<Ul> <Li> 1408 Council of Oxford forbids translations of the Scriptures into the vernacular unless and until they were fully approved by Church authority </Li> <Li> 1408 - Spanish Dominican Vincent Ferrer begins a ministry in Italy in which it is said that thousands of Jews and Muslims were won to faith in Christ </Li> <Li> 1409 Council of Pisa, declared Roman Pope Gregory XII and Avignon Pope Benedict XIII deposed, elected Pope Alexander V (called the Pisan Pope) </Li> <Li> 1410 - Bible is translated into Hungarian </Li> <Li> 1414 - 1418 Catholic Council of Constance, asked Gregory XII, Benedict XIII, Pisan Pope John XXIII to resign their papal claims, then elected Pope Martin V; condemned John Wycliffe and Jan Hus who was burned at the stake </Li> <Li> 1420 - Franciscan missionaries accompany Portuguese expedition to Madeira </Li> <Li> 1423 - 1424 Council of Siena </Li> <Li> 1425 Catholic University of Leuven </Li> <Li> 1430? Andrei Rublev, the greatest of medieval icon - painters </Li> <Li> 1431 - Franciscan missionaries accompany Portuguese expedition to the Azores </Li> <Li> 1431 St. Joan of Arc, French national heroine, burned at the stake </Li> <Li> 1431 - 1445 Catholic Council of Basel - Ferrara - Florence </Li> <Li> 1435 - Forced conversion of Jews in Palma de Mallorca, Spain </Li> <Li> 1439 Notre - Dame de Strasbourg, highest building in the world until 1874 </Li> <Li> 1445 - First Christians reported in Guinea Bissau </Li> <Li> 1448 - First Christians reported in Mauritania </Li> <Li> 1450 - Franscian missionaries accompany Portuguese expedition to the Cape Verde Islands </Li> <Li> 1453 - Constantinople falls to the Muslim Ottoman Turks who make it their capital . An Islamic service of thanksgiving is held in the church of Saint Sophia </Li> <Li> 1453 Fall of Constantinople, overrun by Ottoman Empire </Li> <Li> 1455 - With the bull Romanus Pontifex the patronage of missions in new countries behind Cape Bojador is given to the Portuguese . </Li> <Li> 1455 Gutenberg Bible, first printed Bible, by Johann Gutenberg </Li> <Li> 1462 - Johannes Gutenberg begins printing the Bible with his movable - type printing process; Pope Pius II assigns the evangelization of the Portuguese Guinea Coast of Africa to the Franciscans led by Alfonso de Bolano (1) </Li> <Li> 1473 - 1481 Sistine Chapel built </Li> <Li> 1478 Spanish Inquisition established by Pope Sixtus IV </Li> <Li> 1484 December 5, Summis desiderantes against Witchcraft issued by Pope Innocent VIII </Li> <Li> 1485 - After having come into contact with the Portuguese, the King of Benin requests that a church be planted in his kingdom (2) </Li> <Li> 1486 - Dominicans become active in West Africa, notably among the Wolof people in Senegambia . </Li> <Li> 1489 - Baptism of Wolof king Behemoi in Senegal </Li> <Li> 1491 - The Congo sees its first group of missionaries arrive . Under the ministry of these Franciscan and Dominican priests, the king would soon be baptized and a church built at the royal capital . </Li> <Li> 1492 - Birth of the church in Angola </Li> <Li> 1493 - Pope Alexander VI commands Spain to colonize the New World with Catholic missions; Christopher Columbus takes Christian priests with him on his second journey to the New World </Li> <Li> 1494 - First missionaries arrive in Dominican Republic </Li> <Li> 1495 - The head of a convent in Seville, Spain, Mercedarian Jorge, makes a trip to the West Indies . </Li> <Li> 1496 - First Christian baptisms in the New World take place when Guaticaba along with other members of his household are baptized on the island of Hispaniola </Li> <Li> 1497 - Forced conversion of Jews in Portugal </Li> <Li> 1498 - First Christians are reported in Kenya </Li> <Li> 1498 Girolamo Savonarola, Dominican priest, Bonfire of the Vanities </Li> <Li> 1499 - Portuguese Augustinian missionaries arrive at Zanzibar . Their mission will end in 1698 due to the Oman - Arab conquest . </Li> <Li> 1500 - Franciscans enter Brazil with Cabral </Li> </Ul> <Li> 1408 Council of Oxford forbids translations of the Scriptures into the vernacular unless and until they were fully approved by Church authority </Li> <Li> 1408 - Spanish Dominican Vincent Ferrer begins a ministry in Italy in which it is said that thousands of Jews and Muslims were won to faith in Christ </Li> <Li> 1409 Council of Pisa, declared Roman Pope Gregory XII and Avignon Pope Benedict XIII deposed, elected Pope Alexander V (called the Pisan Pope) </Li>

Who threatened christian europe in the fifteenth century