<P> Protestant missionary efforts in Asia were nowhere more successful than in Korea . American Presbyterians and Methodists arrived in the 1880s and were well received . In the days Korea was under Japanese control, Christianity became in part an expression of nationalism in opposition to Japan's efforts to promote the Japanese language and the Shinto religion . In 1914, out of 16 million people, there were 86,000 Protestants and 79,000 Catholics; by 1934 the numbers were 168,000 and 147,000 . Presbyterian missionaries were especially successful . Harmonizing with traditional practices became an issue . The Catholics tolerated Shinto rites . The Protestants developed a substitute for Confucian ancestral rites by merging Confucian - based and Christian death and funerary rituals . </P> <P> Missionaries, however, were alarmed at the rise in communist activity during the 1920s . Communist literature was effectively banned in Korea at this time, but it was sometimes smuggled into the country disguised as Christian literature, often addressed to missionaries to further avoid suspicion . Communist concepts, such as class struggle, and its partner nationalist movement were resonating well with some of the peasants and lower - class citizens of colonial - era Korea; this was worrying to some missionaries because of communism's atheist components . At one point, communist students in Seoul held an "anti-Sunday School conference" and loudly protested religion in front of churches . This protest renewed Japanese governmental interest in censorship of communist ideas and language . </P> <P> Many Koreans became victims of Japanese brutalities during the colonial period . Korean villagers hiding resistance fighters were dealt with harshly, often with summary execution, rape, forced labour, and looting . Starting on 1 March 1919, an anti-Japanese demonstration continued to spread, and as the Japanese national and military police could not contain the crowds, the army and even the navy were also called in . There were several reports of atrocities . In one instance, Japanese police in the village of Jeam - ri, Hwaseong herded everyone into a church, locked it, and burned it to the ground . They also shot through the burning windows of the church to ensure that no one made it out alive . Many participants of the 1 March Movement were subjected to torture and execution . </P> <P> Although officially voluntary, and initially resisted by the Japanese Colonial government, convinced by the Pro-Japanese elites of their society, 80% of Koreans voluntarily changed their name to Japanese in 1940 . Many community leaders urged the adoption of Japanese names to make it easy for their children to succeed in society and overcome discrimination . </P>

How did the japanese treat their new colonies
find me the text answering this question