<P> There was also a new focus on the working class and children; the Band of Hope was founded in Leeds in 1847 by the Reverend Jabez Tunnicliff and it aimed to save working class children from the parents of drink by teaching them the importance and principles of sobriety and teetotalism . In 1855, a national organisation was formed amidst an explosion of Band of Hope work . Meetings were held in churches throughout the UK and included Christian teaching . The group also campaigned politically for the curtailment of the influence of pubs and brewers . The organization also became quite militant, organizing rallies, demonstrations and marches to influence as many people as possible to "sign the pledge" of allegiance to the society and to resolve to abstain "from all liquors of an intoxicating quality, whether ale, porter, wine or ardent spirits, except as medicine ." </P> <P> In this period there was local success at restricting or banning the sale of alcohol in many parts of the United States (with the Maine law being passed in 1851), New Zealand and the United Kingdom . However, in the United States there was a setback for the Temperance movement as both sides relied on alcohol duty to finance the American Civil War and a number of states stopped prohibition, although this was reversed in the post war period in particular with the efforts of the fast expanding Anti-Saloon League focused on establishing dry states and dry counties . </P> <P> The Temperance movement was a significant mass movement at this time and encouraged a general abstinence from the consumption of alcohol . A general movement to build alternatives to replace the functions of public bars existed, so the Independent Order of Rechabites was formed in England, with a branch later opening in America as a friendly society that did not hold meetings in public bars; there was also a movement to introduce temperance fountains across the United States--to provide people with reliably safe drinking water rather than saloon alcohol--as well as a variety of temperance halls and coffee palaces as replacements for bars . Numerous periodicals devoted to temperance were also published and temperance theatre, which had started in the 1820s, became an important part of the American cultural landscape at this time . </P> <P> In 1864 the Salvation Army was founded in London with a heavy emphasis on both abstinence from alcohol and ministering to the working class, which led publicans to fund a Skeleton Army to disrupt their meetings . The Salvation Army quickly spread internationally, maintaining an emphasis on abstinence . </P>

Who was one of the leading crusaders against the use of alcohol