<P> The majority of South African protest music of the 20th century concerned itself with apartheid, a system of legalized racial segregation in which blacks were stripped of their citizenship and rights from 1948 to 1994 . As the apartheid regime forced Africans into townships and industrial centers, people sang about leaving their homes, the horror of the coal mines and the degradation of working as domestic servants . Examples of which include Benedict Wallet Vilakazi's "Meadowlands", the "Toyi - toyi" chant and "Bring Him Back Home" (1987) by Hugh Masekela, which became an anthem for the movement to free Nelson Mandela . The Special AKA wrote a song on Nelson Mandela called "Free Nelson Mandela". The track is upbeat and celebratory, drawing on musical influence from South Africa, was immensely popular in Africa . Masekela's song "Soweto Blues", sung by his former wife, Miriam Makeba, is a blues / jazz piece that mourns the carnage of the Soweto riots in 1976 . Basil Coetzee and Abdullah Ibrahim's "Mannenberg" became an unofficial soundtrack to the anti-apartheid resistance . </P> <P> In Afrikaans, the Voëlvry movement led by Johannes Kerkorrel, Koos Kombuis and Bernoldus Niemand in 1989, provided a voice of opposition from within the white Afrikaner community . These musicians sought to redefine Afrikaner identity, and although met with opposition from the authorities, Voëlvry played to large crowds at Afrikaans university campuses and was quite popular among Afrikaner youth . </P> <P> Following apartheid's demise, most Afrikaans writers and musicians followed public sentiments by embracing the new South Africa, but cracks soon emerged in the dream of the "rainbow nation" and criticism started to emerge, criticism that has grown in frequency and intensity in recent years . With violent crime putting South Africa in the top category of most dangerous country in the world, poverty, government corruption, and the AIDS pandemic, writers and musicians, some of them veterans of anti-apartheid movements, are once again protesting against what they consider to be a government failing to uphold the promise of' peace, democracy and freedom for all' that Nelson Mandela made upon his release from prison . By 2000, Johannes Kerkorrel claimed in the song "Die stad bloei vanaand" (The city bleeds tonight): "the dream was promised, but just another lie has been sold ." </P> <P> Two Afrikaans compilation albums of predominantly protest music were released recently: Genoeg is genoeg (Enough is enough) (2007) and Vaderland (Fatherland) (2008), and Koos Kombuis also released a CD called Bloedrivier (Blood River) (2008), which is primarily a protest album . One track, "Waar is Mandela" (Where is Mandela) asks, "Where is Mandela when the shadows descend (...) Where is the rainbow, where is the glory?" and another, "Die fokkol song" (The fuck all song), tells tourists who visit South Africa for the 2010 Football World Cup that there is nothing in South Africa, no jobs, no petrol, no electric power, not even jokes . However, these compilations only represent the tip of the iceberg, as many prominent musicians have included protest songs on recent albums, including Bok van Blerk, Fokofpolisiekar, and KOBUS! . </P>

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