<P> All five of Edward III's surviving sons eventually became dukes . In 1385, ten years after their father's death, his heir Richard II created dukedoms for his last two uncles on the same day . Thomas of Woodstock was named Duke of Gloucester and Edmund of Langley became Duke of York, thereby founding the House of York, which later fought for the throne with John of Gaunt's Lancastrian descendants during the Wars of the Roses . </P> <P> By 1483, a total of 16 ducal titles had been created: Cornwall, Lancaster, Clarence, Gloucester, York, Ireland, Hereford, Aumale, Exeter, Surrey, Norfolk, Bedford, Somerset, Buckingham, Warwick and Suffolk . Some became extinct, others had multiple creations, and some had merged with the crown upon the holder's accession to the throne . When the Plantagenet dynasty came to an end at the Battle of Bosworth Field on 22 August 1485, only four ducal titles remained extant, of which two were now permanently associated with the crown . John de la Pole was Duke of Suffolk and John Howard was Duke of Norfolk (2nd creation), while the duchy of Cornwall was reserved as a title and source of income for the eldest son of the sovereign, and the duchy of Lancaster was now held by the monarch . </P> <P> Norfolk perished alongside Richard III at Bosworth field, and the title was forfeit . It was restored to his son Thomas thirty years later by Henry VIII, as one of a number of dukes created or recreated by the Tudor dynasty over the ensuing century . England's premier ducal title, Norfolk, remains in the Howard family to this day . </P> <P> In the 19th century, the sovereign dukes of Parma and Modena in Italy, and of Anhalt, Brunswick - Lüneburg, Nassau, Saxe - Coburg - Gotha, Saxe - Meiningen and Saxe - Altenburg in Germany survived Napoleon's reorganization . </P>

What is the meaning of duck and duchess