<Li> Signed into law by President Jimmy Carter on August 3, 1977 </Li> <P> The Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 (SMCRA) is the primary federal law that regulates the environmental effects of coal mining in the United States . </P> <P> SMCRA created two programs: one for regulating active coal mines and a second for reclaiming abandoned mine lands . SMCRA also created the Office of Surface Mining, an agency within the Department of the Interior, to promulgate regulations, to fund state regulatory and reclamation efforts, and to ensure consistency among state regulatory programs . </P> <P> SMCRA grew out of a concern about the environmental effects of strip mining . Coal had been mined in the United States since the 1740s, but surface mining did not become widespread until the 1930s . At the end of that decade, states began to enact the first laws regulating the coal mining industry: West Virginia in 1939, Indiana in 1941, Illinois in 1943, and Pennsylvania in 1945 . Despite those laws, the great demand for coal during World War II led to coal being mined with little regard for environmental consequences . After the war, states continued to enact and expand regulatory programs, some of which required mining permits or the posting of bonds to ensure that the land could be reclaimed after mining was complete . But these state laws were largely unsuccessful at stemming the environmental impacts of surface mining . One problem was that the law varied from state to state, enabling mining operations to relocate to states where regulations were less strict . Meanwhile, surface mining became increasingly common: in 1963 just 33 percent of American coal came from surface mines; by 1973 that figure reached 60 percent . </P>

Who enforces the surface mining control and reclamation act of 1977