<P> The two - nation theory is the ideology that the primary identity and unifying denominator of Muslims in the Indian subcontinent is their religion, rather than their language or ethnicity, and therefore Indian Hindus and Muslims are two distinct nations, regardless of ethnic or other commonalities . The two - nation theory was a founding principle of the Pakistan Movement (i.e. the ideology of Pakistan as a Muslim nation - state in South Asia), and the partition of India in 1947 . </P> <P> The ideology that religion is the determining factor in defining the nationality of Indian Muslims was undertaken by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who termed it as the awakening of Muslims for the creation of Pakistan . It is also a source of inspiration to several Hindu nationalist organisations, with causes as varied as the redefinition of Indian Muslims as non-Indian foreigners and second - class citizens in India, the expulsion of all Muslims from India, establishment of a legally Hindu state in India, prohibition of conversions to Islam, and the promotion of conversions or reconversions of Indian Muslims to Hinduism . </P> <P> There are varying interpretations of the two - nation theory, based on whether the two postulated nationalities can coexist in one territory or not, with radically different implications . One interpretation argued for sovereign autonomy, including the right to secede, for Muslim - majority areas of the Indian subcontinent, but without any transfer of populations (i.e. Hindus and Muslims would continue to live together). A different interpretation contends that Hindus and Muslims constitute "two distinct, and frequently antagonistic ways of life, and that therefore they cannot coexist in one nation ." In this version, a transfer of populations (i.e. the total removal of Hindus from Muslim - majority areas and the total removal of Muslims from Hindu - majority areas) is a desirable step towards a complete separation of two incompatible nations that "cannot coexist in a harmonious relationship". </P>

Who is considered to be the father of the idea of pakistan
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