<P> The equation is the psychologist's most well known formula in social psychology, of which Lewin was a modern pioneer . When first presented in Lewin's book Principles of Topological Psychology, published in 1936, it contradicted most popular theories in that it gave importance to a person's momentary situation in understanding his or her behavior, rather than relying entirely on the past . </P> <P> In a 1947 article, Lewin coined the term "group dynamics". He described this notion as the way that groups and individuals act and react to changing circumstances . This field emerged as a concept dedicated to the advancement of knowledge regarding the nature of groups, their laws, establishment, development, and interactions with other groups, individuals and institutions . During the early years of research on group processes, many psychologists rejected the reality of group phenomena . Critics shared the opinion that groups did not exist as scientifically valid entities . It had been said by skeptics that the actions of groups were nothing more than those of its members considered separately . Lewin applied his interactionism formula, B = ƒ (P, E), to explain group phenomena, where a member's personal characteristics (P) interact with the environmental factors of the group, (E) its members, and the situation to elicit behaviour (B). Given his background in Gestalt psychology, Lewin justified group existence using the dictum "The whole is greater than the sum of its parts". He theorized that when a group is established it becomes a unified system with supervening qualities that cannot be understood by evaluating members individually . This notion--that a group is composed of more than the sum of its individual members--quickly gained support from sociologists and psychologists who understood the significance of this emerging field . Many pioneers noted that the majority of group phenomena could be explained according to Lewin's equation and insight and opposing views were hushed . The study of group dynamics remains relevant in today's society where a vast number of professions (e.g., business and industry, clinical / counseling psychology, sports and recreation) rely on its mechanisms to thrive . </P> <P> The most notable of Lewin's contributions was his development of group communication and group dynamics as major facets of the communication discipline . Lewin and his associated researchers shifted from the pre-existing trend of individualist psychology and then expanded their work to incorporate a macro lens where they focused on the "social psychology of small group communication" (Rogers 1994). Lewin is associated with "founding research and training in group dynamics and for establishing the participative management style in organizations". He carved out this niche for himself from his various experiments . In his Berlin research, Lewin utilized "group discussions to advance his theory in research ." In doing so, there was certainly the complication of not knowing exactly whom to attribute epiphanies to as an idea collectively came into fruition . In addition to group discussions, he became increasingly interested in group membership . He was curious as to how perspectives of an individual in relation to the group were solidified or weakened . He tried to come up with the way identity was constructed from standpoint and perspectives . These were the beginnings of what ended up developing into "groupthink". Lewin started to become quite interested in how ideas were created and then perpetuated by the mentality of a group . Not included in this chapter is how important this became in looking at group dynamics across disciplines--including studying John F Kennedy and the way he tried to interact with his advisors in order to prevent groupthink from occurring . </P> <Ul> <Li> Lewin, K. (1935). A dynamic theory of personality . New York: McGraw - Hill . </Li> <Li> Lewin, K. (1936). Principles of topological psychology . New York: McGraw - Hill . </Li> <Li> Lewin, K. (1938). The conceptual representation and measurement of psychological forces . Durham, NC: Duke University Press . </Li> <Li> Lewin, K., and Gertrude W. Lewin (Ed .) (1948). Resolving social conflicts: selected papers on group dynamics (1935 - 1946). New York: Harper and Brothers . </Li> <Li> Lewin, K., and Dorwin Cartwright (Ed .) (1951). Field theory in social science . New York: Harper . </Li> <Li> Lewin, K. (1997). Resolving social conflicts & Field theory in social science . Washington, D.C: American Psychological Association . </Li> <Li> Lewin, K., and Martin Gold (Ed .). (1999). The complete social scientist: a Kurt Lewin reader . Washington, DC: American Psychological Association . </Li> </Ul>

Who is considered to be the first professor of applied psychology