<Tr> <Td> Stratigraphy </Td> <Td> Father Nicholas Steno </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Speleology </Td> <Td> Édouard - Alfred Martel </Td> <Td> Began the first systematic exploration of cave systems and promoted speleology as a field separate from geology . </Td> </Tr> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Field </Th> <Th> Person / s considered "father" or "mother" </Th> <Th> Rationale </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Anatomy (modern) </Td> <Td> Marcello Malpighi </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Audiology </Td> <Td> Raymond Carhart </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> "...the Father of Audiology himself, Raymond Carhart at Northwestern University ..." </Li> <Li> "Carhart notch: A decrease in the bone - conduction hearing at the 2000 Hz region of patients with otosclerosis first reported by and therefore named after the father of audiology, Raymond Carhart ." </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Biophysics </Td> <Td> Hermann von Helmholtz </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Biomechanics </Td> <Td> Christian Wilhelm Braune </Td> <Td> First to describe the methodology of human gait walking . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bioelectromagnetics </Td> <Td> Luigi Galvani </Td> <Td> First to discover animal electricity through a series of experiments . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cognitive therapy </Td> <Td> Aaron T. Beck </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> "In developing ways to do this, Beck became the father of cognitive therapy, one of the most important developments in psychotherapy in the last 50 years ." </Li> <Li> The Prospect of Immortality (1962) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cryonics </Td> <Td> Robert Ettinger </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dentistry (modern) </Td> <Td> Pierre Fauchard </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Electrophysiology </Td> <Td> Emil du Bois - Reymond </Td> <Td> The discoverer of nerve action potential . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Emergency medicine </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Peter Safar </Li> <Li> Frank Pantridge </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Safar pioneered CPR, intensive - care units and developed standards for EMT, ambulance design and equipment . </Li> <Li> Pantridge: </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Epidemiology (modern) </Td> <Td> John Snow </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fitness </Td> <Td> Jack LaLanne </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gynaecology </Td> <Td> J. Marion Sims </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Histology </Td> <Td> Marcello Malpighi </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Human anatomy (modern) </Td> <Td> Vesalius </Td> <Td> De humani corporis fabrica (1543) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Medical genetics </Td> <Td> Victor McKusick </Td> <Td> Mendelian Inheritance in Man </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Medicine (early) </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Imhotep </Li> <Li> Charaka </Li> <Li> Hippocrates </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> None . </Li> <Li> Wrote the Charaka Samhitā and founded the Ayurveda system of medicine . </Li> <Li> Prescribed professional practices for physicians through the Hippocratic Oath . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Medicine (modern) </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sir William Osler </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Neurosurgery </Td> <Td> Harvey Cushing </Td> <Td> Developed techniques that considerably reduced the risks involved with brain surgery in the early 20th Century . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Neuroscience </Td> <Td> Santiago Ramón y Cajal </Td> <Td> Comprehensive work on structure of the brain . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nursing (modern) </Td> <Td> Florence Nightingale </Td> <Td> See Nursing #History . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nutrition (modern) </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Justus von Liebig </Li> <Li> Antoine - Laurent Lavoisier </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> "Justus Von Liebig, the' father of modern nutrition', developed the perfect infant food . It consisted of (...)" </Li> <Li> "In addition to being known as the Father of Modern Chemistry, Lavoisier is also considered the Father of Modern Nutrition, as the first to discover the metabolism that occurs inside the human body ..." </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Organ transplantation </Td> <Td> Thomas Starzl </Td> <Td> Performed the first human liver transplant and established the clinical utility of anti-rejection drugs including ciclosporin . Developed major advances in organ preservation, procurement and transplantation . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Orthopedic surgery (modern) </Td> <Td> Hugh Owen Thomas </Td> <Td> He stressed the importance of rest in treatment and was responsible for many landmark contributions to orthopaedic surgery . He was especially celebrated for his design and use of splints; the famous Thomas knee splint was still in wide use at the end of World War II . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pathology (modern) </Td> <Td> Rudolf Virchow </Td> <Td> Founded modern Pathology and Social Medicine and published Die Cellularpathologie in ihrer Begründung auf physiologische und pathologische Gewebelehre which is regarded as the basis of modern medical science . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Psychology (experimental) </Td> <Td> Wilhelm Wundt </Td> <Td> Founded the first laboratory for psychological research . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pediatrics </Td> <Td> Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi ("Rhazes") </Td> <Td> Wrote The Diseases of Children, the first book to deal with pediatrics as an independent field . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Physiology </Td> <Td> Claude Bernard </Td> <Td> An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine (1865) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Physical culture </Td> <Td> Bernarr Macfadden </Td> <Td> "It delighted the heart of our old friend Bernarr Macfadden,' the Father of Physical Culture,' when we told him how much athletic activity and good sportsmanship had to do with the rehabilitation of boys ." </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Plastic surgery </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sushruta </Li> <Li> Harold Gillies </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> Wrote the Sushruta Samhita . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Psychoanalysis </Td> <Td> Sigmund Freud </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Psychophysics </Td> <Td> Gustav Fechner </Td> <Td> Elements of Psychophysics (1860) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Space medicine </Td> <Td> Hubertus Strughold </Td> <Td> "After Wernher von Braun, he was the top Nazi scientist employed by the American government, and he was subsequently hailed by NASA as the' father of space medicine"' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Surgery (early) </Td> <Td> Sushruta </Td> <Td> Wrote the Sushruta Samhita . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Surgery (modern) </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Abu al - Qasim ("Abulcasis") al - Zahrawi </Li> <Li> Guy de Chauliac </Li> <Li> Ambroise Paré </Li> <Li> John Hunter </Li> <Li> Joseph Lister </Li> <Li> William Stewart Halsted </Li> <Li> See also Father of modern surgery </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kitab al - Tasrif (1000 AD). </Li> <Li> Chirurgia magna </Li> <Li> Leader in surgical techniques, especially the treatment of wounds . </Li> <Li> Experimental, scientific approach to surgery . </Li> <Li> Use of carbolic acid as an antiseptic . </Li> <Li> Introduction of residency system in the United States . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Toxicology </Td> <Td> Paracelsus </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Tr> <Th> Field </Th> <Th> Person / s considered "father" or "mother" </Th> <Th> Rationale </Th> </Tr>

Who is called the father of modern medicine