<P> The chronotope in literature has an intrinsic generic significance . It can even be said that it is precisely the chronotope that defines genre and generic distinctions, for in literature the primary category in the chronotope is time . The chronotope as a formally constitutive category determines to a significant degree the image of man in literature as well . The image of man is always intrinsically chronotopic . </P> <P> The distinctiveness of chronotopic analysis, in comparison to most other uses of time and space in language analysis, stems from the fact that neither time nor space is privileged by Bakhtin, they are utterly interdependent and they should be studied in this manner . </P> <P> Linguistic anthropologist Keith Basso invoked "chronotopes" in discussing Western (Apache) stories linked with places . At least in the 1980s when Basso was writing about the stories, geographic features reminded the Western Apache of "the moral teachings of their history" by recalling to mind events that occurred there in important moral narratives . By merely mentioning "it happened at (the place called)' men stand above here and there,"' storyteller Nick Thompson could remind locals of the dangers of joining "with outsiders against members of their own community ." Geographic features in the Western Apache landscape are chronotopes, Basso says, in precisely the way Bakhtin defines the term when he says they are "points in the geography of a community where time and space intersect and fuse . Time takes on flesh and becomes visible for human contemplation; likewise, space becomes charged and responsive to the movements of time and history and the enduring character of a people...Chronotopes thus stand as monuments to the community itself, as symbols of it, as forces operating to shape its members' images of themselves" (1981: 84, as cited by Basso 1984: 44--45). </P> <P> More recently chronotopicity has been adopted into the analysis of classroom events and conversations; for example, by Raymond Brown and Peter Renshaw in order to view "student participation in the classroom as a dynamic process constituted through the interaction of past experience, ongoing involvement, and yet - to - be-accomplished goals" (Brown&Renshaw 2006: 247--259). In their study, Kumpulainen, Mikkola, and Jaatinen (2013) examined the chronotopes, that is, the space--time configurations of elementary school students' technology - mediated creative learning practices over a year long school musical project in a Finnish elementary school community . The findings of their study illuminate "blended practices appeared to break away from traditional learning practices, allowing students to navigate in different time zones, spaces, and places with diverse tools situated in their formal and informal lives" (Kumpulainen, Mikkola & Jaatinen, 2013, 53). </P>

Forms of time and the chronotope in the novel