<Table> Venus <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> A real - colour image of Venus taken by Mariner 10 processed from two filters . The surface is obscured by thick sulfuric acid clouds . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Designations </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pronunciation </Th> <Td> / ˈviːnəs / (listen) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Adjectives </Th> <Td> Venusian or (rarely) Cytherean, Venerean </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Orbital characteristics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Epoch J2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Aphelion </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 7011108939114216059 ♠ 0.728 213 AU </Li> <Li> 7011108939000000000 ♠ 108,939,000 km </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Perihelion </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 7011107477094225708 ♠ 0.718 440 AU </Li> <Li> 7011107477000000000 ♠ 107,477,000 km </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Semi-major axis </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 7011108208927009172 ♠ 0.723 332 AU </Li> <Li> 7011108208000000000 ♠ 108,208,000 km </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Eccentricity </Th> <Td> 0.006772 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Orbital period </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 7007194141664000000 ♠ 224.701 d </Li> <Li> 6999615198000000000 ♠ 0.615 198 yr </Li> <Li> 1.92 Venus solar day </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Synodic period </Th> <Td> 583.92 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average orbital speed </Th> <Td> 35.02 km / s </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mean anomaly </Th> <Td> 50.115 ° </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Inclination </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 6998592465977223492 ♠ 3.394 58 ° to ecliptic </Li> <Li> 3.86 ° to Sun's equator </Li> <Li> 2.19 ° to invariable plane </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Longitude of ascending node </Th> <Td> 76.680 ° </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Argument of perihelion </Th> <Td> 54.884 ° </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Satellites </Th> <Td> None </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Physical characteristics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mean radius </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 7006605180000000000 ♠ 6,051.8 ± 1.0 km </Li> <Li> 6999949900000000000 ♠ 0.9499 Earths </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Flattening </Th> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Surface area </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 7014460229999999999 ♠ 4.6023 × 10 km </Li> <Li> 0.902 Earths </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Volume </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 7020928430000000000 ♠ 9.2843 × 10 km </Li> <Li> 0.866 Earths </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mass </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 7024486749999999999 ♠ 4.8675 × 10 kg </Li> <Li> 0.815 Earths </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mean density </Th> <Td> 7003524300000000000 ♠ 5.243 g / cm </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Surface gravity </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 7000886999999999999 ♠ 8.87 m / s </Li> <Li> 0.904 g </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Escape velocity </Th> <Td> 10.36 km / s (6.44 mi / s) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sidereal rotation period </Th> <Td> 2992790026400000000 ♠ − 243.025 d (retrograde) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Equatorial rotation velocity </Th> <Td> 6.52 km / h (1.81 m / s) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Axial tilt </Th> <Td> 2.64 ° (for retrograde rotation) 177.36 ° (to orbit) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> North pole right ascension </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 18 11 2 </Li> <Li> 272.76 ° </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> North pole declination </Th> <Td> 67.16 ° </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Albedo </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 0.689 (geometric) </Li> <Li> 0.77 (Bond) </Li> <Li> 0.65 (visual geometric) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Surface temp . </Th> <Th> min </Th> <Th> mean </Th> <Th> max </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Kelvin </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> 737 K </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Celsius </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> 462 ° C </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Apparent magnitude </Th> <Td> − 4.9 (crescent) to − 3.8 (full) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Angular diameter </Th> <Td> 9.7"--66.0" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Atmosphere </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Surface pressure </Th> <Td> 92 bar (9.2 MPa) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Composition by volume </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 96.5% carbon dioxide </Li> <Li> 3.5% nitrogen </Li> <Li> 0.015% sulfur dioxide </Li> <Li> 0.007% argon </Li> <Li> 0.002% water vapour </Li> <Li> 0.0017% carbon monoxide </Li> <Li> 0.0012% helium </Li> <Li> 0.0007% neon </Li> <Li> trace carbonyl sulfide </Li> <Li> trace hydrogen chloride </Li> <Li> trace hydrogen fluoride </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Defining the rotation as retrograde, as done by NASA space missions and the USGS, puts Ishtar Terra in the northern hemisphere and makes the axial tilt 2.64 ° . Following the right - hand rule for prograde rotation puts Ishtar Terra in the southern hemisphere and makes the axial tilt 177.36 ° . </Li> </Ol> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> A real - colour image of Venus taken by Mariner 10 processed from two filters . The surface is obscured by thick sulfuric acid clouds . </Td> </Tr>

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