<P> Alavi describes how state - derived rights over capital held by state officials in parts of India in the early 18th Century were held to be of a patron - client nature and thus volatile . They were thus converted where possible into hereditary entitlements . </P> <P> Richard A . Joseph, director of The Program of African Studies at Northwestern University, is usually credited with first using the term to describe patron - clientelism or neopatrimonialism in Nigeria . Since then the term has commonly been used in scholarly literature and textbooks . </P> <P> Joseph wrote in 1996, "According to the theory of prebendalism, state offices are regarded as prebends that can be appropriated by officeholders, who use them to generate material benefits for themselves and their constituents and kin groups ..." </P> <P> As a result of that kind of patron - client or identity politics, Nigeria has regularly been one of the lowest ranked nations for political transparency by Transparency International in its Corruption Perceptions Index . </P>

Who wrote about prebendalism as a major bane of nigerian politics