<P> English essayists included Robert Burton (1577--1641) and Sir Thomas Browne (1605--1682). In France, Michel de Montaigne's three volume Essais in the mid 1500s contain over 100 examples widely regarded as the predecessor of the modern essay . In Italy, Baldassare Castiglione wrote about courtly manners in his essay Il Cortigiano . In the 17th century, the Jesuit Baltasar Gracián wrote about the theme of wisdom . During the Age of Enlightenment, essays were a favored tool of polemicists who aimed at convincing readers of their position; they also featured heavily in the rise of periodical literature, as seen in the works of Joseph Addison, Richard Steele and Samuel Johnson . In the 18th and 19th centuries, Edmund Burke and Samuel Taylor Coleridge wrote essays for the general public . The early 19th century, in particular, saw a proliferation of great essayists in English--William Hazlitt, Charles Lamb, Leigh Hunt and Thomas de Quincey all penned numerous essays on diverse subjects . In the 20th century, a number of essayists tried to explain the new movements in art and culture by using essays (e.g., T.S. Eliot). Whereas some essayists used essays for strident political themes, Robert Louis Stevenson and Willa Cather wrote lighter essays . Virginia Woolf, Edmund Wilson, and Charles du Bos wrote literary criticism essays . </P> <P> As with the novel, essays existed in Japan several centuries before they developed in Europe with a genre of essays known as zuihitsu--loosely connected essays and fragmented ideas . Zuihitsu have existed since almost the beginnings of Japanese literature . Many of the most noted early works of Japanese literature are in this genre . Notable examples include The Pillow Book (c. 1000), by court lady Sei Shōnagon, and Tsurezuregusa (1330), by particularly renowned Japanese Buddhist monk Yoshida Kenkō . Kenkō described his short writings similarly to Montaigne, referring to them as "nonsensical thoughts" written in "idle hours". Another noteworthy difference from Europe is that women have traditionally written in Japan, though the more formal, Chinese - influenced writings of male writers were more prized at the time . </P> <P> This section describes the different forms and styles of essay writing . These forms and styles are used by an array of authors, including university students and professional essayists . </P> <P> The defining features of a "cause and effect" essay are causal chains that connect from a cause to an effect, careful language, and chronological or emphatic order . A writer using this rhetorical method must consider the subject, determine the purpose, consider the audience, think critically about different causes or consequences, consider a thesis statement, arrange the parts, consider the language, and decide on a conclusion . </P>

Who composed the first writing in english called essays