<P> Racial literacy is a concept developed by sociologist France Winddance Twine . She describes it as "a form of racial socialization and antiracist training that...parents of African - descent children practiced in their efforts to defend their children against racism" in her research done in the United Kingdom with mixed - race families . </P> <P> She further describes it as "cultural strategies and practices designed and employed by parents to teach children of African and Caribbean heritage (1) detect, document, and name antiblack racist ideologies, semiotics, and practices; (2) provide discursive resources that counter racism; and (3) provide aesthetic and material resources (including art, toys, books, music) that valorize and strengthen their connections to the transatlantic culture of black people in Africa, the Caribbean and the United States". </P>

What do sociologists mean by the phrase racial literacy