<P> Americans are not generally aware of the extent of inequality or recent trends . There is a direct relationship between actual income inequality and the public's views about the need to address the issue in most developed countries, but not in the U.S., where income inequality is larger but the concern is lower . The U.S. was ranked the 6th from the last among 173 countries (4th percentile) on income equality measured by the Gini index . </P> <P> There is significant and ongoing debate as to the causes, economic effects, and solutions regarding income inequality . While before - tax income inequality is subject to market factors (e.g., globalization, trade policy, labor policy, and international competition), after - tax income inequality can be directly affected by tax and transfer policy . U.S. income inequality is comparable to other developed nations before taxes and transfers, but is among the worst after taxes and transfers . Income inequality may contribute to slower economic growth, reduced income mobility, higher levels of household debt, and greater risk of financial crises and deflation . </P> <P> Labor (workers) and capital (owners) have always battled over the share of the economic pie each obtains . The influence of the labor movement has waned in the U.S. since the 1960s along with union participation and more pro-capital laws . The share of total worker compensation has declined from 58% of national income (GDP) in 1970 to nearly 53% in 2013, contributing to income inequality . This has led to concerns that the economy has shifted too far in favor of capital, via a form of corporatism, corpocracy or neoliberalism . </P> <P> Although some have spoken out in favor of moderate inequality as a form of incentive, others have warned against the current high levels of inequality, including Yale Nobel prize for economics winner Robert J. Shiller, (who called rising economic inequality "the most important problem that we are facing now today"), former Federal Reserve Board chairman Alan Greenspan, ("This is not the type of thing which a democratic society--a capitalist democratic society--can really accept without addressing"), and President Barack Obama (who referred to the widening income gap as the "defining challenge of our time"). </P>

Which of the following are used to measure economic inequality in the united states