<P> The most recent iteration of Helsinki (2013) was reflective of the controversy regarding the standard of care that arose from the vertical transmission trials . The revised declaration of 2013 also highlights the need to disseminate research results, including negative and inconclusive studies and also includes a requirement for treatment and compensation for injuries related to research . In addition, the updated version is felt to be more relevant to limited resource settings--specifically addressing the need to ensure access to an intervention if it is proven effective . </P> <P> The Declaration is morally binding on physicians, and that obligation overrides any national or local laws or regulations, if the Declaration provides for a higher standard of protection of humans than the latter . Investigators still have to abide by local legislation but will be held to the higher standard . </P> <P> The fundamental principle is respect for the individual (Article 8), their right to self - determination and the right to make informed decisions (Articles 20, 21 and 22) regarding participation in research, both initially and during the course of the research . The investigator's duty is solely to the patient (Articles 2, 3 and 10) or volunteer (Articles 16, 18), and while there is always a need for research (Article 6), the subject's welfare must always take precedence over the interests of science and society (Article 5), and ethical considerations must always take precedence over laws and regulations (Article 9). </P> <P> The recognition of the increased vulnerability of individuals and groups calls for special vigilance (Article 8). It is recognised that when the research participant is incompetent, physically or mentally incapable of giving consent, or is a minor (Articles 23, 24), then allowance should be considered for surrogate consent by an individual acting in the subject's best interest, although their consent should still be obtained if at all possible (Article 25). </P>

Declaration of helsinki ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects