<P> In humans, a normal ovum can carry only an X chromosome (of the X and Y chromosomes), whereas a sperm may carry either an X or a Y (a non-normal ovum can end up carrying two or no X chromosomes, as a result of a irregularity at either of the two stages of meiosis, while a non-normal sperm cell can end up carrying either no sex - defining chromosomes, an XY pair, or XX pair as a result of the forementioned reason); ergo the male sperm can play a role in determining the sex of any resulting zygote, if the zygote has two X chromosomes it may develop into a female, if it has an X and a Y chromosome, it may develop into a male . For birds, the female ovum determines the sex of the offspring, through the ZW sex - determination system . </P> <P> Artificial gametes, also known as In vitro derived gametes (IVD), stem cell - derived gametes (SCDGs), and In vitro generated gametes (IVG), are gametes derived from stem cells . Research shows that artificial gametes may be a reproductive technique for same - sex male couples, although a surrogate mother would still be required for the gestation period . Women who have passed menopause may be able to produce eggs and bear genetically related children with artificial gametes . Robert Sparrow wrote, in the Journal of Medical Ethics, that embryos derived from artificial gametes could be used to derive new gametes and this process could be repeated to create multiple human generations in the laboratory . This technique could be used to create cell lines for medical applications and for studying the heredity of genetic disorders . Additionally, this technique could be used for human enhancement by selectively breeding for a desired genome or by using recombinant DNA technology to create enhancements that have not arisen in nature . </P> <P> Plants which reproduce sexually also have gametes . However, since plants have an alternation of diploid and haploid generations some differences exist . In flowering plants the flowers use meiosis to produce a haploid generation which produce gametes through mitosis . The female haploid is called the ovule and is produced by the ovary of the flower . When mature the haploid ovule produces the female gamete which are ready for fertilization . The male haploid is pollen and is produced by the anther, when pollen lands on a mature stigma of a flower it grows a pollen tube down into the flower . The haploid pollen then produces sperm by mitosis and releases them for fertilization . </P> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ "gamete". Online Etymology Dictionary . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marshall, A.M. 1893 . Vertebrate embryology: a text - book for students and practitioners . GP Putnam's Sons . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Yeung, C., M. Anapolski, M. Depenbusch, M. Zitzmann, and T. Cooper . 2003 . "Human sperm volume regulation . Response to physiological changes in osmolality, channel blockers and potential sperm osmolytes ." Human Reproduction 18: 1029 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to: Jay Phelan (30 April 2009). What Is Life?: A Guide to Biology W / Prep - U . Macmillan . pp. 237--. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4292 - 2318 - 8 . Retrieved 8 October 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to: Newson, AJ; Smajdor, AC (2005). "Artificial gametes: new paths to parenthood?". Journal of Medical Ethics. 31: 184--186 . doi: 10.1136 / jme. 2003.004986 . Retrieved 26 February 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to: Sparrow, Robert (4 April 2013). "In vitro eugenics". Journal of Medical Ethics . doi: 10.1136 / medethics - 2012 - 101200 . Retrieved 8 March 2015 . </Li> </Ol>

Where are the male gametes produced in plants