<P> Actions explained by reasoning about means are often called "instrumentally rational". They are supposed to be efficient means or tools for achieving consequences . Actions explained by reasoning about ends are often called "value - rational". They are treated as action rules, legitimate in themselves, such as "Honesty is the best policy" or "Justice requires taking an eye for an eye ." </P> <P> Evidence of the distinction between these two kinds of rational action is everywhere . Consider actions expected in various professions . Engineers, physicians, teachers and coaches are expected to reason constantly about efficient means, but not about the legitimacy of their professional ends . Police, clergy, lawyers, and accountants are expected always to obey existing rules, but not to reason about the efficiency of those rules . </P> <P> To clarify meanings of and problems with these two kinds of rational action, this article reports how Max Weber, the German sociologist who coined these labels, and three later scholars--Talcott Parsons, Jurgen Habermas, and John Dewey--explained and used them . </P> <P> Max Weber is considered one of the founders of the discipline of sociology . He spent years studying reasons people give for their actions, and came to believe that unobservable reasons or motives can explain observable actions . He focused on reasons for socially coordinated behaviors he labeled "social action". </P>

Which of the following is an example of intrinsic reasoning