<P> The History of Pennsylvania as a political entity began in 1681 William Penn received a royal charter from King Charles II of England, but human activity in the region precedes that date . Before Pennsylvania was settled by Europeans, the area was home to the Lenape, Susquehannock, Iroquois, Erie, Shawnee and other Native American tribes . Most of these tribes were driven off or reduced to remnants as a result of new diseases such as smallpox that arrived long before any permanent colonists . Pennsylvania was first colonized by Swedish and Dutch settlers in the 17th century, before the English took control of the colony in 1667 . In 1681, William Penn established a colony based on religious tolerance; it and its chief city, Philadelphia (the first planned city), was settled by many Quakers . In the mid-eighteenth century, the colony attracted many German and Scots - Irish immigrants </P> <P> Pennsylvania played a central role in the American Revolution, and Philadelphia served as the nation's capital for a portion of the 18th century . Starting in the 18th century and continuing into the 20th century, Pennsylvania was the second most populous state in the country, and Philadelphia was the second most populous city in the nation . Pennsylvania also expanded its borders into what is now known as northwestern, northeastern, and southwestern Pennsylvania, and Pittsburgh grew into one of America's largest and most prominent cities . During the Civil War, Pennsylvania played an important role in the Union's victory . After the war, Pennsylvania grew into a Republican stronghold and a major manufacturing and transportation center . After the Great Depression and World War II, Pennsylvania moved towards the service industry and became a swing state . </P>

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