<P> The Armills are gold bracelets of sincerity and wisdom . Like spurs, they were first used at English coronations in the 12th century . By the 17th century, armills were no longer delivered to the monarch, but simply carried at the coronation . A new pair had to be made in 1661; they are 4 cm (1.6 in) wide, 7 cm (2.8 in) in diameter, and champlevé enamelled on the surface with roses, thistles and harps--the national symbols of England, Scotland and Ireland--as well as fleurs - de-lis . For Queen Elizabeth II's coronation in 1953, the medieval tradition was revived, and a new set of plain 22 - karat gold armills lined with crimson velvet was presented to the Queen on behalf of various Commonwealth governments . Each bracelet is fitted with an invisible hinge and a clasp in the form of a Tudor rose . The hallmark includes a tiny portrait of the Queen, who continued to wear the armills on leaving the abbey and could be seen wearing them later, with the Imperial State Crown and Sovereign's Ring, at her appearance on the balcony of Buckingham Palace . </P> <P> An orb, a type of globus cruciger, was first used at an English coronation by Henry VIII in 1509 and then by all subsequent monarchs, apart from early Stuart kings James I and Charles I, who opted for the medieval coronation order . The Tudor orb was deposited with St Edward's regalia at Westminster Abbey in 1625 . The Sovereign's Orb used today is a hollow gold sphere about 16.5 cm (6.5 in) in diameter and weighing 1.2 kg (2.6 lb) (more than twice as heavy as the original) made for Charles II in 1661 . A band of gems and pearls runs along the equator and there is a half - band on the top hemisphere . Atop the orb is an amethyst surmounted by a jewelled cross, symbolising the Christian world, with a sapphire on one side and an emerald on the other . Altogether, the orb is decorated with 375 pearls, 365 diamonds, 18 rubies, 9 emeralds, 9 sapphires, 1 amethyst and 1 piece of glass . It is handed to the sovereign during the investiture rite of the coronation and is borne later in the left hand when leaving Westminster Abbey . Queen Mary II's Orb, originally set with hired gems, is a smaller version made in 1689 for Mary II to hold at her joint coronation with William III; it was never used again at a coronation, and is now set with imitation gems and cultured pearls . The orb is 14.6 cm (5.7 in) in diameter and weighs 1.07 kg (2.4 lb). Both orbs were laid on Queen Victoria's coffin at her state funeral in 1901 . Officially, no reason was given for using Mary II's orb, but it may have been intended to reflect Victoria's position as Empress of India . </P> <P> Before 1831, each monarch generally received a new ring to symbolise his or her "marriage" to the nation . An exception was the Stuart Coronation Ring, probably used at the English coronations of Charles I and Charles II, and certainly that of James II, who took the ring to France after the Glorious Revolution . It returned to the United Kingdom 100 years later and is now part of the Royal Collection of Gems and Jewels . The gold ring has a large ruby etched with a Cross of St George and bordered by 26 diamonds applied in the 19th century . Rubies symbolise all the kingly virtues and have featured on coronation rings since the early Middle Ages . Since 1830, the ring has been on permanent loan from Windsor Castle to Edinburgh Castle, where it is displayed with the Honours of Scotland . </P> <P> The Sovereign's Ring has been used by all monarchs from William IV in 1831 to Queen Elizabeth II, with the exception of Queen Victoria, whose fingers were too small to retain it . In the centre of the gold ring is an octagonal sapphire overlaid with a square ruby and four long, narrow rubies forming a cross . Around the sapphire are 14 brilliant diamonds . The general design is intended to represent the red Cross of St George on the blue background of St Andrew's Cross . A small copy of the ring was made for Victoria, who wrote in a letter: "The Archbishop had (most awkwardly) put the ring on the wrong finger, and the consequence was that I had the greatest difficulty to take it off again, which I at last did with great pain". In fact, the ring had been sized to fit the queen's little finger instead of her ring finger due to a misunderstanding by the jewellers . In 1919, it was deposited at the Tower of London along with the Sovereign's Ring and Queen Consort's Ring, which has been worn by all wives of kings from Queen Adelaide onwards . </P>

Where did they get the facts for the crown