<P> A table showing these developments in more detail is found in Proto - Germanic: Later developments . </P> <P> In the late 8th or early 9th century, short stressed vowels were lengthened before certain groups of consonants: ld, mb, nd, ng, rd, rl, rn, rs + vowel . Some of the lengthened vowels would be shortened again by or during the Middle English period; this applied particularly before the clusters beginning r . Examples of words in which the effect of lengthening has been preserved are: </P> <Ul> <Li> ċild> ċīld> mod . child / aɪ / (but lengthening did not occur if another consonant immediately followed, as in ċildru, giving modern children with / ɪ /) </Li> <Li> ald> āld> mod . old / oʊ / (but lengthening did not occur in the antepenultimate syllable, as in aldormann, giving modern alderman, with an originally short a) </Li> <Li> climban> clīmban> mod . climb / aɪ / </Li> <Li> grund> grūnd> mod . ground / aʊ / </Li> <Li> lang> lāng> mod . long (ā went regularly to ō but was shortened in this position in late Middle English; compare Scots lang where the shortening occurred first) </Li> </Ul> <Li> ċild> ċīld> mod . child / aɪ / (but lengthening did not occur if another consonant immediately followed, as in ċildru, giving modern children with / ɪ /) </Li>

Which of the following is an example of a process loss