<P> Trygve Reenskaug introduced MVC into Smalltalk - 76 while visiting the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) in the 1970s . In the 1980s, Jim Althoff and others implemented a version of MVC for the Smalltalk - 80 class library . Only later did a 1988 article in The Journal of Object Technology (JOT) express MVC as a general concept . </P> <P> The MVC pattern has subsequently evolved, giving rise to variants such as hierarchical model--view--controller (HMVC), model--view--adapter (MVA), model--view--presenter (MVP), model--view--viewmodel (MVVM), and others that adapted MVC to different contexts . </P> <P> The use of the MVC pattern in web applications exploded in popularity after the introduction of NeXT's WebObjects in 1996, which was originally written in Objective - C (that borrowed heavily from Smalltalk) and helped enforce MVC principles . Later, the MVC pattern became popular with Java developers when WebObjects was ported to Java . Later frameworks for Java, such as Spring (released in October 2002), continued the strong bond between Java and MVC . The introduction of the frameworks Django (July 2005, for Python) and Rails (December 2005, for Ruby), both of which had a strong emphasis on rapid deployment, increased MVC's popularity outside the traditional enterprise environment in which it has long been popular . MVC web frameworks now hold large market - shares relative to non-MVC web toolkits . </P> <P> Although originally developed for desktop computing, MVC has been widely adopted as an architecture for World Wide Web applications in major programming languages . Several web frameworks have been created that enforce the pattern . These software frameworks vary in their interpretations, mainly in the way that the MVC responsibilities are divided between the client and server . </P>

It is the presentation layer of the mvc architecture