<P> The trade of enslaved Africans in the Atlantic has its origins in the explorations of Portuguese mariners down the coast of West Africa in the 15th century . Before that, contact with African slave markets was made to ransom Portuguese who had been captured by the intense North African Barbary pirate attacks on Portuguese ships and coastal villages, frequently leaving them depopulated . The first Europeans to use enslaved Africans in the New World were the Spaniards, who sought auxiliaries for their conquest expeditions and labourers on islands such as Cuba and Hispaniola . The alarming decline in the native population had spurred the first royal laws protecting them (Laws of Burgos, 1512--13). The first enslaved Africans arrived in Hispaniola in 1501 . After Portugal had succeeded in establishing sugar plantations (engenhos) in northern Brazil ca . 1545, Portuguese merchants on the West African coast began to supply enslaved Africans to the sugar planters . While at first these planters had relied almost exclusively on the native Tupani for slave labour, after 1570 they began importing Africans, as a series of epidemics had decimated the already destabilized Tupani communities . By 1630, Africans had replaced the Tupani as the largest contingent of labour on Brazilian sugar plantations . This ended the European medieval household tradition of slavery, resulted in Brazil's receiving the most enslaved Africans, and revealed sugar cultivation and processing as the reason that roughly 84% of these Africans were shipped to the New World . </P> <P> As Britain rose in naval power and settled continental North America and some islands of the West Indies, they became the leading slave traders . At one stage the trade was the monopoly of the Royal Africa Company, operating out of London . But, following the loss of the company's monopoly in 1689, Bristol and Liverpool merchants became increasingly involved in the trade . By the late 17th century, one out of every four ships that left Liverpool harbour was a slave trading ship . Much of the wealth on which the city of Manchester, and surrounding towns, was built in the late 18th century, and for much of the 19th century, was based on the processing of slave - picked cotton and manufacture of cloth . Other British cities also profited from the slave trade . Birmingham, the largest gun - producing town in Britain at the time, supplied guns to be traded for slaves . 75% of all sugar produced in the plantations was sent to London, and much of it was consumed in the highly lucrative coffee houses there . </P> <P> The first slaves to arrive as part of a labour force in the New World reached the island of Hispaniola (now Haiti and the Dominican Republic) in 1502 . Cuba received its first four slaves in 1513 . Jamaica received its first shipment of 4000 slaves in 1518 . Slave exports to Honduras and Guatemala started in 1526 . </P> <P> The first enslaved Africans to reach what would become the United States arrived in July 1526 as part of a Spanish attempt to colonize San Miguel de Gualdape . By November the 300 Spanish colonists were reduced to 100, and their slaves from 100 to 70 . The enslaved people revolted in 1526 and joined a nearby Native American tribe, while the Spanish abandoned the colony altogether (1527). The area of the future Colombia received its first enslaved people in 1533 . El Salvador, Costa Rica and Florida began their stints in the slave trade in 1541, 1563 and 1581, respectively . </P>

Which of the following was not a result of the african slave trade