<P> The considerations of validity and reliability typically are viewed as essential elements for determining the quality of any standardized test . However, professional and practitioner associations frequently have placed these concerns within broader contexts when developing standards and making overall judgments about the quality of any standardized test as a whole within a given context . </P> <P> In the field of evaluation, and in particular educational evaluation, the Joint Committee on Standards for Educational Evaluation has published three sets of standards for evaluations . The Personnel Evaluation Standards was published in 1988, The Program Evaluation Standards (2nd edition) was published in 1994, and The Student Evaluation Standards was published in 2003 . </P> <P> Each publication presents and elaborates a set of standards for use in a variety of educational settings . The standards provide guidelines for designing, implementing, assessing and improving the identified form of evaluation . Each of the standards has been placed in one of four fundamental categories to promote educational evaluations that are proper, useful, feasible, and accurate . In these sets of standards, validity and reliability considerations are covered under the accuracy topic . The tests are aimed at ensuring that student evaluations will provide sound, accurate, and credible information about student learning and performance, however; standardized tests offer narrow information on many forms of intelligence and relying on them harms students because they inaccurately measure a student's potential for success . </P> <P> In the field of psychometrics, the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing place standards about validity and reliability, along with errors of measurement and issues related to the accommodation of individuals with disabilities . The third and final major topic covers standards related to testing applications, credentialing, plus testing in program evaluation and public policy . </P>

​concerns with intelligence tests include all of the following except