<Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article has an unclear citation style . The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation and footnoting . (May 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) </Td> </Tr> <P> The insulin transduction pathway is a biochemical pathway by which insulin increases the uptake of glucose into fat and muscle cells and reduces the synthesis of glucose in the liver and hence is involved in maintaining glucose homeostasis . This pathway is also influenced by fed versus fasting states, stress levels, and a variety of other hormones . </P> <P> When carbohydrates are consumed, digested, and absorbed the pancreas senses the subsequent rise in blood glucose concentration and releases insulin to promote an uptake of glucose from the blood stream . When insulin binds to the insulin receptor, it leads to a cascade of cellular processes that promote the usage or, in some cases, the storage of glucose in the cell . The effects of insulin vary depending on the tissue involved, e.g., insulin is most important in the uptake of glucose by muscle and adipose tissue . </P> <P> This insulin signal transduction pathway is composed of trigger mechanisms (e.g., autophosphorylation mechanisms) that serve as signals throughout the cell . There is also a counter mechanism in the body to stop the secretion of insulin beyond a certain limit . Namely, those counter-regulatory mechanisms are glucagon and epinephrine . The process of the regulation of blood glucose (also known as glucose homeostasis) also exhibits oscillatory behavior . </P>

Insulin lowers blood glucose by binding to insulin receptors which