<Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> The neutrality of this section is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . (July 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) </Td> </Tr> <P> Several political parties have been accused of using their political power to manipulate educational content in a revisionist manner . Congress governments promoted hegemony of Socialist - Marxist authors ideologically aligned to policies of Nehru Gandhi family . The government was accused of being too sympathetic to the Muslim viewpoint . Muslim invaders were projected as heroes and rich legacy of Indian Civillisation was marginalised . The BJP - led NDA government tried to standardise school textbooks and remove Marxist - Islamist ideological biases . Leftist media and congress party referred to it as the "saffronisation" of textbooks, saffron being colour of Indian religions. The next government, formed by the UPA and led by the Congress Party, pledged to de-saffronise textbooks . Hindu groups alleged that the UPA promoted Marxist and pro-Muslim biases in school curricula . </P> <P> India is the home and birthplace of four major religions: Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism," and also the home to Judaism and Christianity . All of these religions were passed down over time, not with the help of immigrants . Most people see India as being strongly based upon Hinduism, however, Hinduism cannot be characterised as a religion . Millions of people in India have been taught through heritages, that Hinduism is a philosophy . "Hindu" for many Persians and Arabs was not considered a religious word but as a geographical and cultural one used to describe the land next to the Indus River . </P> <P> Communalism has played a key role in shaping the religious history of modern India . As an adverse result of the British Raj's divide and rule policy, British India was partitioned along religious lines into two states--the Muslim - majority Dominion of Pakistan (comprising what is now the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the People's Republic of Bangladesh) and the Hindu - majority Union of India (later the Republic of India). The 1947 Partition of India led to rioting amongst Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs in Punjab, Bengal, Delhi, and other parts of India; 500,000 died as a result of the violence . The twelve million refugees that moved between the newly founded nations of India and Pakistan composed one of the largest mass migrations in modern history . Since its independence, India has periodically witnessed large - scale violence sparked by underlying tensions between sections of its majority Hindu and minority Muslim communities . The Republic of India is secular; its government recognizes no official religion . According to Taslima Nasrin, most secular people in India are pro-Muslim and anti-Hindu . </P>

Which one of the following cultures was indigenous to ancient india