<P> Although the working draft was announced in June 2000, it was not until February 2001 that Celera and the HGP scientists published details of their drafts . Special issues of Nature (which published the publicly funded project's scientific paper) and Science (which published Celera's paper) described the methods used to produce the draft sequence and offered analysis of the sequence . These drafts covered about 83% of the genome (90% of the euchromatic regions with 150,000 gaps and the order and orientation of many segments not yet established). In February 2001, at the time of the joint publications, press releases announced that the project had been completed by both groups . Improved drafts were announced in 2003 and 2005, filling in to approximately 92% of the sequence currently . </P> <P> In the IHGSC international public - sector HGP, researchers collected blood (female) or sperm (male) samples from a large number of donors . Only a few of many collected samples were processed as DNA resources . Thus the donor identities were protected so neither donors nor scientists could know whose DNA was sequenced . DNA clones from many different libraries were used in the overall project, with most of those libraries being created by Pieter J. de Jong's . Much of the sequence (> 70%) of the reference genome produced by the public HGP came from a single anonymous male donor from Buffalo, New York (code name RP11). </P> <P> HGP scientists used white blood cells from the blood of two male and two female donors (randomly selected from 20 of each)--each donor yielding a separate DNA library . One of these libraries (RP11) was used considerably more than others, due to quality considerations . One minor technical issue is that male samples contain just over half as much DNA from the sex chromosomes (one X chromosome and one Y chromosome) compared to female samples (which contain two X chromosomes). The other 22 chromosomes (the autosomes) are the same for both sexes . </P> <P> Although the main sequencing phase of the HGP has been completed, studies of DNA variation continue in the International HapMap Project, whose goal is to identify patterns of single - nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) groups (called haplotypes, or "haps"). The DNA samples for the HapMap came from a total of 270 individuals: Yoruba people in Ibadan, Nigeria; Japanese people in Tokyo; Han Chinese in Beijing; and the French Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain (CEPH) resource, which consisted of residents of the United States having ancestry from Western and Northern Europe . </P>

How could the findings of the human genome project be useful today