<P> Economic historian Paul Bairoch argues that free trade contributed to deindustrialization in the Ottoman Empire . In contrast to the protectionism of China, Japan, and Spain, the Ottoman Empire had a liberal trade policy, open to foreign imports . This has origins in capitulations of the Ottoman Empire, dating back to the first commercial treaties signed with France in 1536 and taken further with capitulations in 1673 and 1740, which lowered duties to 3% for imports and exports . The liberal Ottoman policies were praised by British economists such as J.R. McCulloch in his Dictionary of Commerce (1834), but later criticized by British politicians such as Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli, who cited the Ottoman Empire as "an instance of the injury done by unrestrained competition" in the 1846 Corn Laws debate: </P> <P> There has been free trade in Turkey, and what has it produced? It has destroyed some of the finest manufactures of the world . As late as 1812 these manufactures existed; but they have been destroyed . That was the consequences of competition in Turkey, and its effects have been as pernicious as the effects of the contrary principle in Spain . </P> <P> The stagnation and reform of the Ottoman Empire (1683--1827) ended with the dismemberment of Ottoman Classical Army . The issue during the decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire (1828--1908) was to create a military (a security apparatus) that could win wars and bring security to its subjects . That goal took multiple Sultans with multiple reorganizations during this period . At the end of this period, with the Second Constitutional Era in 1908, - with a degree of - Ottoman military became modernized and professionalized in the form of European Armies . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> hide This section has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . (September 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Some of this article's listed sources may not be reliable . Please help this article by looking for better, more reliable sources . Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted . (September 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) </Td> </Tr> </Table> (Learn how and when to remove this template message) </Td> </Tr> </Table>

Why did the ottoman empire lose territories in europe during the 19th century