<Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate . (October 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) </Td> </Tr> <P> Peer review is the evaluation of work by one or more people of similar competence to the producers of the work (peers). It constitutes a form of self - regulation by qualified members of a profession within the relevant field . Peer review methods are employed to maintain standards of quality, improve performance, and provide credibility . In academia, scholarly peer review is often used to determine an academic paper's suitability for publication . Peer review can be categorized by the type of activity and by the field or profession in which the activity occurs, e.g., medical peer review . </P> <P> Professional peer review focuses on the performance of professionals, with a view to improving quality, upholding standards, or providing certification . In academia, peer review is common in decisions related to faculty advancement and tenure . Henry Oldenburg (1619--1677) was a British philosopher who is seen as the' father' of modern scientific peer review . </P> <P> WA prototype professional peer - review process was recommended in the Ethics of the Physician written by Ishāq ibn ʻAlī al - Ruhāwī (854--931). He stated that a visiting physician had to make duplicate notes of a patient's condition on every visit . When the patient was cured or had died, the notes of the physician were examined by a local medical council of other physicians, who would decide whether the treatment had met the required standards of medical care . </P>

When does peer review occur during the scientific process