<P> The Supreme Court of India is the highest judicial forum and final court of appeal under the Constitution of India, the highest constitutional court, with the power of constitutional review . Consisting of the Chief Justice of India and a maximum of 30 other judges, it has extensive powers in the form of original, appellate and advisory jurisdictions . </P> <P> As the final court of appeal of the country, it takes up appeals primarily against verdicts of the high courts of various states of the Union and other courts and tribunals . It safeguards fundamental rights of citizens and settles disputes between various governments in the country . As an advisory court, it hears matters which may specifically be referred to it under the constitution by President of India . It also may take cognisance of matters on its own (or suo moto), without anyone drawing its attention to them . The law declared by the supreme court becomes binding on all courts within India and also by the union and state governments . Per Article 142, it is the duty of the president to enforce the decrees of the supreme court . </P> <P> In 1861 the Indian High Courts Act 1861 was enacted to create high courts for various provinces and abolished supreme courts at Calcutta, Madras and Bombay and also the sadar adalats in presidency towns which had acted as the highest court in their respective regions . These new high courts had the distinction of being the highest courts for all cases till the creation of Federal Court of India under the Government of India Act 1935 . The Federal Court had jurisdiction to solve disputes between provinces and federal states and hear appeal against judgements of the high courts . The first CJI of India was H.J. Kania . </P> <P> The Supreme Court of India came into being on 28 January 1950 . It replaced both the Federal Court of India and the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council which were then at the apex of the Indian court system . </P>

Who has established the supreme court of india
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