proliferation of 3D printing devices . In 2017 the European Agency for Safety and Health at Work has published a discussion paper on the processes and materials involved in 3D printing, potential implications of this technology for occupational safety and health and avenues for controlling potential hazards . Most concerns involve gas and material exposures, in particular nanomaterials, material handling, static electricity, moving parts and pressures . </P> <P> A National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) study noted particle emissions from a fused filament peaked a few minutes after printing started and returned to baseline levels 100 minutes after printing ended . Emissions from fused filament printers can include a large number of ultrafine particles and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). </P> <P> The toxicity from emissions varies by source material due to differences in size, chemical properties, and quantity of emitted particles . Excessive exposure to VOCs can lead to irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat, headache, loss of coordination, and nausea and some of the chemical emissions of fused filament printers have also been linked to asthma . Based on animal studies, carbon nanotubes and carbon nanofibers sometimes used in fused filament printing can cause pulmonary effects including inflammation, granulomas, and pulmonary fibrosis when at the nanoparticle size . </P> <P> Carbon nanoparticle emissions and processes using powder metals are highly combustible and raise the risk of dust explosions . At least one case of severe injury was noted from an explosion involved in metal powders used for fused filament printing . Other general health and safety concerns include the hot surface of UV lamps and print head blocks, high voltage, ultraviolet radiation from UV lamps, and potential for mechanical injury from moving parts . </P>

When did plastic models are created by 3d printers