<P> The North African Campaign of the Second World War took place in North Africa from 10 June 1940 to 13 May 1943 . It included campaigns fought in the Libyan and Egyptian deserts (Western Desert Campaign, also known as the Desert War) and in Morocco and Algeria (Operation Torch), as well as Tunisia (Tunisia Campaign). </P> <P> The campaign was fought between the Allies, many of whom had colonial interests in Africa dating from the late 19th century, and the Axis Powers . The Allied war effort was dominated by the British Commonwealth and exiles from German - occupied Europe . The United States officially entered the war in December 1941 and began direct military assistance in North Africa on 11 May 1942 . </P> <P> Fighting in North Africa started with the Italian declaration of war on 10 June 1940 . On 14 June, the British Army's 11th Hussars (assisted by elements of the 1st Royal Tank Regiment, 1st RTR) crossed the border from Egypt into Libya and captured the Italian Fort Capuzzo . This was followed by an Italian counter-offensive into Egypt and the capture of Sidi Barrani in September 1940 and again in December 1940 following a British Commonwealth counteroffensive, Operation Compass . During Operation Compass, the Italian 10th Army was destroyed and the German Afrika Korps--commanded by Erwin Rommel, who later became known as "The Desert Fox"--was dispatched to North Africa in February 1941 during Operation Sonnenblume to reinforce Italian forces in order to prevent a complete Axis defeat . </P> <P> A fluctuating series of battles for control of Libya and regions of Egypt followed, reaching a climax in the Second Battle of El Alamein in October 1942 when British Commonwealth forces under the command of Lieutenant - General Bernard Montgomery inflicted a decisive defeat on Rommel's Afrika Korps and forced its remnants into Tunisia . After the Anglo - American landings (Operation Torch) in North - West Africa in November 1942, and subsequent battles against Vichy France forces (who then changed sides), the Allies encircled several thousand German and Italian personnel in northern Tunisia and finally forced their surrender in May 1943 . </P>

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