<P> In 1867 the provinces of Châu Đốc, Hà Tiên and Vĩnh Long were added to French - controlled territory by admiral La Grandière . Admiral Dupré became Governor of Cochinchina . The Vietnamese Emperor formally recognized French dominion over Cochinchina in 1874, in the 1874 Treaty of Saigon, negotiated by Paul - Louis - Félix Philastre . </P> <P> In 1873, Francis Garnier was put in charge of an expedition to Tonkin, with the mission of protecting French interests there, following the troubles encountered by the French trader Jean Dupuis . Garnier disembarked in Hanoi on 3 November 1873, but negotiations were not forthcoming . On November 20, Garnier made an assault of the Hanoi citadelle, and pacified the delta, with nine officers, 175 men and two gunboats . The Black Flags resisted the French intrusion, entering into a guerrilla campaign that led to the killing of Garnier on 21 December 1873 . </P> <P> In March 1882, Captain Henri Rivière again visited Hanoi with three gunboats and 700 men in order to obtain a trade agreement . Following some provocations, Rivière captured Hanoi in April 1882 . Again the Black Flags counter-attacked, and Rivière was killed in May 1883 in the Battle of Paper Bridge, leading to a huge movement in favour of a massive armed intervention in France . Credits were voted for, and a large force of 4,000 men and 29 warships (including 4 ironclads) was sent . Admiral Amédée Courbet would be leading the force in Tonkin, while Admiral Meyer would operate in China . </P> <P> Following a failed ultimatum, on 18--19 August 1883, Courbet bombarded the forts of the capital of Huế . The forts were occupied on the 20th . The gunboats Lynx and Vipère reached the capital . On August 25, the Vietnamese court accepted to sign the Treaty of Hué (1883), A French protectorate over the remaining of Vietnam (Annam and Tonkin) was recognized through the treaty . </P>

After world war ii which nation claimed vietnam as a colony