<P> In October 2014 the FDA approved the first vaccine effective against serogroup B, named Trumenba, for use in 10 - to 25 - year - old individuals . </P> <P> In 2010, the Meningitis Vaccine Project introduced a vaccine called MenAfriVac in the African meningitis belt . It was made by generic drug maker Serum Institute of India and cost 50 U.S. cents per injection . Beginning in Burkina Faso in 2010, it has been given to 215 million people across Benin, Cameroon, Chad, Ivory Coast, Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Niger, Mauritania, Nigeria, Senegal, Sudan, Togo and Gambia . The vaccination campaign has resulted in near - elimination of serogroup A meningitis from the participating countries . </P> <P> Persons with confirmed N. meningitidis infection should be hospitalized immediately for treatment with antibiotics . Because meningococcal disease can disseminate very rapidly, a single dose of intramuscular antibiotic is often given at the earliest possible opportunity, even before hospitalization, if disease symptoms look suspicious enough . Third - generation cephalosporin antibiotics (i.e. cefotaxime, ceftriaxone) should be used to treat a suspected or culture - proven meningococcal infection before antibiotic susceptibility results are available . Empirical treatment should also be considered if a lumbar puncture, to collect CSF for laboratory testing, cannot be done within 30 minutes of admission to hospital . Antibiotic treatment may affect the results of microbiology tests, but a diagnosis may be made on the basis of blood - cultures and clinical examination . </P> <P> N. meningitidis is a major cause of illness, developmental impairment and death during childhood in industrialized countries and has been responsible for epidemics in Africa and in Asia . Every year, about 2,500 to 3,500 people become infected with N. meningitidis in the US, with a frequency of about 1 in 100,000 . Children younger than 5 years are at greatest risk, followed by teenagers of high school age . Rates in the African meningitis belt were as high as 1 in 1,000 to 1 in 100 before introduction of a vaccine in 2010 . The incidence of meningococcal disease is highest among infants (children younger than 1 - year - old) whose immune system is relatively immature . In industrialized countries there is a second peak of incidence in young adults, who are congregating closely, living in dormitories or smoking . Vaccine development is ongoing . It is spread through saliva and other respiratory secretions during coughing, sneezing, kissing, and chewing on toys . Inhalation of respiratory droplets from a carrier which may be someone who is themselves in the early stages of disease can transmit the bacteria . Close contact with a carrier is the predominant risk factor . Other risk factors include a weakened general or local immune response, such as a recent upper respiratory infection, smoking, and complement deficiency . The incubation period is short, from 2 to 10 days . In susceptible individuals, N. meningitidis may invade the bloodstream and cause a systemic infection, sepsis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, breakdown of circulation, and septic shock . </P>

What kind of antibiotics are used for neisseria meningitidis