<P> Temperate deciduous or temperate broad - leaf forests are dominated by trees that lose their leaves each year . They are found in areas with warm moist summers and cool winters . The six major areas of this forest type occur in the Northern Hemisphere: North America, East Asia, Central and Western Europe (except Brittany, Cornwall, Wales, Ireland and western Scotland), Denmark, southern Sweden and southern Norway . Smaller areas occur in Australasia and southern South America . Examples of typical trees in the Northern Hemisphere's deciduous forests include oak, maple, beech and elm, while in the Southern Hemisphere, trees of the genus Nothofagus dominate this type of forest . The diversity of tree species is higher in regions where the winter is milder, and also in mountainous regions that provide an array of soil types and microclimates . The largest intact, temperate deciduous forest in the world is protected inside of the six - million - acre Adirondack Park in Upstate New York . </P> <P> The principal factor operating in these forests is the seasonal appearance and disappearance of the canopy . Shade from the canopy limits the growth of many kinds of plants . Many species that are typical of these forests time their growth and flowering to the short period just before the canopy opens; hence, they are known as spring ephemerals . Examples include trilliums and bloodroot . Most spring ephemerals are insect - pollinated, and the seeds themselves are often transported by ants, a mode of dispersal known as myrmecochory . A smaller number of species is able to grow under the canopy, and even a few that grow during the period when leaves are being lost . The average yearly precipitation is 30 - 60 in (75--150 cm). Temperate deciduous forests have a great variety of plant species . Most have three levels of plants . Lichen, moss, ferns, wildflowers, and other small plants can be found on the forest floor . The shrubs fill in the middle level, and hardwood trees like maple, oak, birch, magnolia, sweet gum, and beech make up the third level . Birds such as broad - winged hawks, cardinals, snowy owls, and pileated woodpeckers are also found in this biome . Mammals include white - tailed deer, raccoons, opossums, porcupines, and red foxes . Animals that live in the temperate deciduous forest must be able to adapt to the changing seasons . </P> <P> Many understory plants have leaf adaptions to cope with low light levels, and the need to exploit moving flecks of light on the forest floor . A few, such as Indian pipe and Corallorhiza orchids, have adapted to the shade by parasitism . The trees similarly are controlled by shade . Most tree seedlings require small gaps when trees fall and make space to regenerate . A few require larger gaps such as those produced by windstorms . Gradients of soil moisture, soil depth, elevation and aspect control the distribution of many trees, shrubs and herbaceous species . Some require unusual conditions such as steep slopes, infertile soil, and drought to escape competition from the more common tree species . </P>

Plants that are in the temperate deciduous forest