<P> Many cells bind to components of the extracellular matrix . Cell adhesion can occur in two ways; by focal adhesions, connecting the ECM to actin filaments of the cell, and hemidesmosomes, connecting the ECM to intermediate filaments such as keratin . This cell - to - ECM adhesion is regulated by specific cell - surface cellular adhesion molecules (CAM) known as integrins . Integrins are cell - surface proteins that bind cells to ECM structures, such as fibronectin and laminin, and also to integrin proteins on the surface of other cells . </P> <P> Fibronectins bind to ECM macromolecules and facilitate their binding to transmembrane integrins . The attachment of fibronectin to the extracellular domain initiates intracellular signalling pathways as well as association with the cellular cytoskeleton via a set of adaptor molecules such as actin . </P> <P> Extracellular matrix has been found to cause regrowth and healing of tissue . Although the mechanism of action by which extracellular matrix promotes constructive remodeling of tissue is still unknown, researchers now believe that Matrix - bound nanovesicles (MBVs) are a key player in the healing process . In human fetuses, for example, the extracellular matrix works with stem cells to grow and regrow all parts of the human body, and fetuses can regrow anything that gets damaged in the womb . Scientists have long believed that the matrix stops functioning after full development . It has been used in the past to help horses heal torn ligaments, but it is being researched further as a device for tissue regeneration in humans . </P> <P> In terms of injury repair and tissue engineering, the extracellular matrix serves two main purposes . First, it prevents the immune system from triggering from the injury and responding with inflammation and scar tissue . Next, it facilitates the surrounding cells to repair the tissue instead of forming scar tissue . </P>

Extracellular matrix in dermis of skin is synthesized by