<P> "A dependence on the people is, no doubt, the primary control on the government; but experience has taught mankind the necessity of auxiliary precautions . This policy of supplying, by opposite and rival interests, the defect of better motives, might be traced through the whole system of human affairs, private as well as public . We see it particularly displayed in all the subordinate distributions of power, where the constant aim is to divide and arrange the several offices in such a manner as that each may be a check on the other that the private interest of every individual may be a sentinel over the public rights . These inventions of prudence cannot be less requisite in the distribution of the supreme powers of the State ." </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Legislative (Congress) </Th> <Th> Executive (President) </Th> <Th> Judicial (Supreme Court) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Passes bills; has broad taxing and spending power; regulates inter-state commerce; controls the federal budget; has power to borrow money on the credit of the United States (may be vetoed by President, but vetoes may be overridden with a two - thirds vote of both houses) </Li> <Li> Has sole power to declare war, as well as to raise, support, and regulate the military . </Li> <Li> Oversees, investigates, and makes the rules for the government and its officers . </Li> <Li> Defines by law the jurisdiction of the federal judiciary in cases not specified by the Constitution . </Li> <Li> Ratification of treaties signed by the President and gives advice and consent to presidential appointments to the federal judiciary, federal executive departments, and other posts (Senate only). </Li> <Li> Has sole power of impeachment (House of Representatives) and trial of impeachments (Senate); can remove federal executive and judicial officers from office for high crimes and misdemeanors </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Is the commander - in - chief of the armed forces </Li> <Li> Executes the instructions of Congress . </Li> <Li> May veto bills passed by Congress (but the veto may be overridden by a two - thirds majority of both houses) </Li> <Li> Executes the spending authorized by Congress . </Li> <Li> Declares states of emergency and publishes regulations and executive orders . </Li> <Li> Makes executive agreements (does not require ratification) and signs treaties (ratification requiring approval by two - thirds of the Senate) </Li> <Li> Makes appointments to the federal judiciary, federal executive departments, and other posts with the advice and consent of the Senate . Has power to make temporary appointment during the recess of the Senate </Li> <Li> Has the power to grant "reprieves and pardons for offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment ." </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Determines which laws Congress intended to apply to any given case </Li> <Li> Exercises judicial review, reviewing the constitutionality of laws </Li> <Li> Determines how Congress meant the law to apply to disputes </Li> <Li> Determines how a law acts to determine the disposition of prisoners </Li> <Li> Determines how a law acts to compel testimony and the production of evidence </Li> <Li> Determines how laws should be interpreted to assure uniform policies in a top - down fashion via the appeals process, but gives discretion in individual cases to low - level judges . The amount of discretion depends upon the standard of review, determined by the type of case in question . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Tr> <Th> Legislative (Congress) </Th> <Th> Executive (President) </Th> <Th> Judicial (Supreme Court) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Passes bills; has broad taxing and spending power; regulates inter-state commerce; controls the federal budget; has power to borrow money on the credit of the United States (may be vetoed by President, but vetoes may be overridden with a two - thirds vote of both houses) </Li> <Li> Has sole power to declare war, as well as to raise, support, and regulate the military . </Li> <Li> Oversees, investigates, and makes the rules for the government and its officers . </Li> <Li> Defines by law the jurisdiction of the federal judiciary in cases not specified by the Constitution . </Li> <Li> Ratification of treaties signed by the President and gives advice and consent to presidential appointments to the federal judiciary, federal executive departments, and other posts (Senate only). </Li> <Li> Has sole power of impeachment (House of Representatives) and trial of impeachments (Senate); can remove federal executive and judicial officers from office for high crimes and misdemeanors </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Is the commander - in - chief of the armed forces </Li> <Li> Executes the instructions of Congress . </Li> <Li> May veto bills passed by Congress (but the veto may be overridden by a two - thirds majority of both houses) </Li> <Li> Executes the spending authorized by Congress . </Li> <Li> Declares states of emergency and publishes regulations and executive orders . </Li> <Li> Makes executive agreements (does not require ratification) and signs treaties (ratification requiring approval by two - thirds of the Senate) </Li> <Li> Makes appointments to the federal judiciary, federal executive departments, and other posts with the advice and consent of the Senate . Has power to make temporary appointment during the recess of the Senate </Li> <Li> Has the power to grant "reprieves and pardons for offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment ." </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Determines which laws Congress intended to apply to any given case </Li> <Li> Exercises judicial review, reviewing the constitutionality of laws </Li> <Li> Determines how Congress meant the law to apply to disputes </Li> <Li> Determines how a law acts to determine the disposition of prisoners </Li> <Li> Determines how a law acts to compel testimony and the production of evidence </Li> <Li> Determines how laws should be interpreted to assure uniform policies in a top - down fashion via the appeals process, but gives discretion in individual cases to low - level judges . The amount of discretion depends upon the standard of review, determined by the type of case in question . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr>

Who wrote about dividing the government into branches