<Li> Biosynthetic expansion . The genetic code grew from a simpler earlier code through a process of "biosynthetic expansion". Primordial life "discovered" new amino acids (for example, as by - products of metabolism) and later incorporated some of these into the machinery of genetic coding . Although much circumstantial evidence has been found to suggest that fewer amino acid types were used in the past, precise and detailed hypotheses about which amino acids entered the code in what order are controversial . </Li> <Li> Natural selection has led to codon assignments of the genetic code that minimize the effects of mutations . A recent hypothesis suggests that the triplet code was derived from codes that used longer than triplet codons (such as quadruplet codons). Longer than triplet decoding would increase codon redundancy and would be more error resistant . This feature could allow accurate decoding absent complex translational machinery such as the ribosome, such as before cells began making ribosomes . </Li> <Li> Information channels: Information - theoretic approaches model the process of translating the genetic code into corresponding amino acids as an error - prone information channel . The inherent noise (that is, the error) in the channel poses the organism with a fundamental question: how can a genetic code be constructed to withstand noise while accurately and efficiently translating information? These "rate - distortion" models suggest that the genetic code originated as a result of the interplay of the three conflicting evolutionary forces: the needs for diverse amino acids, for error - tolerance and for minimal resource cost . The code emerges at a transition when the mapping of codons to amino acids becomes nonrandom . The code's emergence is governed by the topology defined by the probable errors and is related to the map coloring problem . </Li> <Li> Game theory: Models based on signaling games combine elements of game theory, natural selection and information channels . Such models have been used to suggest that the first polypeptides were likely short and had non-enzymatic function . Game theoretic models suggested that the organization of RNA strings into cells may have been necessary to prevent "deceptive" use of the genetic code, i.e. preventing the ancient equivalent of viruses from overwhelming the RNA world . </Li>

How is the information in the genetic code used
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