<Dl> <Dd> F = k e q 1 q 2 r 2 (\ displaystyle F = k_ (e) (\ frac (q_ (1) q_ (2)) (r ^ (2)))), </Dd> </Dl> <Dd> F = k e q 1 q 2 r 2 (\ displaystyle F = k_ (e) (\ frac (q_ (1) q_ (2)) (r ^ (2)))), </Dd> <P> where k is Coulomb's constant (k = 7009898750000000000 ♠ 8.9875 × 10 N m C), q and q are the signed magnitudes of the charges, and the scalar r is the distance between the charges . The force of the interaction between the charges is attractive if the charges have opposite signs (i.e., F is negative) and repulsive if like - signed (i.e., F is positive). </P> <P> The law was first published in 1784 by French physicist Charles - Augustin de Coulomb and was essential to the development of the theory of electromagnetism . Being an inverse - square law, it is analogous to Isaac Newton's inverse - square law of universal gravitation . Coulomb's law can be used to derive Gauss's law, and vice versa . The law has been tested extensively, and all observations have upheld the law's principle . </P>

What are the two general rules with electrical charges of opposite and like charges
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