<Dl> <Dt> Example 1 </Dt> <Dd> Sleeping with one's shoes on is strongly correlated with waking up with a headache . </Dd> <Dd> Therefore, sleeping with one's shoes on causes headache . </Dd> </Dl> <Dd> Sleeping with one's shoes on is strongly correlated with waking up with a headache . </Dd> <Dd> Therefore, sleeping with one's shoes on causes headache . </Dd> <P> The above example commits the correlation - implies - causation fallacy, as it prematurely concludes that sleeping with one's shoes on causes headache . A more plausible explanation is that both are caused by a third factor, in this case going to bed drunk, which thereby gives rise to a correlation . So the conclusion is false . </P>

A type of correlative association between an exposure and an effect is a