<P> The brighter an object appears, the lower the value of its magnitude, with the brightest objects reaching negative values . The Sun has an apparent magnitude of − 27, the Moon − 13 at full phase, the brightest planet Venus up to − 5, and Sirius, the brightest visible star in the night sky, − 1.5 . Apparent magnitudes can also be assigned to artificial objects in Earth orbit . The brightest satellite flares are ranked at − 9, and the International Space Station (ISS) appears at a magnitude of − 6 . </P> <P> The scale is logarithmic and defined such that each step of one magnitude changes the brightness by a factor of the fifth root of 100, or approximately 2.512 . For example, a magnitude 1 star is exactly a hundred times brighter than a magnitude 6 star, as the difference of five magnitude steps corresponds to 2.512, or 100 . </P> <P> The magnitude system dates back roughly 2000 years to the Greek astronomer Hipparchus (or the Alexandrian astronomer Ptolemy--references vary) who classified stars by their apparent brightness, which they saw as size (magnitude means "bigness, size"). To the unaided eye, a more prominent star such as Sirius or Arcturus appears larger than a less prominent star such as Mizar, which in turn appears larger than a truly faint star such as Alcor . In 1736, the mathematician John Keill described the ancient naked - eye magnitude system in this way: </P> <P> The fixed Stars appear to be of different Bignesses, not because they really are so, but because they are not all equally distant from us . Those that are nearest will excel in Lustre and Bigness; the more remote Stars will give a fainter Light, and appear smaller to the Eye . Hence arise the Distribution of Stars, according to their Order and Dignity, into Classes; the first Class containing those which are nearest to us, are called Stars of the first Magnitude; those that are next to them, are Stars of the second Magnitude...and so forth,' till we come to the Stars of the sixth Magnitude, which comprehend the smallest Stars that can be discerned with the bare Eye . For all the other Stars, which are only seen by the Help of a Telescope, and which are called Telescopical, are not reckoned among these six Orders . Altho' the Distinction of Stars into six Degrees of Magnitude is commonly received by Astronomers; yet we are not to judge, that every particular Star is exactly to be ranked according to a certain Bigness, which is one of the Six; but rather in reality there are almost as many Orders of Stars, as there are Stars, few of them being exactly of the same Bigness and Lustre . And even among those Stars which are reckoned of the brightest Class, there appears a Variety of Magnitude; for Sirius or Arcturus are each of them brighter than Aldebaran or the Bull's Eye, or even than the Star in Spica; and yet all these Stars are reckoned among the Stars of the first Order: And there are some Stars of such an intermedial Order, that the Astronomers have differed in classing of them; some putting the same Stars in one Class, others in another . For Example: The little Dog was by Tycho placed among the Stars of the second Magnitude, which Ptolemy reckoned among the Stars of the first Class: And therefore it is not truly either of the first or second Order, but ought to be ranked in a Place between both . </P>

Who was the first man to classify stars according to their brightness