<P> Soon thereafter, the movement declined following many hoaxes and fraudulent activities associated with the movement . According to Crumrin, however, the most important reason for the decline in the back - to - Africa movement was that the "vast majority of those who were meant to colonize did not wish to leave . Most free blacks simply did not want to go "home" to a place from which they were generations removed . America, not Africa, was their home and they had little desire to migrate to a strange and forbidding land not their own ." </P> <P> Florida Governor Napoleon Bonaparte Broward (1905 - 1909) called for blacks to be moved permanently to a large piece of land the federal government would purchase, after buying their present properties, a territory the blacks could not leave and whites could not enter . So far as is known, this never went beyond an idea, and there is no known evidence of where this territory was intended to be . </P> <P> The eventual disillusionment of those who migrated to the North and frustrations of struggling to cope with urban life set the scene for the back - to - Africa movement of the 1920s, established by Marcus Garvey although there were earlier attempts at resettlement such as that by Chief Alfred Sam in 1913 - 15 . Those who migrated to the Northern States from the South found that, although they were financially better off, they remained at the bottom both economically and socially . </P> <P> The history of Liberia (after the arrival of Europeans) is unique in Africa as it started neither as a native state nor as a European colony, but began in 1821 when private societies began founding colonies for free blacks from the United States on the coast of West Africa . The first American ships were very uncertain of where they were heading . Their plan was to follow the paths that the British had taken hand, or simply take a chance on where they would land . At first, they followed the previous routes of the British and reached the coast of Sierra Leone . After leaving Sierra Leone, the Americans slowly reached the southern part of the African coastline . Eventually, the Americans found what they were looking for, what the British called the Grain Coast . This region was called the Grain Coast because of the type of ginger spice used for medicine flavoring that it provided, which was called aframomum meleguete . In the Grain Coast, local African chiefs willingly gave the Americans tracts of land . It took the Americans the next 20 years to gain a series of fragmented settlements across Liberia's barely settled beach . Along with the difficulty of gaining enough land, life was not easy for these early settlers . Disease was rampant, along with the lack of food . Hostile tribes presented the settlers with great struggle, destroying some of their new land settlements . Almost half of the new settlers had died over the first 20 years since their arrival in Liberia . Liberia gained independence on 26 July 1847 . With an elected black government and the offer of free land to African American settlers, Liberia became the most common destination of emigrating African Americans during the 19th century . Once African Americans arrived in Liberia, they faced a whole host of challenges, which included broken family ties, high mortality rates, and a difficult adjustment period . A group of 43 African Americans from Christiansburg, Virginia, left for Liberia in 1830 and suffered high mortality rates . "Eighty percent of the emigrants were dead within ten years of landing there, most of them victims of malaria; another ten percent quit the colony, with the majority fleeing to Sierra Leone . African Americans who survived this period of adjustment in Liberia usually ended up liking the country . </P>

Which african american led the back to africa movement during the early 20th century