<P> A river valley civilization or river culture is an agricultural nation or civilization situated beside and drawing sustenance from a river . A "civilization" means a society with large permanent settlements featuring urban development, social stratification, specialization of labour, centralized organization, and written or other formal means of communication . A river gives the inhabitants a reliable source of water for drinking and agriculture . Additional benefits include fishing, fertile soil due to annual flooding, and ease of transportation . The first great civilizations, such as those in Mesopotamia and Egypt, all grew up in river valleys . </P> <P> Civilization first began in 3500 BC, which along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in the Middle East; the name given to that civilization, Mesopotamia, means "land between the rivers". The Nile valley in Egypt had been home to agricultural settlements as early as 5500 BC, but the growth of Egypt as a civilization began around 3100 BC . A third civilization grew up along the Indus River around 2600 BC, in parts of what are now India and Pakistan . The fourth great river civilization emerged around 1700 BC along the Yellow River in China, also known as the Huang - He River Civilization . </P> <P> Civilizations tended to grow up in river valleys for a number of reasons . The most obvious is access to a usually reliable source of water for agriculture and human needs . Plentiful water, and the enrichment of the soil due to annual floods, made it possible to grow excess crops beyond what was needed to sustain an agricultural village . This allowed for some members of the community to engage in non-agricultural activities such as construction of buildings and cities (the root of the word "civilization"), metal working, trade, and social organization . Boats on the river provided an easy and efficient way to transport people and goods, allowing for the development of trade and facilitating central control of outlying areas . </P> <P> Mesopotamia was the earliest river valley civilization, starting to form around 3500 BC . The civilization was created after regular trading started relationships between multiple cities and states around the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers . Mesopotamian cities became self - run civil governments . One of the cities within this civilization, Uruk, was the first literate society in history . Eventually, they all joined together to irrigate the two rivers in order to make their dry land fertile for agricultural growth . The increase in successful farming in this civilization allowed population growth throughout the cities and states within Mesopotamia . </P>

Role of river in the evolution of human society