<P> "New immigration" was a term from the late 1880s that came from the influx of Catholic and Jewish immigrants from Italy and Russia (areas that previously sent few immigrants). Though the majority of immigrants came through New York, thus making the Northeast a major target of settlement, there were various efforts, such as the Galveston Movement, to redirect immigrants to other ports and disperse some of the settlement to other areas of the country . </P> <P> Nativists feared the new arrivals lacked the political, social, and occupational skills needed to successfully assimilate into American culture . This raised the issue of whether the U.S. was still a "melting pot," or if it had just become a "dumping ground," and many old - stock Americans worried about negative effects on the economy, politics, and culture . A major proposal was to impose a literacy test, whereby applicants had to be able to read and write in their own language before they were admitted . </P> <P> Restriction proceeded piecemeal over the course of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, but immediately after the end of World War I (1914--18) and into the early 1920s, Congress changed the nation's basic policy about immigration . The National Origins Formula of 1921 (and its final form in 1924) not only restricted the number of immigrants who might enter the United States, but also assigned slots according to quotas based on national origins . A complicated piece of legislation, it essentially gave preference to immigrants from Central, Northern and Western Europe, severely limiting the numbers from Russia and Southern Europe, and declared all potential immigrants from Asia unworthy of entry into the United States . </P> <P> The legislation excluded the Western Hemisphere from the quota system, and the 1920s ushered in the penultimate era of U.S. immigration history . Immigrants could and did move quite freely from Mexico, the Caribbean (including Jamaica, Barbados, and Haiti), and other parts of Central and South America . This era, which reflected the application of the 1924 legislation, lasted until 1965 . During those 40 years, the United States began to admit, case by case, limited numbers of refugees . Jewish refugees from Nazi Germany before World War II, Jewish Holocaust survivors after the war, non-Jewish displaced persons fleeing Communist rule in Central Europe and Russia, Hungarians seeking refuge after their failed uprising in 1956, and Cubans after the 1960 revolution managed to find haven in the United States when their plight moved the collective conscience of America, but the basic immigration law remained in place . </P>

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