<P> Grizzly bears hibernate for 5--7 months each year except where the climate is warm, as the California grizzly did not hibernate . During this time, female grizzly bears give birth to their offspring, who then consume milk from their mother and gain strength for the remainder of the hibernation period . To prepare for hibernation, grizzlies must prepare a den, and consume an immense amount of food as they do not eat during hibernation . Grizzly bears do not defecate or urinate throughout the entire hibernation period . The male grizzly bear's hibernation ends in early to mid-March, while females emerge in April or early May . </P> <P> In preparation for winter, bears can gain approximately 180 kg (400 lb), during a period of hyperphagia, before going into hibernation . The bear often waits for a substantial snowstorm before it enters its den: such behavior lessens the chances predators will find the den . The dens are typically at elevations above 1,800 m (5,900 ft) on north - facing slopes . There is some debate amongst professionals as to whether grizzly bears technically hibernate: much of this debate revolves around body temperature and the ability of the bears to move around during hibernation on occasion . Grizzly bears can "partially" recycle their body wastes during this period . Although inland or Rocky Mountain grizzlies spend nearly half of their life in dens, coastal grizzlies with better access to food sources spend less time in dens . In some areas where food is very plentiful year round, grizzly bears skip hibernation altogether . </P> <P> Except for females with cubs, grizzlies are normally solitary, active animals, but in coastal areas, grizzlies gather around streams, lakes, rivers, and ponds during the salmon spawn . Every other year, females (sows) produce one to four young (usually two) that are small and weigh only about 450 grams (1 lb) at birth . A sow is protective of her offspring and will attack if she thinks she or her cubs are threatened . </P> <P> Grizzly bears have one of the lowest reproductive rates of all terrestrial mammals in North America . This is due to numerous ecological factors . Grizzly bears do not reach sexual maturity until they are at least five years old . Once mated with a male in the summer, the female delays embryo implantation until hibernation, during which miscarriage can occur if the female does not receive the proper nutrients and caloric intake . On average, females produce two cubs in a litter and the mother cares for the cubs for up to two years, during which the mother will not mate . </P>

How many cubs can a grizzly bear have
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