<P> The Creeper virus was eventually deleted by a program created by Ray Tomlinson and known as "The Reaper". Some people consider "The Reaper" the first antivirus software ever written--it may be the case, but it is important to note that the Reaper was actually a virus itself specifically designed to remove the Creeper virus . </P> <P> The Creeper virus was followed by several other viruses . The first known that appeared "in the wild" was "Elk Cloner", in 1981, which infected Apple II computers . </P> <P> In 1983, the term "computer virus" was coined by Fred Cohen in one of the first ever published academic papers on computer viruses. Cohen used the term "computer virus" to describe a program that: "affect other computer programs by modifying them in such a way as to include a (possibly evolved) copy of itself ." (note that a more recent, and precise, definition of computer virus has been given by the Hungarian security researcher Péter Szőr: "a code that recursively replicates a possibly evolved copy of itself") </P> <P> The first IBM PC compatible "in the wild" computer virus, and one of the first real widespread infections, was "Brain" in 1986 . From then, the number of viruses has grown exponentially . Most of the computer viruses written in the early and mid-1980s were limited to self - reproduction and had no specific damage routine built into the code . That changed when more and more programmers became acquainted with computer virus programming and created viruses that manipulated or even destroyed data on infected computers . </P>

Who developed the first academic papers on computer viruses
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