<P> The theme of the "Massacre of the Innocents" has provided artists of many nationalities with opportunities to compose complicated depictions of massed bodies in violent action . It was an alternative to the Flight into Egypt in cycles of the Life of the Virgin . It decreased in popularity in Gothic art, but revived in the larger works of the Renaissance, when artists took inspiration for their "Massacres" from Roman reliefs of the battle of the Lapiths and Centaurs to the extent that they showed the figures heroically nude . The horrific subject matter of the Massacre of the Innocents also provided a comparison of ancient brutalities with early modern ones during the period of religious wars that followed the Reformation--Bruegel's versions show the soldiers carrying banners with the Habsburg double - headed eagle (often used at the time for Ancient Roman soldiers). </P> <P> The 1590 version by Cornelis van Haarlem also seems to reflect the violence of the Dutch Revolt . Guido Reni's early (1611) Massacre of the Innocents, in an unusual vertical format, is at Bologna . The Flemish painter Peter Paul Rubens painted the theme more than once . One version, now in Munich, was engraved and reproduced as a painting as far away as colonial Peru . Another, his grand Massacre of the Innocents is now at the Art Gallery of Ontario in Toronto, Ontario . The French painter Nicolas Poussin painted The Massacre of the Innocents (1634) at the height of the Thirty Years' War . </P> <P> The Childermass, after a traditional name for the Feast of the Holy Innocents, is the opening novel of Wyndham Lewis's trilogy The Human Age . In the novel The Fall (La Chute) by Albert Camus, the incident is argued by the main character to be the reason why Jesus chose to let himself be crucified--as he escaped the punishment intended for him while many others died, he felt responsible and died in guilt . A similar interpretation is given in José Saramago's controversial The Gospel According to Jesus Christ, but there attributed to Joseph, Jesus' stepfather, rather than to Jesus himself . As depicted by Saramago, Joseph knew of Herod's intention to massacre the children of Bethlehem, but failed to warn the townspeople and chose only to save his own child . Guilt - ridden ever after, Joseph finally expiates his sin by letting himself be crucified (an event not narrated in the New Testament). </P> <P> The Massacre is the opening plot used in the 2006 movie The Nativity Story . </P>

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