<P> Crime displacement is the relocation of crime (or criminals) as a result of police crime - prevention efforts . Crime displacement has been linked to problem - oriented policing, but it may occur at other levels and for other reasons . Community - development efforts may be a reason why criminals move to other areas for their criminal activity . The idea behind displacement is that when motivated criminal offenders are deterred, they will commit crimes elsewhere . Geographic police initiatives include assigning police officers to specific districts so they become familiar with residents and their problems, creating a bond between law - enforcement agencies and the community . These initiatives complement crime displacement, and are a form of crime prevention . Experts in the area of crime displacement include Kate Bowers, Rob T. Guerette, and John E. Eck . </P> <P> Six types of crime displacement have been identified and defined . The first is temporal displacement, which involves criminal activity at different times of the day . The second is tactical displacement, which, according to Bowers and Johnson (2003), is "where offenders adopt a different modus operandi" (p. 276). The third type is target displacement, in which criminals select different types of targets . Type of crime displacement is the fourth type, involving offenders choosing a new crime to commit . Spatial displacement is when offenders commit crimes in new locations . Perpetrator displacement is the replacement of apprehended criminals by new ones . </P> <P> Situational crime prevention may reduce opportunities for criminals to commit crime, making it more difficult (and riskier) to commit a criminal act and creating doubt in a criminal's mind that they can get away with a crime . Situational crime prevention uses the environment to create barriers to crime, and may be done by homeowners, architects and local officials . For example, making streets and buildings safer can reduce crime . Neighbors may play a role in reducing crime by becoming watchmen and notifying police of criminal activity . The basis of this theory is that crime can be prevented by altering situations, instead of changing a criminal's disposition . According to Phillips (2011), "The criminologically - orthodox (sic) view of crime displacement is that displacement is not inevitable, is often less than anticipated, and that situational crime - prevention initiatives may even lead to a' diffusion of benefits"' (p. 1). Situational crime prevention plays an important role in deterring crime, but may also displace it . </P> <P> Criminal justice scholars lacked a systematic approach to measuring crime displacement until the introduction of the weighted displacement quotient (WDQ) by rs and Johnson (2003). Although this tool is not widely recognized, its use has made displacement statistically recordable . WDQ is one part of understanding the effects of targeted law enforcement, but the ease with which the system can be used comes from its being a simple series of statistical tests on data . WDQ works as an overall process, and is an effective technique to measure the geographical displacement of crime . In addition to measuring this, the tool can also measure the diffusion of benefit of law - enforcement efforts . </P>

Which position do proponents of situational crime prevention hold in terms of criminal disposition
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