<P> By Executive Order 6581, the president created the Export - Import Bank of the United States . On March 7, 1934, he created the National Industrial Recovery Act (Executive Order 6632). On June 29, the president issued Executive Order 6763 "under the authority vested in me by the Constitution", thereby creating the National Labor Relations Board . </P> <P> In 1934, while Charles Evans Hughes was Chief Justice of the United States (in the time period known as the Hughes Court), the Court found that the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) was unconstitutional . The president then issued Executive Order 7073 "by virtue of the authority vested in me under the said Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935", reestablishing the National Emergency Council to administer the functions of the NIRA in carrying out the provisions of the Emergency Relief Appropriations Act . On June 15, he issued Executive Order 7075, which terminated NIRA and replaced it with the Office of Administration of the National Recovery Administration . </P> <P> In the years that followed, President Roosevelt replaced the outgoing judges with those more in line with his views, ultimately appointing Hugo Black, Stanley Reed, Felix Frankfurter, William O. Douglas, Frank Murphy, Robert H. Jackson and James F. Byrnes to the Court . Historically, only George Washington had equal or greater influence over Supreme Court appointments, choosing all of its original members . Justices Frankfurter, Douglas, Black, and Jackson dramatically checked presidential power by invalidating the executive order at issue in The Steel Seizure Case (i.e., Executive Order 10340). In that case Roosevelt's successor, President Truman, had ordered private steel production facilities seized in support of the Korean War effort, but the Court held the executive order was not within the power granted to the President by the Constitution . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> President </Th> <Th> Number issued </Th> <Th> Starting with E.O. number </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> George Washington </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John Adams </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thomas Jefferson </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> James Madison </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> James Monroe </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John Quincy Adams </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Andrew Jackson </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Martin van Buren </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> William Henry Harrison </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John Tyler </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> James K. Polk </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Zachary Taylor </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Millard Fillmore </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Franklin Pierce </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> James Buchanan </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Abraham Lincoln </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Andrew Johnson </Td> <Td> 79 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ulysses S. Grant </Td> <Td> 217 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rutherford B. Hayes </Td> <Td> 92 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> James Garfield </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chester Arthur </Td> <Td> 96 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Grover Cleveland (first term) </Td> <Td> 113 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Benjamin Harrison </Td> <Td> 143 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Grover Cleveland (second term) </Td> <Td> 140 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> William McKinley </Td> <Td> 185 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Theodore Roosevelt </Td> <Td> 1,081 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> William Howard Taft </Td> <Td> 724 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Woodrow Wilson </Td> <Td> 1,803 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Warren G. Harding </Td> <Td> 522 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Calvin Coolidge </Td> <Td> 1,203 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Herbert Hoover </Td> <Td> 968 </Td> <Td> 5075 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Franklin D. Roosevelt (~ 3.05 terms) </Td> <Td> 3,522 </Td> <Td> 6071 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Harry S. Truman </Td> <Td> 907 </Td> <Td> 9538 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dwight D. Eisenhower </Td> <Td> 484 </Td> <Td> 10432 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John F. Kennedy </Td> <Td> 214 </Td> <Td> 10914 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lyndon B. Johnson </Td> <Td> 325 </Td> <Td> 11128 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Richard Nixon </Td> <Td> 346 </Td> <Td> 11452 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gerald R. Ford </Td> <Td> 169 </Td> <Td> 11798 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jimmy Carter </Td> <Td> 320 </Td> <Td> 11967 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ronald Reagan </Td> <Td> 381 </Td> <Td> 12287 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> George H.W. Bush </Td> <Td> 166 </Td> <Td> 12668 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bill Clinton </Td> <Td> 308 </Td> <Td> 12834 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> George W. Bush </Td> <Td> 291 </Td> <Td> 13198 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Barack Obama </Td> <Td> 276 </Td> <Td> 13489 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Donald Trump (as of December 22, 2017) </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> 13765 </Td> </Tr> </Table>

When does an executive order go into effect