<P> Solvation is, in concept, distinct from solubility . Solvation or dissolution is a kinetic process and is quantified by its rate . Solubility quantifies the dynamic equilibrium state achieved when the rate of dissolution equals the rate of precipitation . The consideration of the units makes the distinction clearer . The typical unit for dissolution rate is mol / s . The units for solubility express a concentration: mass per volume (mg / mL), molarity (mol / L), etc . </P> <P> Solvation involves different types of intermolecular interactions: hydrogen bonding, ion - dipole interactions, and van der Waals forces (which consist of dipole - dipole, dipole - induced dipole, and induced dipole - induced dipole interactions). Which of these forces are at play depends on the molecular structure and properties of the solvent and solute . The similarity or complementary character of these properties between solvent and solute determines how well a solute can be solvated by a particular solvent . </P> <P> Solvent polarity is the most important factor in determining how well it solvates a particular solute . Polar solvents have molecular dipoles, meaning that part of the solvent molecule has more electron density than another part of the molecule . The part with more electron density will experience a partial negative charge while the part with less electron density will experience a partial positive charge . Polar solvent molecules can solvate polar solutes and ions because they can orient the appropriate partially charged portion of the molecule towards the solute through electrostatic attraction . This stabilizes the system and creates a solvation shell (or hydration shell in the case of water) around each particle of solute . The solvent molecules in the immediate vicinity of a solute particle often have a much different ordering than the rest of the solvent, and this area of differently ordered solvent molecules is called the cybotactic region . Water is the most common and well - studied polar solvent, but others exist, such as ethanol, methanol, acetone, acetonitrile, and dimethyl sulfoxide . Polar solvents are often found to have a high dielectric constant, although other solvent scales are also used to classify solvent polarity . Polar solvents can be used to dissolve inorganic or ionic compounds such as salts . The conductivity of a solution depends on the solvation of its ions . Nonpolar solvents cannot solvate ions, and ions will be found as ion pairs . </P> <P> Hydrogen bonding among solvent and solute molecules depends on the ability of each to accept H - bonds, donate H - bonds, or both . Solvents that can donate H - bonds are referred to as protic, while solvents that do not contain a polarized bond to a hydrogen atom and cannot donate a hydrogen bond are called aprotic . H - bond donor ability is classified on a scale (α). Protic solvents can solvate solutes that can accept hydrogen bonds . Similarly, solvents that can accept a hydrogen bond can solvate H - bond - donating solutes . The hydrogen bond acceptor ability of a solvent is classified on a scale (β). Solvents such as water can both donate and accept hydrogen bonds, making them excellent at solvating solutes that can donate or accept (or both) H - bonds . </P>

A charged particle that dissolves in polar solvents
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