<Li> A recirculation chassis, containing cathode follower, pulse former and retimer, modulator, which drives the transmitting crystal, and input, clear, and memory - switch gates, mounted in the sections adjacent to the mercury tanks . </Li> <P> Instructions were six alphanumeric characters, packed two instructions per word . The addition time was 525 microseconds and the multiplication time was 2150 microseconds . A non-standard modification called "Overdrive" did exist, that allowed for three four - character instructions per word under some circumstances . (Ingerman's simulator for the UNIVAC, referenced below, also makes this modification available .) </P> <P> Digits were represented internally using excess - 3 ("XS3") binary coded decimal (BCD) arithmetic with six bits per digit using the same value as the digits of the alphanumeric character set (and one parity bit per digit for error checking), allowing 11 - digit signed magnitude numbers . But with the exception of one or two machine instructions, UNIVAC was considered by programmers to be a decimal machine, not a binary machine, and the binary representation of the characters was irrelevant . If a non-digit character was encountered in a position during an arithmetic operation the machine passed it unchanged to the output, and any carry into the non-digit was lost . (Note, however, that a peculiarity of UNIVAC I's addition / subtraction circuitry was that the "ignore", space, and minus characters were occasionally treated as numeric, with values of--3,--2, and--1 respectively, and the apostrophe, ampersand, and left parenthesis were occasionally treated as numeric, with values 10, 11, and 12 .) </P> <P> Besides the operator's console, the only I / O devices connected to the UNIVAC I were up to 10 UNISERVO tape drives, a Remington Standard electric typewriter and a Tektronix oscilloscope . The UNISERVO was the first commercial computer tape drive commercially sold . It used data density 128 bits per inch (with real transfer rate 7,200 characters per second) on magnetically plated phosphor bronze tapes . The UNISERVO could also read and write UNITYPER created tapes at 20 bits per inch . The UNITYPER was an offline typewriter to tape device, used by programmers and for minor data editing . Backward and forward tape read and write operations were possible on the UNIVAC and were fully overlapped with instruction execution, permitting high system throughput in typical sort / merge data processing applications . Large volumes of data could be submitted as input via magnetic tapes created on offline card to tape system and made as output via a separate offline tape to printer system . The operators console had three columns of decimal coded switches that allowed any of the 1000 memory locations to be displayed on the oscilloscope . Since the mercury delay line memory stored bits in a serial format, a programmer or operator could monitor any memory location continuously and with sufficient patience, decode its contents as displayed on the scope . The on - line typewriter was typically used for announcing program breakpoints, checkpoints, and for memory dumps . </P>

Who invented the univac computer and in what year