<P> The London sewerage system is part of the water infrastructure serving London, England . The modern system was developed during the late 19th century, and as London has grown the system has been expanded . It is currently owned and operated by Thames Water and serves almost all of Greater London . </P> <P> During the early 19th century the River Thames was an open sewer, with disastrous consequences for public health in London, including cholera epidemics . These were caused by enterotoxin - producing strains of the bacterium Vibrio cholerae . Although the contamination of the water supply was correctly diagnosed by Dr John Snow in 1849 as the method of communication, it was believed that miasma, or bad air, was responsible right up to the outbreak of 1866 . Proposals to modernise the sewerage system had been made during 1856, but were neglected due to lack of funds . However, after the Great Stink of 1858, Parliament realised the urgency of the problem and resolved to create a modern sewerage system . </P> <P> Joseph Bazalgette, a civil engineer and Chief Engineer of the Metropolitan Board of Works, was given responsibility for the work . He designed an extensive underground sewerage system that diverted waste to the Thames Estuary, downstream of the main centre of population . Six main interceptor sewers, totalling almost 160 km (100 miles) in length, were constructed, some incorporating stretches of London's "lost" rivers . Three of these sewers were north of the river, the southernmost, low - level one being incorporated in the Thames Embankment . The Embankment also allowed new roads, new public gardens, and the Circle line of the London Underground . Victoria Embankment was finally officially opened on 13 July 1870 . </P> <P> The intercepting sewers, constructed between 1859 and 1865, were fed by 450 miles (720 km) of main sewers that, in turn, conveyed the contents of some 13,000 miles (21,000 km) of smaller local sewers . Construction of the interceptor system required 318 million bricks, 2.7 million cubic metres of excavated earth and 670,000 cubic metres of concrete . The innovative use of Portland cement strengthened the tunnels, which were in good order 150 years later . </P>

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