<P> African nationalism is an umbrella term which refers to a group of political ideologies, mainly within Sub-Saharan Africa, which are based on the idea of national self - determination and the creation of nation states . The ideology emerged under European colonial rule during the 19th and 20th centuries and was loosely inspired by nationalist ideas from Europe . Originally, African nationalism was based on demands for self - determination and played an important role in forcing the process of decolonisation of Africa (c. 1957--66). However, the term refers to a broad range of different ideological and political movements and should not be confused with Pan-Africanism which may seek the federation of several or all nation states in Africa . </P> <P> Nationalist ideas in Sub-Saharan Africa emerged during the mid-19th century among the emerging black middle classes in West Africa . Early nationalists hoped to overcome ethnic fragmentation by creating nation - states . In its earliest period, it was inspired by African - American and Afro - Caribbean intellectuals from the Back - to - Africa movement who imported nationalist ideals current in Europe and the Americas at the time . The early African nationalists were elitist and believed in the supremacy of Western culture but sought a greater role for themselves in political decision - making . They rejected African traditional religions and tribalism as "primitive" and embraced western ideas of Christianity, modernity, and the nation state . However, one of the challenges faced by nationalists in unifying their nation after European rule were the divisions of tribes and the formation of ethnicism . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Part of the Politics series on </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pan-African Topics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Arts (show) <Ul> <Li> African art </Li> <Li> Black Star of Africa </Li> <Li> Pan-African colours </Li> <Li> Pan-African flag </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ideology (hide) <Ul> <Li> African nationalism </Li> <Li> African philosophy </Li> <Li> African socialism </Li> <Li> Afrocentrism </Li> <Li> Black nationalism </Li> <Li> Garveyism </Li> <Li> Lumumbism </Li> <Li> Mobutism </Li> <Li> Négritude </Li> <Li> Nkrumaism </Li> <Li> Rastafari </Li> <Li> Sankarism </Li> <Li> Third International Theory </Li> <Li> Ujamaa </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> People (show) <Ul> <Li> Yosef Ben - Jochannan </Li> <Li> Alhaji Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof </Li> <Li> Cheikh Anta Diop </Li> <Li> W.E.B. Du Bois </Li> <Li> Frantz Fanon </Li> <Li> Muammar Gaddafi </Li> <Li> Marcus Garvey </Li> <Li> Félix Houphouët - Boigny </Li> <Li> C.L.R. James </Li> <Li> Patrice Lumumba </Li> <Li> Malcolm X </Li> <Li> Julius Malema </Li> <Li> Robert Mugabe </Li> <Li> Kwame Nkrumah </Li> <Li> George Padmore </Li> <Li> Walter Rodney </Li> <Li> Thomas Sankara </Li> <Li> Haile Selassie </Li> <Li> Ahmed Sékou Touré </Li> <Li> Omali Yeshitela </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Related (show) <Ul> <Li> Africa </Li> <Li> African and Black Topics </Li> <Li> Afro - Asian </Li> <Li> Afro - Latino </Li> <Li> Anti-Colonialism </Li> <Li> Black people </Li> <Li> Reparations for slavery </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Africa portal </Li> <Li> Politics portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table>

What is the name of the african nationalist movement that started in the 1950s