<P> After Wahunsunacawh's death, his younger brother, Opitchapam, briefly became chief, followed by their younger brother Opechancanough . In 1622 (Indian massacre of 1622) and 1644 he attacked the English to force them from Powhatan territories . Both these attempts were met with strong reprisals from the English, ultimately resulting in the near destruction of the tribe . The Second Anglo--Powhatan War that followed the 1644 incident ended in 1646, after Royal Governor of Virginia William Berkeley's forces captured Opechancanough, thought to be between 90 and 100 years old . While a prisoner, Opechancanough was killed, shot in the back by a soldier assigned to guard him . He was succeeded as Weroance by Necotowance, and later by Totopotomoi and by his daughter Cockacoeske . </P> <P> The Treaty of 1646 marked the effective dissolution of the united confederacy, as white colonists were granted an exclusive enclave between the York and Blackwater Rivers . This physically separated the Nansemonds, Weyanokes and Appomattox, who retreated southward, from the other Powhatan tribes then occupying the Middle Peninsula and Northern Neck . While the southern frontier demarcated in 1646 was respected for the remainder of the 17th century, the House of Burgesses lifted the northern one on September 1, 1649 . Waves of new immigrants quickly flooded the peninsular region, then known as Chickacoan, and restricted the dwindling tribes to lesser tracts of land that became some of the earliest Indian reservations . </P> <P> In 1665, the House of Burgesses passed stringent laws requiring the Powhatan to accept chiefs appointed by the governor . After the Treaty of Albany in 1684, the Powhatan Confederacy all but vanished . </P> <P> The capital village of "Powhatan" was believed to be in the present - day Powhatan Hill section of the eastern part of Richmond, Virginia, or perhaps nearby in a location which became part of Tree Hill Farm . </P>

What brought the powhatan confederacy to an end