<Tr> <Td> Late systolic </Td> <Td> Tricuspid valve prolapse </Td> <Td> Uncommon without concomitant mitral valve prolapse . Best heard over left lower sternal border . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Late systolic </Td> <Td> Papillary muscle dysfunction </Td> <Td> Usually due to acute myocardial infarction or ischemia, which causes mild mitral regurgitation . </Td> </Tr> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Time </Th> <Th> Condition </Th> <Th> Description </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Holosystolic (pansystolic) </Td> <Td> Tricuspid regurgitation </Td> <Td> Intensifies upon inspiration . Can be best heard over the fourth left sternal border . The intensity can be accentuated following inspiration (Carvallo's sign) due to increased regurgitant flow in right ventricular volume . Tricuspid regurgitation is most often secondary to pulmonary hypertension . Primary tricuspid regurgitation is less common and can be due to bacterial endocarditis following IV drug use, Ebstein's anomaly, carcinoid disease, or prior right ventricular infarction . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Holosystolic (pansystolic) </Td> <Td> Mitral regurgitation or MR </Td> <Td> No intensification upon inspiration . In the presence of incompetent mitral valve, the pressure in the L ventricle becomes greater than that in the L atrium at the onset of isovolumic contraction, which corresponds to the closing of the mitral valve (S1). This explains why the murmur in MR starts at the same time as S1 . This difference in pressure extends throughout systole and can even continue after the aortic valve has closed, explaining how it can sometimes drown the sound of S2 . The murmur in MR is high pitched and best heard at the apex with diaphragm of the stethoscope with patient in the lateral decubitus position . Left ventricular function can be assessed by determining the apical impulse . A normal or hyperdynamic apical impulse suggests good ejection fraction and primary MR . A displaced and sustained apical impulse suggests decreased ejection fraction and chronic and severe MR . This type of murmur is known as the Castex Murmur . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Holosystolic (pansystolic) </Td> <Td> Ventricular septal defect </Td> <Td> No intensification upon inspiration . VSD is a defect in the ventricular wall, producing a shunt between the left and right ventricles . Since the L ventricle has a higher pressure than the R ventricle, flow during systole occurs from the L to R ventricle, producing the holosystolic murmur . It can be best heard over the left third and fourth intercostal spaces and along the sternal border . It is associated with normal pulmonary artery pressure and thus S2 is normal . This fact can be used to distinguish from pulmonary stenosis, which has a wide splitting S2 . When the shunt becomes reversed ("Eisenmenger syndrome"), the murmur may be absent and S2 can become markedly accentuated and single . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Tr> <Th> Time </Th> <Th> Condition </Th> <Th> Description </Th> </Tr>

What is the difference between pansystolic and holosystolic
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