<P> This period refers to England 1558--1603 . The Elizabethan Era is the period associated with the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (1558--1603) and was a golden age in English cultural history . It was the height of the English Renaissance, and saw the flowering of English literature and poetry . This was also the time during which Elizabethan theatre grew . William Shakespeare, among others, composed highly innovative and powerful plays . It was an age of expansion and exploration abroad . At home the Protestant Reformation was established and successfully defended against the Catholic powers of Spain and France . </P> <P> The Jacobean era was the reign James I of England (1603--1625). Overseas exploration and establishment of trading factories speeded up, with the first permanent settlements in North America at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607, in Newfoundland in 1610, and at Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620 . One king now ruled England and Scotland; the latter was fully absorbed by the Acts of Union in 1707 . </P> <P> The tumultuous Caroline era was the reign of King Charles I (1625--1645), followed by his beheading by Oliver Cromwell's regime in 1649 . The Caroline era was dominated by the growing religious, political, and social conflict between the King and his supporters, termed the Royalist party, and the Puritan opposition that evolved in response to particular aspects of Charles' rule . The colonization of North America continued apace, with new new colonies in Maryland (1634), Connecticut (1635), and Rhode Island (1636). </P> <Ul> <Li> Ottoman Empire </Li> <Li> Early Modern Italy <Ul> <Li> Papal States </Li> <Li> Republic of Florence, Duchy of Florence, Grand Duchy of Tuscany </Li> <Li> Republic of Venice </Li> <Li> Duchy of Milan </Li> <Li> Republic of Genoa </Li> <Li> Kingdom of Naples </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Habsburg Spain, Bourbon Spain </Li> <Li> Kingdom of Portugal </Li> <Li> Dutch Republic </Li> <Li> Holy Roman Empire <Ul> <Li> Habsburg Monarchy (Austria) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Early Modern Germany <Ul> <Li> Duchy of Prussia, Kingdom of Prussia </Li> <Li> Duchy of Bavaria, Electorate of Bavaria </Li> <Li> Electorate of the Palatinate </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Kingdom of Bohemia (Czech) </Li> <Li> Tsardom of Russia, Russian Empire </Li> <Li> Early Modern Sweden </Li> <Li> Denmark - Norway </Li> <Li> Early Modern Romania </Li> <Li> Polish--Lithuanian Commonwealth </Li> <Li> Kingdom of Hungary </Li> </Ul>

Create an outline on the main ideas on the enlightenment in europe