<P> The rise of Napoleon troubled the other European powers as much as the earlier revolutionary regime had . Despite the formation of new coalitions against him, Napoleon's forces continued to conquer much of Europe . The tide of war began to turn after a disastrous French invasion of Russia in 1812 that resulted in the loss of much of Napoleon's army . The following year, during the War of the Sixth Coalition, Coalition forces defeated the French in the Battle of Leipzig . </P> <P> Following its victory at Leipzig, the Coalition vowed to press on to Paris and depose Napoleon . In the last week of February 1814, Prussian Field Marshal Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher advanced on Paris . After multiple attacks, manoeuvring, and reinforcements on both sides, Blücher won the Battle of Laon in early March 1814; this victory prevented the Allied army from being pushed north out of France . The Battle of Reims went to Napoleon, but this victory was followed by successive defeats from increasingly overwhelming odds . Coalition forces entered Paris after the Battle of Montmartre on 30 March 1814 . </P> <P> On 6 April 1814, Napoleon abdicated his throne, leading to the accession of Louis XVIII and the first Bourbon Restoration a month later . The defeated Napoleon was exiled to the island of Elba off the coast of Tuscany, while the victorious Coalition sought to redraw the map of Europe at the Congress of Vienna . </P> <P> Napoleon spent only nine months and 21 days in uneasy retirement on Elba (1814--1815), watching events in France with great interest as the Congress of Vienna gradually gathered . He had been escorted to Elba by Sir Neil Campbell, who remained in residence there while performing other duties in Italy, but was not Napoleon's jailer . As he foresaw, the shrinkage of the great Empire into the realm of old France caused intense dissatisfaction among the French, a feeling fed by stories of the tactless way in which the Bourbon princes treated veterans of the Grande Armée and the returning royalist nobility treated the people at large . Equally threatening was the general situation in Europe which had been stressed and exhausted during the previous decades of near constant warfare . </P>

Who ruled for one hundred days and when
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