<P> Sony executive Norio Ohga, later CEO and chairman of Sony, and Heitaro Nakajima were convinced of the format's commercial potential and pushed further development despite widespread skepticism . As a result, in 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new digital audio disc . Led by engineers Kees Schouhamer Immink and Toshitada Doi, the research pushed forward laser and optical disc technology . After a year of experimentation and discussion, the task force produced the Red Book CD - DA standard . First published in 1980, the standard was formally adopted by the IEC as an international standard in 1987, with various amendments becoming part of the standard in 1996 . </P> <P> Philips coined the term compact disc in line with another audio product, the Compact Cassette, and contributed the general manufacturing process, based on video LaserDisc technology . Philips also contributed eight - to - fourteen modulation (EFM), which offers a certain resilience to defects such as scratches and fingerprints, while Sony contributed the error - correction method, CIRC . The Compact Disc Story, told by a former member of the task force, gives background information on the many technical decisions made, including the choice of the sampling frequency, playing time, and disc diameter . The task force consisted of around four to eight persons, though according to Philips, the Compact Disc was "invented collectively by a large group of people working as a team ." </P> <P> Red Book was the first standard in the Rainbow Books range . </P> <P> Philips established the Polydor Pressing Operations plant in Langenhagen near Hannover, Germany, and quickly passed a series of milestones . </P>

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