<P> Professor Simon Hallsworth argues that, where they exist, gangs in the UK are "far more fluid, volatile and amorphous than the myth of the organized group with a corporate structure". This assertion is supported by a field study conducted by Manchester University, which found that "most within - and between - gang disputes...emanated from interpersonal disputes regarding friends, family and romantic relationships", as opposed to territorial rivalries, and that criminal enterprises were "rarely gang - coordinated...most involved gang members operating as individuals or in small groups ." </P> <P> Cottrell - Boyce, writing in the Youth Justice journal, argues that gangs have been constructed as a "suitable enemy" by politicians and the media, obscuring the wider, structural roots of youth violence . At the level of enforcement, a focus on gang membership may be counterproductive; creating confusion and resulting in a drag - net approach which can criminalise innocent young people rather than focusing resources on serious violent crime . </P>

What do the hand signs mean of gangs