<P> Very differently, classical economists see in Smith's first sentences his programme to promote "The Wealth of Nations". Using the physiocratical concept of the economy as a circular process, to secure growth the inputs of Period 2 must exceed the inputs of Period 1 . Therefore, those outputs of Period 1 which are not used or usable as inputs of Period 2 are regarded as unproductive labour, as they do not contribute to growth . This is what Smith had heard in France from, among others, Quesnay . To this French insight that unproductive labour should be reduced to use labour more productively, Smith added his own proposal, that productive labour should be made even more productive by deepening the division of labour. Smith argued that deepening the division of labour under competition leads to greater productivity, which leads to lower prices and thus an increasing standard of living--"general plenty" and "universal opulence"--for all . Extended markets and increased production lead to the continuous reorganisation of production and the invention of new ways of producing, which in turn lead to further increased production, lower prices, and improved standards of living . Smith's central message is therefore that under dynamic competition a growth machine secures "The Wealth of Nations". Smith's argument predicted Britain's evolution as the workshop of the world, underselling and outproducing all its competitors . The opening sentences of the "Wealth of Nations" summarise this policy: </P> <P> The annual labour of every nation is the fund which originally supplies it with all the necessaries and conveniences of life which it annually consumes...(T) his produce...bears a greater or smaller proportion to the number of those who are to consume it...(B) ut this proportion must in every nation be regulated by two different circumstances; </P> <Ul> <Li> first, by the skill, dexterity, and judgment with which its labour is generally applied; and, </Li> <Li> secondly, by the proportion between the number of those who are employed in useful labour, and that of those who are not so employed (emphasis added). </Li> </Ul> <Li> first, by the skill, dexterity, and judgment with which its labour is generally applied; and, </Li>

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