<P> The star system put an emphasis on the image rather than the acting, although discreet acting, voice, and dancing lessons were a common part of the regimen . Women were expected to behave like ladies, and were never to leave the house without makeup and stylish clothes . Men were expected to be seen in public as gentlemen . Morality clauses were a common part of actors' studio contracts . </P> <P> Just as studio executives, public relations staffs, and agents worked together with the actor to create a star persona, so they would work together to cover up incidents or lifestyles that would damage the star's public image . It was common, for example, to arrange sham dates between single (male) stars and starlets to generate publicity . Tabloids and gossip columnists would be tipped off, and photographers would appear to capture the romantic moment . At the same time, a star's drug use (such as Robert Mitchum's arrest for marijuana possession), drinking problems, divorce, or adultery would be covered up with hush money for witnesses or promises of exclusive stories (or the withholding of future stories) to gossip columnists . </P> <P> In the early years of the cinema (1890s--1900s), performers were not identified in films . There are two main reasons for this . First, from the perspective of actors who were trained in the theatre, they were embarrassed to be working in film and feared it would ruin their reputation . Silent film was thought of as mere pantomime and one of theatre actors' main skills was their command of their voice . Theatre actors were also ashamed to be in films because early films were aimed for the uneducated working class . Film was seen as only a step above appearing in carnivals and freak shows . Second, from the perspective of early film producers, they feared that actors would gain more prestige and power and demand more money if they were named . </P> <P> Thomas Edison and the Motion Picture Patents Company (MPPC) forced filmmakers to use their equipment and follow their rules, since they owned the patents of much of the motion picture equipment . The MPPC frowned on star promotion, although, according to research done by Janet Staiger, the MPPC did promote some stars around this time . </P>

When did stars begin to take over their own personas