<P> Another important discovery is that of savings . This refers to the amount of information retained in the subconscious even after this information cannot be consciously accessed . Ebbinghaus would memorize a list of items until perfect recall and then would not access the list until he could no longer recall any of its items . He then would relearn the list, and compare the new learning curve to the learning curve of his previous memorization of the list . The second list was generally memorized faster, and this difference between the two learning curves is what Ebbinghaus called "savings". Ebbinghaus also described the difference between involuntary and voluntary memory, the former occurring "with apparent spontaneity and without any act of the will" and the latter being brought "into consciousness by an exertion of the will". </P> <P> Prior to Ebbinghaus, most contributions to the study of memory were undertaken by philosophers and centered on observational description and speculation . For example, Immanuel Kant used pure description to discuss recognition and its components and Sir Francis Bacon claimed that the simple observation of the rote recollection of a previously learned list was "no use to the art" of memory . This dichotomy between descriptive and experimental study of memory would resonate later in Ebbinghaus's life, particularly in his public argument with former colleague Wilhelm Dilthey . However, more than a century before Ebbinghaus, Johann Andreas Segner invented the "Segner - wheel" to see the length of after - images by seeing how fast a wheel with a hot coal attached had to move for the red ember circle from the coal to appear complete . (see iconic memory) </P> <P> Ebbinghaus's effect on memory research was almost immediate . With very few works published on memory in the previous two millennia, Ebbinghaus's works spurred memory research in the United States in the 1890s, with 32 papers published in 1894 alone . This research was coupled with the growing development of mechanized mnemometers, or devices that aided in the recording and study of memory . </P> <P> The reaction to his work in his day was mostly positive . Noted psychologist William James called the studies "heroic" and said that they were "the single most brilliant investigation in the history of psychology". Edward B. Titchener also mentioned that the studies were the greatest undertaking in the topic of memory since Aristotle . </P>

What are the three processes required for memory quizlet