<P> The fundamental cause of the trouble is that in the modern world the stupid are cocksure while the intelligent are full of doubt . </P> <P> Metacognologists are aware of their own strengths and weaknesses, the nature of the task at hand, and available "tools" or skills . A broader repertoire of "tools" also assists in goal attainment . When "tools" are general, generic, and context independent, they are more likely to be useful in different types of learning situations . </P> <P> Another distinction in metacognition is executive management and strategic knowledge . Executive management processes involve planning, monitoring, evaluating and revising one's own thinking processes and products . Strategic knowledge involves knowing what (factual or declarative knowledge), knowing when and why (conditional or contextual knowledge) and knowing how (procedural or methodological knowledge). Both executive management and strategic knowledge metacognition are needed to self - regulate one's own thinking and learning . </P> <P> Finally, there is no distinction between domain - general and domain - specific metacognitive skills . This means that metacognitive skills are domain - general in nature and there are no specific skills for certain subject areas . The metacognitive skills that are used to review an essay are the same as those that are used to verify an answer to a math question . </P>

Active reading strategies involve the metacognitive process which refers to