<P> By the Tudor period, the Irish culture and language had regained most of the territory initially lost to the colonists: "even in the Pale, all the common folk...for the most part are of Irish birth, Irish habit and of Irish language". At a higher social level, there was extensive intermarriage between the Gaelic Irish aristocracy and Anglo - Norman lords, beginning not long after the invasion . </P> <P> By the late 15th century, the Pale became the only part of Ireland that remained subject to the English king, with most of the island paying only token recognition of the overlordship of the English crown . The tax base shrank to a fraction of what it had been in 1300 . A proverb quoted by Sir John Davies said that "whoso lives by west of the Barrow, lives west of the law ." The earls of Kildare ruled as Lords Deputy from 1470 (with more or less success), aided by alliances with the Gaelic lords . This lasted until the 1520s, when the earls passed out of royal favour, but the 9th earl was reinstated in the 1530s . The brief revolt by his son "Silken Thomas" in 1534--35 served in the following decades to hasten the Tudor conquest of Ireland, in which Dublin and the surviving Pale were used as the crown's main military base . A book A Perambulation of Leinster, Meath, and Louth, of which consist the English Pale (1596) expressed contemporary usage . </P> <P> The word pale derives ultimately from the Latin word pālus, meaning stake, specifically a stake used to support a fence . From this came the figurative meaning of boundary and eventually the phrase beyond the pale, as something outside the boundary . Also derived from the "boundary" concept was the idea of a pale as an area within which local laws were valid . The term was used not only for the Pale in Ireland but also for various other English colonial settlements, notably English Calais . The term was adapted by other nations: the term Pale of Settlement was applied to the area in the west of Imperial Russia where Jews were permitted to reside . </P> <P> The Pale boundary essentially consisted of a fortified ditch and rampart built around parts of the medieval counties of Louth, Meath, Dublin and Kildare, leaving out half of Meath, most of Kildare, and southwest County Dublin . The northern frontier of the Pale was marked by the De Verdon fortress of Castle Roche, while the southern border roughly corresponded to the present day M50 motorway in Dublin, which crosses the site of what was Carrickmines Castle . The following description is from The Parish of Taney: A History of Dundrum, near Dublin, and Its Neighbourhood (1895): </P>

Where did the term beyond the pale come from
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