<P> The Jurchens were sedentary, settled farmers with advanced agriculture . They farmed grain and millet as their cereal crops, grew flax, and raised oxen, pigs, sheep, and horses . Their farming way of life was very different from the pastoral nomadism of the Mongols and the Khitan on the steppes . "At the most", the Jurchen could only be described as "semi-nomadic" while the majority of them were sedentary . </P> <P> The Manchu way of life (economy) was described as agricultural, farming crops and raising animals on farms . Manchus practiced Slash - and - burn agriculture in the areas north of Shenyang . The Haixi Jurchens were "semi-agricultural, the Jianzhou Jurchens and Maolian (毛 怜) Jurchens were sedentary, while hunting and fishing was the way of life of the "Wild Jurchens". Han Chinese society resembled that of the sedentary Jianzhou and Maolian, who were farmers . Hunting, archery on horseback, horsemanship, livestock raising, and sedentary agriculture were all practiced by the Jianzhou Jurchens as part of their culture . In spite of the fact that the Manchus practiced archery on horse back and equestrianism, the Manchu's immediate progenitors practiced sedentary agriculture . Although the Manchus also partook in hunting, they were sedentary . Their primary mode of production was farming while they lived in villages, forts, and towns surrounded by walls . Farming was practiced by their Jurchen Jin predecessors . </P> <P>--据 魏 焕 《 皇 明 九 边 考 》 卷 二 《 辽东 镇 边 夷 考 》 Translation from Sino - J̌ürčed relations during the Yung - Lo period, 1403 - 1424 by Henry Serruys </P> <P> For political reasons, the Jurchen leader Nurhaci chose variously to emphasize either differences or similarities in lifestyles with other peoples like the Mongols . Nurhaci said to the Mongols that "The languages of the Chinese and Koreans are different, but their clothing and way of life is the same . It is the same with us Manchus (Jušen) and Mongols . Our languages are different, but our clothing and way of life is the same ." Later Nurhaci indicated that the bond with the Mongols was not based in any real shared culture . It was for pragmatic reasons of "mutual opportunism", since Nurhaci said to the Mongols: "You Mongols raise livestock, eat meat and wear pelts . My people till the fields and live on grain . We two are not one country and we have different languages ." </P>

Which of the following tribes practice nomadic herding for subsistence