<P> Polygraph examiners, or polygraphers, are licensed or regulated in some jurisdictions . The American Polygraph Association sets standards for courses of training of polygraph operators, though it does not certify individual examiners . </P> <P> The examiner typically begins polygraph test sessions with a pre-test interview to gain some preliminary information which will later be used to develop diagnostic questions . Then the tester will explain how the polygraph is supposed to work, emphasizing that it can detect lies and that it is important to answer truthfully . Then a "stim test" is often conducted: the subject is asked to deliberately lie and then the tester reports that he was able to detect this lie . Guilty subjects are likely to become more anxious when they are reminded of the test's validity . However, there are risks of innocent subjects being equally or more anxious than the guilty . Then the actual test starts . Some of the questions asked are "irrelevant" ("Is your name Fred?"), others are "diagnostic" questions, and the remainder are the "relevant questions" that the tester is really interested in . The different types of questions alternate . The test is passed if the physiological responses to the diagnostic questions are larger than those during the relevant questions . </P> <P> Criticisms have been given regarding the validity of the administration of the Control Question Technique . The CQT may be vulnerable to being conducted in an interrogation - like fashion . This kind of interrogation style would elicit a nervous response from innocent and guilty suspects alike . There are several other ways of administering the questions . </P> <P> An alternative is the Guilty Knowledge Test (GKT), or the Concealed Information Test, which is used in Japan . The administration of this test is given to prevent potential errors that may arise from the questioning style . The test is usually conducted by a tester with no knowledge of the crime or circumstances in question . The administrator tests the participant on their knowledge of the crime that would not be known to an innocent person . For example: "Was the crime committed with a . 45 or a 9 mm?" The questions are in multiple choice and the participant is rated on how they react to the correct answer . If they react strongly to the guilty information, then proponents of the test believe that it is likely that they know facts relevant to the case . This administration is considered more valid by supporters of the test because it contains many safeguards to avoid the risk of the administrator influencing the results . </P>

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