<P> Two classifications of evaluation approaches by House and Stufflebeam and Webster can be combined into a manageable number of approaches in terms of their unique and important underlying principles . </P> <P> House considers all major evaluation approaches to be based on a common ideology entitled liberal democracy . Important principles of this ideology include freedom of choice, the uniqueness of the individual and empirical inquiry grounded in objectivity . He also contends that they are all based on subjectivist ethics, in which ethical conduct is based on the subjective or intuitive experience of an individual or group . One form of subjectivist ethics is utilitarian, in which "the good" is determined by what maximizes a single, explicit interpretation of happiness for society as a whole . Another form of subjectivist ethics is intuitionist / pluralist, in which no single interpretation of "the good" is assumed and such interpretations need not be explicitly stated nor justified . </P> <P> These ethical positions have corresponding epistemologies--philosophies for obtaining knowledge . The objectivist epistemology is associated with the utilitarian ethic; in general, it is used to acquire knowledge that can be externally verified (intersubjective agreement) through publicly exposed methods and data . The subjectivist epistemology is associated with the intuitionist / pluralist ethic and is used to acquire new knowledge based on existing personal knowledge, as well as experiences that are (explicit) or are not (tacit) available for public inspection . House then divides each epistemological approach into two main political perspectives . Firstly, approaches can take an elite perspective, focusing on the interests of managers and professionals; or they also can take a mass perspective, focusing on consumers and participatory approaches . </P> <P> Stufflebeam and Webster place approaches into one of three groups, according to their orientation toward the role of values and ethical consideration . The political orientation promotes a positive or negative view of an object regardless of what its value actually is and might be--they call this pseudo-evaluation . The questions orientation includes approaches that might or might not provide answers specifically related to the value of an object--they call this quasi-evaluation . The values orientation includes approaches primarily intended to determine the value of an object--they call this true evaluation . </P>

Explain the difficulties in evaluation of office work