<P> Marcus Garvey encouraged African people around the world to be proud of their race and to see beauty in their own kind . This form of black nationalism later became known as Garveyism . A central idea to Garveyism was that African people in every part of the world were one people and they would never advance if they did not put aside their cultural and ethnic differences and unite under their own shared history . He was heavily influenced by the earlier works of Booker T. Washington, Martin Delany, and Henry McNeal Turner . Garvey used his own personal magnetism and the understanding of black psychology and the psychology of confrontation to create a movement that challenged bourgeois blacks for the minds and souls of African Americans . Marcus Garvey's return to America had to do with his desire to meet with the man who inspired him most, Booker T. Washington but unfortunately Garvey did not return in time to meet Washington . Despite this, Garvey moved forward with his efforts and two years later, a year after Washington's death, Garvey established a similar organization in America known as the United Negro Improvement Association otherwise known as the UNIA . Garvey's beliefs are articulated in The Philosophy and Opinions of Marcus Garvey as well as Message To The People: The Course of African Philosophy . </P> <P> Between 1953 and 1964, while most African leaders worked in the civil rights movement to integrate African - American people into mainstream American life, Malcolm X was an avid advocate of black independence and the reclaiming of black pride and masculinity . He maintained that there was hypocrisy in the purported values of Western culture--from its Judeo - Christian religious traditions to American political and economic institutions--and its inherently racist actions . He maintained that separatism and control of politics, and economics within its own community would serve blacks better than the tactics of civil rights leader Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and mainstream civil rights groups such as the SCLC, SNCC, NAACP, and CORE . Malcolm X declared that nonviolence was the "philosophy of the fool," and that to achieve anything, African Americans would have to reclaim their national identity, embrace the rights covered by the Second Amendment, and defend themselves from white hegemony and extrajudicial violence . In response to Rev. Martin Luther King's famous "I Have a Dream" speech, Malcolm X quipped, "While King was having a dream, the rest of us Negroes are having a nightmare ." </P> <P> Prior to his pilgrimage to Mecca, Malcolm X believed that African Americans must develop their own society and ethical values, including the self - help, community - based enterprises, that the black Muslims supported . He also thought that African Americans should reject integration or cooperation with whites until they could achieve internal cooperation and unity . He prophetically believed that there "would be bloodshed" if the racism problem in America remained ignored, and he renounced "compromise" with whites . In April 1964, Malcolm X participated in a Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca); Malcolm found himself restructuring his views and recanted several extremist opinions during his shift to mainstream Islam . </P> <P> Malcolm X returned from Mecca with moderate views that included an abandonment of his commitment to racial separatism . However, he still supported black nationalism and advocated that African Americans in the United States act proactively in their campaign for equal human rights, instead of relying on Caucasian citizens to change the laws that govern society . The tenets of Malcolm X's new philosophy are articulated in the charter of his Organization of Afro - American Unity (a secular Pan-Africanist group patterned after the Organization of African Unity), and he inspired some aspects of the future Black Panther movement . </P>

What is black nationalism and how influential is it still in the usa (15)