<P> As of 2017, there was limited hydrogen infrastructure, with 36 hydrogen fueling stations for automobiles publicly available in the U.S., but more hydrogen stations are planned, particularly in California . Some public hydrogen fueling stations exist, and new stations are being planned, in Japan, Europe and elsewhere . Critics doubt whether hydrogen will be efficient or cost - effective for automobiles, as compared with other zero emission technologies . </P> <P> All fuel cells are made up of three parts: an electrolyte, an anode and a cathode . In principle, a hydrogen fuel cell functions like a battery, producing electricity, which can run an electric motor . Instead of requiring recharging, however, the fuel cell can be refilled with hydrogen . Different types of fuel cells include polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) Fuel Cells, direct methanol fuel cells, phosphoric acid fuel cells, molten carbonate fuel cells, solid oxide fuel cells, reformed methanol fuel cell and Regenerative Fuel Cells . </P> <P> The concept of the fuel cell was first demonstrated by Humphry Davy in 1801, but the invention of the first working fuel cell is credited to William Grove, a chemist, lawyer, and physicist . Grove's experiments with what he called a "gas voltaic battery" proved in 1842 that an electric current could be produced by an electrochemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen over a platinum catalyst . The first modern fuel cell vehicle was a modified Allis - Chalmers farm tractor, fitted with a 15 kilowatt fuel cell, around 1959 . The Cold War Space Race drove further development of fuel cell technology . Project Gemini tested fuel cells to provide electrical power during manned space missions . Fuel cell development continued with the Apollo Program . The electrical power systems in the Apollo capsules and lunar modules used alkali fuel cells . In 1966, General Motors developed the first fuel cell road vehicle, the Chevrolet Electrovan . It had a PEM fuel cell, a range of 120 miles and a top speed of 70 mph . There were only two seats, as the fuel cell stack and large tanks of hydrogen and oxygen took up the rear portion of the van . Only one was built, as the project was deemed cost - prohibitive . </P> <P> General Electric and others continued working on PEM fuel cells in the 1970s . Fuel cell stacks were still limited principally to space applications in the 1980s, including the Space Shuttle . However, the closure of the Apollo Program sent many industry experts to private companies . By the 1990s, automobile manufacturers were interested in fuel cell applications, and demonstration vehicles were readied . In 2001, the first 700 Bar (10000 PSI) hydrogen tanks were demonstrated, reducing the size of the fuel tanks that could be used in vehicles and extending the range . </P>

When was the first hydrogen fuel cell created