<P> In 1867, some Hindus in the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh during the British Raj in India began to demand that Hindi be made an official language in place of Urdu . Babu Shiva Prasad of Banares was one of the early proponents of the Nagari script . In a Memorandum on court characters written in 1868, he accused the early Muslim rulers of India for forcing them to learn Persian . In 1897, Madan Mohan Malaviya published a collection of documents and statements titled Court character and primary education in North Western Provinces and Oudh, in which, he made a compelling case for Hindi . </P> <P> Several Hindi movements were formed in the late 19th and early 20th century; notable among them were Nagari Pracharini Sabha formed in Banaras in 1893, Hindi Sahitya Sammelan in Allahabad in 1910, Dakshina Bharat Hindi Prachar Sabha in 1918 and Rashtra Bhasha Prachar Samiti in 1926 . The movement was encouraged in 1881 when Hindi in Devanagari script replaced Urdu in Persian script as the official language in neighboring Bihar . They submitted 118 memorials signed by 67,000 people to the Education Commission in several cities . The proponents of Hindi argued that the majority of people spoke Hindi and therefore introduction of Nagari script would provide better education and improve prospects for holding Government positions . They also argued that Urdu script made court documents illegible, encouraged forgery and promoted the use of complex Arabic and Persian words . </P> <P> Organisations such as Anjuman Taraqqi - e-Urdu were formed for the advocacy of Urdu . Advocates of Urdu argued that Hindi scripts could not be written faster, and lacked standardisation and vocabulary . They also argued that the Urdu language originated in India, asserted that Urdu could also be spoken fluently by most of the people and disputed the assertion that official status of language and script is essential for the spread of education . </P> <P> Communal violence broke out as the issue was taken up by firebrands . Sir Syed Ahmed Khan had once stated, "I look to both Hindus and Muslims with the same eyes & consider them as two eyes of a bride . By the word nation I only mean Hindus and Muslims and nothing else . We Hindus and Muslims live together under the same soil under the same government . Our interest and problems are common and therefore I consider the two factions as one nation ." Speaking to Mr. Shakespeare, the governor of Banaras, after the language controversy heated up, he said "I am now convinced that the Hindus and Muslims could never become one nation as their religion and way of life was quite distinct from one and other ." </P>

Who declared urdu to be the official language of pakistan