<Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article or section appears to contradict itself . Please see the talk page for more information . (September 2017) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article or section appears to contradict itself . Please see the talk page for more information . (September 2017) </Td> </Tr> <P> Reproducibility is the ability to get the same research results or inferences, based on the raw data and computer programs provided by researchers . A related concept is replicability, meaning the ability to independently achieve non identical conclusions that are at least similar, when differences in sampling, research procedures and data analysis methods may exist . Reproducibility and replicability together are among the main beliefs of' the scientific method' - with the concrete expressions of the ideal / idea of such a method varying considerably across research disciplines and fields of study . </P> <P> The values obtained from distinct experimental trials are said to be commensurate if they are obtained according to the same reproducible experimental description and procedure . The basic idea can be seen in Aristotle's dictum that there is no scientific knowledge of the individual, where the word used for individual in Greek had the connotation of the idiosyncratic, or wholly isolated occurrence . Thus all knowledge, all science, necessarily involves the formation of general concepts and the invocation of their corresponding symbols in language (cf . Turner). Aristotle ′ s conception about the knowledge of the individual being considered unscientific is due to lack of the field of statistics in his time, so he could not appeal to statistical averaging by the individual . </P>

When is a system said to be reproducible
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