<P> Before the arrival of Harappan people (c. 3000 BCE), Lothal was a small village next to the river providing access to the mainland from the Gulf of Khambhat . The indigenous people maintained a prosperous economy, attested by the discovery of copper objects, beads and semi-precious stones . Ceramic wares were of fine clay and smooth, micaceous red surface . A new technique of firing pottery under partly oxidising and reducing conditions was improved by them--designated black - and - red ware, to the micaceous Red Ware . Harappans were attracted to Lothal for its sheltered harbour, rich cotton and rice - growing environment and bead - making industry . The beads and gems of Lothal were in great demand in the west . The settlers lived peacefully with the Red Ware people, who adopted their lifestyle, evidenced from the flourishing trade and changing working techniques . Harappans began producing the indigenous ceramic goods, adopting the manner from the natives . </P> <P> A flood destroyed village foundations and settlements (c. 2350 BCE). Harappans based around Lothal and from Sindh took this opportunity to expand their settlement and create a planned township on the lines of greater cities in the Indus valley . Lothal planners engaged themselves to protect the area from consistent floods . The town was divided into blocks of 1--2 - metre - high (3--6 ft) platforms of sun - dried bricks, each serving 20--30 houses of thick mud and brick walls . The city was divided into a citadel, or acropolis and a lower town . The rulers of the town lived in the acropolis, which featured paved baths, underground and surface drains (built of kiln - fired bricks) and a potable water well . The lower town was subdivided into two sectors . A north - south arterial street was the main commercial area . It was flanked by shops of rich and ordinary merchants and craftsmen . The residential area was located to either side of the marketplace . The lower town was also periodically enlarged during Lothal's years of prosperity . </P> <P> Lothal engineers accorded high priority to the creation of a dockyard and a warehouse to serve the purposes of naval trade . While the consensus view amongst archaeologists identifies this structure as a "dockyard," it has also been suggested that owing to small dimensions, this basin may have been an irrigation tank and canal . The dock was built on the eastern flank of the town, and is regarded by archaeologists as an engineering feat of the highest order . It was located away from the main current of the river to avoid silting, but provided access to ships in high tide as well . The warehouse was built close to the acropolis on a 3.5 - metre - high (10.5 ft) podium of mud bricks . The rulers could thus supervise the activity on the dock and warehouse simultaneously . Facilitating the movement of cargo was a mudbrick wharf, 220 metres (720 feet) long, built on the western arm of the dock, with a ramp leading to the warehouse . There was an important public building opposite to the warehouse whose superstructure has completely disappeared . Throughout their time, the city had to brace itself through multiple floods and storms . Dock and city peripheral walls were maintained efficiently . The town's zealous rebuilding ensured the growth and prosperity of the trade . However, with rising prosperity, Lothal's people failed to upkeep their walls and dock facilities, possibly as a result of over-confidence in their systems . A flood of moderate intensity in 2050 BCE exposed some serious weaknesses in the structure, but the problems were not addressed properly . All the construction were made of fire dried bricks, lime and sand mortar and not by sun dried bricks as bricks are still intact after 4000 years and still bonded together with each other with the mortar bond . http://static.panoramio.com/photos/large/78538322.jpg </P> <P> The uniform organisation of the town and its institutions give evidence that the Harappans were a very disciplined people . Commerce and administrative duties were performed according to standards laid out . Municipal administration was strict--the width of most streets remained the same over a long time, and no encroached structures were built . Householders possessed a sump, or collection chamber to deposit solid waste in order to prevent the clogging of city drains . Drains, manholes and cesspools kept the city clean and deposited the waste in the river, which was washed out during high tide . A new provincial style of Harappan art and painting was pioneered . The new approaches included realistic portrayals of animals in their natural surroundings . Metalware, gold and jewellery and tastefully decorated ornaments attest to the culture and prosperity of the people of Lothal . </P>

The measuring scale found at an indus site is at