<P> Wheat and barley were the most important crops with roughly equal amounts planted on the average in England . Annual wheat production at Battle Abbey in Sussex in the late 14th century ranged from 2.26 to 5.22 seeds harvested for every seed planted, averaging 4.34 seeds harvested for every seed planted . Barley production averaged 4.01 and oats 2.87 seeds harvested for seeds planted . This translates into yields of seven to 17 bushels per acre harvested . Battle Abbey, however, may have been atypical, with better management and soils than typical of demesnes in open - field areas . Barley was used in making beer--consumed in large quantities--and mixed with other grains to produce bread that was a dietary staple for the poorer farmers . Wheat was often sold as a cash crop . Richer people ate bread made of wheat . At Elton in 1286, perhaps typical of that time in England, the tenants harvested about twice as much barley as wheat with lesser amounts of oats, peas, beans, rye, flax, apples, and vegetables . </P> <P> The land - holding tenants also had livestock, including sheep, pigs, cattle, horses, oxen, and poultry . Pork was the principal meat eaten; sheep were primarily raised for their wool, a cash crop . Only a few rich landholders had enough horses and oxen to make up a ploughing - team of six to eight oxen or horses, so sharing among neighbours was essential . </P> <P> Much of the land in the open - field system during medieval times had been cultivated for hundreds of years earlier on Roman estates or by farmers belonging to one of the ethnic groups of Europe . There are hints of a proto - open - field system going back to AD 98 among the Germanic tribes . Germanic and Anglo - Saxon invaders and settlers possibly brought the open - field system to France and England after the 5th century AD . The open - field system appears to have developed to maturity between AD 850 and 1150 in England, although documentation is scarce prior to the Domesday Book of 1086 . </P> <P> The open - field system was never practised in all regions and countries in Europe . It was most common in heavily populated and productive agricultural regions . In England, the south - east, notably parts of Essex and Kent, retained a pre-Roman system of farming in small, square, enclosed fields . In much of eastern and western England, fields were similarly either never open or were enclosed earlier . The primary area of open fields was in the lowland areas of England in a broad swathe from Yorkshire and Lincolnshire diagonally across England to the south, taking in parts of Norfolk and Suffolk, Cambridgeshire, large areas of the Midlands, and most of south central England . This area was the main grain - growing region (as opposed to pastoral farming) in medieval times . </P>

Which of the following was typical of the open-field system