<P> Most of the African - American literary movement arose from a generation that had memories of the gains and losses of Reconstruction after the Civil War . Sometimes their parents or grandparents had been slaves . Their ancestors had sometimes benefited by paternal investment in cultural capital, including better - than - average education . Many in the Harlem Renaissance were part of the early 20th century Great Migration out of the South into the African American neighborhoods of the North and Midwest . African Americans sought a better standard of living and relief from the institutionalized racism in the South . Others were people of African descent from racially stratified communities in the Caribbean who came to the United States hoping for a better life . Uniting most of them was their convergence in Harlem . </P> <P> During the early portion of the 20th century, Harlem was the destination for migrants from around the country, attracting both people seeking work from the South, and an educated class who made the area a center of culture, as well as a growing "Negro" middle class . The district had originally been developed in the 19th century as an exclusive suburb for the white middle and upper middle classes; its affluent beginnings led to the development of stately houses, grand avenues, and world - class amenities such as the Polo Grounds and the Harlem Opera House . During the enormous influx of European immigrants in the late 19th century, the once exclusive district was abandoned by the white middle class, who moved farther north . </P> <P> Harlem became an African - American neighborhood in the early 1900s . In 1910, a large block along 135th Street and Fifth Avenue was bought by various African - American realtors and a church group . Many more African Americans arrived during the First World War . Due to the war, the migration of laborers from Europe virtually ceased, while the war effort resulted in a massive demand for unskilled industrial labor . The Great Migration brought hundreds of thousands of African Americans to cities such as Chicago, Philadelphia, Detroit, and New York . </P> <P> Despite the increasing popularity of Negro culture, virulent white racism, often by more recent ethnic immigrants, continued to affect African - American communities, even in the North . After the end of World War I, many African - American soldiers--who fought in segregated units such as the Harlem Hellfighters--came home to a nation whose citizens often did not respect their accomplishments . Race riots and other civil uprisings occurred throughout the US during the Red Summer of 1919, reflecting economic competition over jobs and housing in many cities, as well as tensions over social territories . </P>

What does the harlem renaissance reveal about african american culture in the 1920s