<Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file? See media help . </Td> </Tr> <P> Christian Marclay was one of the earliest musicians to scratch outside of hip hop . In the mid-1970s, Marclay used gramophone records and turntables as musical instruments to create sound collages . He developed his turntable sounds independently of hip hop DJs . Although he is little - known to mainstream audiences, Marclay has been described as "the most influential turntable figure outside hip hop" and the "unwitting inventor of turntablism ." </P> <P> In 1981 Grandmaster Flash released the song "The Adventures of Grandmaster Flash on the Wheels of Steel" which is notable for its use of many DJ scratching techniques . It was the first commercial recording produced entirely using turntables . In 1982, Malcolm McLaren & the World's Famous Supreme Team released a single "Buffalo Gals", juxtaposing extensive scratching with calls from square dancing, and, in 1983, the EP, D'ya Like Scratchin'?, which is entirely focused on scratching . Another 1983 release to prominently feature scratching is Herbie Hancock's Grammy Award - winning single "Rockit". This song was also performed live at the 1984 Grammy Awards, and in the documentary film Scratch, the performance is cited by many 1980s - era DJs as their first exposure to scratching . The Street Sounds Electro compilation series which started in 1983 is also notable for early examples of scratching . Also a notable piece was "For A Few Dollars More" by Bill Laswell - Michael Beinhorn band Material, released on 12" single in Japan and containing scratch performed by Grand Mixer DXT, another pioneer of scratching . </P> <P> Most scratches are produced by moving a vinyl record back and forth on a direct drive turntable with the hand while it is playing on a turntable, with the styli ("needle") in the record's groove and with the audio outputs of the turntable connected to a DJ mixer, a small audio console that typically has two inputs and a crossfader . At the same time as the DJ is moving the record back and forth, the DJ manipulates the crossfader of a DJ mixer . This creates a distinctive rhythmic sound that has come to be one of the most recognizable features of hip hop music . Over time with excessive scratching, the stylus will cause what is referred to as "record burn" to a vinyl record . </P>

Who is credited with inventing the technique called cutting