<P> E. coli can live on a wide variety of substrates and uses mixed - acid fermentation in anaerobic conditions, producing lactate, succinate, ethanol, acetate, and carbon dioxide . Since many pathways in mixed - acid fermentation produce hydrogen gas, these pathways require the levels of hydrogen to be low, as is the case when E. coli lives together with hydrogen - consuming organisms, such as methanogens or sulphate - reducing bacteria . </P> <P> Optimum growth of E. coli occurs at 37 ° C (98.6 ° F), but some laboratory strains can multiply at temperatures up to 49 ° C (120 ° F). E. coli grows in a variety of defined laboratory media, such as lysogeny broth, or any medium that contains glucose, ammonium phosphate monobasic, sodium chloride, magnesium sulfate, potassium phosphate, dibasic, and water . Growth can be driven by aerobic or anaerobic respiration, using a large variety of redox pairs, including the oxidation of pyruvic acid, formic acid, hydrogen, and amino acids, and the reduction of substrates such as oxygen, nitrate, fumarate, dimethyl sulfoxide, and trimethylamine N - oxide . E. coli is classified as a facultative anaerobe . It uses oxygen when it is present and available . It can, however, continue to grow in the absence of oxygen using fermentation or anaerobic respiration . The ability to continue growing in the absence of oxygen is an advantage to bacteria because their survival is increased in environments where water predominates . </P> <P> The bacterial cell cycle is divided into three stages . The B period occurs between the completion of cell division and the beginning of DNA replication . The C period encompasses the time it takes to replicate the chromosomal DNA . The D period refers to the stage between the conclusion of DNA replication and the end of cell division . The doubling rate of E. coli is higher when more nutrients are available . However, the length of the C and D periods do not change, even when the doubling time becomes less than the sum of the C and D periods . At the fastest growth rates, replication begins before the previous round of replication has completed, resulting in multiple replication forks along the DNA and overlapping cell cycles . </P> <P> E. coli and related bacteria possess the ability to transfer DNA via bacterial conjugation or transduction, which allows genetic material to spread horizontally through an existing population . The process of transduction, which uses the bacterial virus called a bacteriophage, is where the spread of the gene encoding for the Shiga toxin from the Shigella bacteria to E. coli helped produce E. coli O157: H7, the Shiga toxin - producing strain of E. coli . </P>

In the bacterium escherichia coli dna replication is
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