<Dl> <Dd> F = N m v x 2 _̄ L, (\ displaystyle F = (\ frac (Nm (\ overline (v_ (x) ^ (2)))) (L)),) </Dd> </Dl> <Dd> F = N m v x 2 _̄ L, (\ displaystyle F = (\ frac (Nm (\ overline (v_ (x) ^ (2)))) (L)),) </Dd> <P> where the bar denotes an average over the N particles . </P> <P> Since the motion of the particles is random and there is no bias applied in any direction, the average squared speed in each direction is identical: </P>

When was the kinetic theory of gases discovered