<Li> Dysfunction of the vestibulocerebellum (flocculonodular lobe) impairs the balance and the control of eye movements . This presents itself with postural instability, in which the person tends to separate his / her feet upon standing, to gain a wider base and to avoid titubation (bodily oscillations tending to be forward - backward ones). The instability is therefore worsened when standing with the feet together, regardless of whether the eyes are open or closed . This is a negative Romberg's test, or more accurately, it denotes the individual's inability to carry out the test, because the individual feels unstable even with open eyes . </Li> <Li> Dysfunction of the spinocerebellum (vermis and associated areas near the midline) presents itself with a wide - based "drunken sailor" gait (called truncal ataxia), characterised by uncertain starts and stops, lateral deviations, and unequal steps . As a result of this gait impairment, falling is a concern in patients with ataxia . Studies examining falls in this population show that 74--93% of patients have fallen at least once in the past year and up to 60% admit to fear of falling . </Li> <Li> Dysfunction of the cerebrocerebellum (lateral hemispheres) presents as disturbances in carrying out voluntary, planned movements by the extremities (called appendicular ataxia). These include: <Ul> <Li> intention tremor (coarse trembling, accentuated over the execution of voluntary movements, possibly involving the head and eyes as well as the limbs and torso); </Li> <Li> peculiar writing abnormalities (large, unequal letters, irregular underlining); </Li> <Li> a peculiar pattern of dysarthria (slurred speech, sometimes characterised by explosive variations in voice intensity despite a regular rhythm). </Li> <Li> inability to perform rapidly alternating movements, known as dysdiadochokinesia . This could involve rapidly switching from pronation to supination of the forearm . Movements become more irregular with increases of speed . </Li> <Li> inability to judge distances or ranges of movement . This is known as dysmetria and is often seen as undershooting, hypometria, or overshooting, hypermetria, the required distance or range to reach a target . This is sometimes seen when a patient is asked to reach out and touch someone's finger or touch his or her own nose . </Li> <Li> the rebound phenomenon, also known as the loss of the check reflex is also sometimes seen in patients with cerebellar ataxia . For example, when a patient is flexing his or her elbow isometrically against a resistance . When the resistance is suddenly removed without warning, the patient's arm may swing up and even strike themselves . With an intact check reflex, the patient will check and activate the opposing triceps to slow and stop the movement . </Li> <Li> patients may exhibit a constellation of subtle to overt cognitive symptoms . These symptoms are gathered under the terminology of Schmahmann's syndrome . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Ul> <Li> intention tremor (coarse trembling, accentuated over the execution of voluntary movements, possibly involving the head and eyes as well as the limbs and torso); </Li> <Li> peculiar writing abnormalities (large, unequal letters, irregular underlining); </Li> <Li> a peculiar pattern of dysarthria (slurred speech, sometimes characterised by explosive variations in voice intensity despite a regular rhythm). </Li> <Li> inability to perform rapidly alternating movements, known as dysdiadochokinesia . This could involve rapidly switching from pronation to supination of the forearm . Movements become more irregular with increases of speed . </Li> <Li> inability to judge distances or ranges of movement . This is known as dysmetria and is often seen as undershooting, hypometria, or overshooting, hypermetria, the required distance or range to reach a target . This is sometimes seen when a patient is asked to reach out and touch someone's finger or touch his or her own nose . </Li> <Li> the rebound phenomenon, also known as the loss of the check reflex is also sometimes seen in patients with cerebellar ataxia . For example, when a patient is flexing his or her elbow isometrically against a resistance . When the resistance is suddenly removed without warning, the patient's arm may swing up and even strike themselves . With an intact check reflex, the patient will check and activate the opposing triceps to slow and stop the movement . </Li> <Li> patients may exhibit a constellation of subtle to overt cognitive symptoms . These symptoms are gathered under the terminology of Schmahmann's syndrome . </Li> </Ul>

Damage to the cerebellum is not associated with which of the following conditions