<P> There are also several other causes for an increase in blood sugar levels . Among them are the' stress' hormones such as epinephrine (also known as adrenaline), several of the steroids, infections, trauma, and of course, the ingestion of food . </P> <P> Diabetes mellitus type 1 is caused by insufficient or non-existent production of insulin, while type 2 is primarily due to a decreased response to insulin in the tissues of the body (insulin resistance). Both types of diabetes, if untreated, result in too much glucose remaining in the blood (hyperglycemia) and many of the same complications . Also, too much insulin and / or exercise without enough corresponding food intake in diabetics can result in low blood sugar (hypoglycemia). </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Hormone </Th> <Th> Tissue of Origin </Th> <Th> Metabolic Effect </Th> <Th> Effect on Blood Glucose </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Insulin </Td> <Td> Pancreatic β Cells </Td> <Td> 1) Enhances entry of glucose into cells; 2) Enhances storage of glucose as glycogen, or conversion to fatty acids; 3) Enhances synthesis of fatty acids and proteins; 4) Suppresses breakdown of proteins into amino acids, of adipose tissue into free fatty acids . </Td> <Td> Lowers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Amylin </Td> <Td> Pancreatic β Cells </Td> <Td> 1) Suppresses glucagon secretion after eating; 2) Slows gastric emptying; 3) Reduces food intake . </Td> <Td> Lowers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> GLP - 1 </Td> <Td> Intestinal L cells </Td> <Td> 1) Enhances glucose - dependent insulin secretion; 2) Suppresses glucagon secretion after eating; 3) Slows gastric emptying; 4) Reduces food intake . (Only works while food is in the gut) </Td> <Td> Lowers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Glucagon </Td> <Td> Pancreatic α Cells </Td> <Td> 1) Enhances release of glucose from glycogen (glycogenolysis); 2) Enhances synthesis of glucose (gluconeogenesis) from amino acids or fats . </Td> <Td> Raises </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Asprosin </Td> <Td> White adipose tissue </Td> <Td> 1) Enhances release of liver glucose during fasting . </Td> <Td> Raises </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Somatostatin </Td> <Td> Pancreatic δ Cells </Td> <Td> 1) Suppresses glucagon release from α cells (acts locally); 2) Suppresses release of Insulin, Pituitary tropic hormones, gastrin and secretin . </Td> <Td> Lowers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Epinephrine </Td> <Td> Adrenal medulla </Td> <Td> 1) Enhances release of glucose from glycogen; 2) Enhances release of fatty acids from adipose tissue . </Td> <Td> Raises </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cortisol </Td> <Td> Adrenal cortex </Td> <Td> 1) Enhances gluconeogenesis; 2) Antagonizes Insulin . </Td> <Td> Raises </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ACTH </Td> <Td> Anterior pituitary </Td> <Td> 1) Enhances release of cortisol; 2) Enhances release of fatty acids from adipose tissue . </Td> <Td> Raises </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Growth Hormone </Td> <Td> Anterior pituitary </Td> <Td> Antagonizes Insulin </Td> <Td> Raises </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thyroxine </Td> <Td> Thyroid </Td> <Td> 1) Enhances release of glucose from glycogen; 2) Enhances absorption of sugars from intestine </Td> <Td> Raises </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Tr> <Th> Hormone </Th> <Th> Tissue of Origin </Th> <Th> Metabolic Effect </Th> <Th> Effect on Blood Glucose </Th> </Tr>

Regulation of blood sugar level takes place in the