<P> The three main types of anemia are due to blood loss, decreased red blood cell production, and increased red blood cell breakdown . Causes of blood loss include trauma and gastrointestinal bleeding, among others . Causes of decreased production include iron deficiency, a lack of vitamin B12, thalassemia, and a number of neoplasms of the bone marrow . Causes of increased breakdown include a number of genetic conditions such as sickle cell anemia, infections like malaria, and certain autoimmune diseases . It can also be classified based on the size of red blood cells and amount of hemoglobin in each cell . If the cells are small, it is microcytic anemia . If they are large, it is macrocytic anemia while if they are normal sized, it is normocytic anemia . Diagnosis in men is based on a hemoglobin of less than 130 to 140 g / L (13 to 14 g / dL), while in women, it must be less than 120 to 130 g / L (12 to 13 g / dL). Further testing is then required to determine the cause . </P> <P> Certain groups of individuals, such as pregnant women, benefit from the use of iron pills for prevention . Dietary supplementation, without determining the specific cause, is not recommended . The use of blood transfusions is typically based on a person's signs and symptoms . In those without symptoms, they are not recommended unless hemoglobin levels are less than 60 to 80 g / L (6 to 8 g / dL). These recommendations may also apply to some people with acute bleeding . Erythropoiesis - stimulating medications are only recommended in those with severe anemia . </P> <P> Anemia is the most common blood disorder, affecting about a third of the global population . Iron - deficiency anemia affects nearly 1 billion people . In 2013, anemia due to iron deficiency resulted in about 183,000 deaths--down from 213,000 deaths in 1990 . It is more common in women than men, during pregnancy, and in children and the elderly . Anemia increases costs of medical care and lowers a person's productivity through a decreased ability to work . The name is derived from Ancient Greek: ἀναιμία anaimia, meaning "lack of blood", from ἀν - an -, "not" and αἷμα haima, "blood". </P> <P> Anemia goes undetected in many people and symptoms can be minor . The symptoms can be related to an underlying cause or the anemia itself . Most commonly, people with anemia report feelings of weakness or fatigue, and sometimes poor concentration . They may also report shortness of breath on exertion . In very severe anemia, the body may compensate for the lack of oxygen - carrying capability of the blood by increasing cardiac output . The patient may have symptoms related to this, such as palpitations, angina (if pre-existing heart disease is present), intermittent claudication of the legs, and symptoms of heart failure . On examination, the signs exhibited may include pallor (pale skin, lining mucosa, conjunctiva and nail beds), but this is not a reliable sign . There may be signs of specific causes of anemia, e.g., koilonychia (in iron deficiency), jaundice (when anemia results from abnormal break down of red blood cells--in hemolytic anemia), bone deformities (found in thalassemia major) or leg ulcers (seen in sickle - cell disease). In severe anemia, there may be signs of a hyperdynamic circulation: tachycardia (a fast heart rate), bounding pulse, flow murmurs, and cardiac ventricular hypertrophy (enlargement). There may be signs of heart failure . Pica, the consumption of non-food items such as ice, but also paper, wax, or grass, and even hair or dirt, may be a symptom of iron deficiency, although it occurs often in those who have normal levels of hemoglobin . Chronic anemia may result in behavioral disturbances in children as a direct result of impaired neurological development in infants, and reduced academic performance in children of school age . Restless legs syndrome is more common in those with iron - deficiency anemia . </P>

Which of the following is not a type of anemia