<P> Phoebe, the nurse mentioned in the New Testament, was a deaconess . The role had virtually died out centuries before, but was revived in Germany in 1836 when Theodor Fliedner and his wife Friederike Münster opened the first deaconess motherhouse in Kaiserswerth on the Rhine . The diaconate was soon brought to England and Scandinavia, Kaiserswerth model . The women obligated themselves for 5 years of service, receiving room, board, uniforms, pocket money, and lifelong care . The uniform was the usual dress of the married woman . There were variations, such as an emphasis on preparing women for marriage through training in nursing, child care, social work and housework . In the Anglican Church, the diaconate was an auxiliary to the pastorate, and there were no mother houses . By 1890 there were over 5,000 deaconesses in Protestant Europe, chiefly Germany Scandinavia and England . In World War II, diaconates in war zones sustained heavy damage . As eastern Europe fell to communism, most diaconates were shut down, and 7000 deaconesses became refugees in West Germany . By 1957, in Germany there were 46,000 deaconesses and 10,000 associates . Other countries reported a total of 14,000 deaconesses, most of them Lutherans . In the United States and Canada 1550 women were counted, half of them in the Methodist Church . </P> <P> William Passavant in 1849 brought the first four deaconesses to Pittsburgh, after visiting Kaiserswerth . They worked at the Pittsburgh Infirmary (now Passavant Hospital). Between 1880 and 1915, 62 training schools were opened in the United States . The lack of training had weakened Passavant's programs . However recruiting became increasingly difficult after 1910 as women preferred graduate nursing schools or the social work curriculum offered by state universities . </P> <P> The Crimean War was a significant development in nursing history when English nurse Florence Nightingale laid the foundations of professional nursing with the principles summarised in the book Notes on Nursing . A fund was set up in 1855 by members of the public to raise money for Florence Nightingale and her nurses' work In 1856, £ 44,039 (equivalent to roughly over £ 2 million today) was pooled and with this Nightingale decided to use the money to lay the foundations for a training school at St Thomas' Hospital . In 1860, the training for the first batch of nurses began; upon graduation from the school, these nurses used to be called' Nightingales' . </P> <P> Nightingale's revelation of the abysmal nursing care afforded soldiers in the Crimean War energized reformers . Queen Victoria in 1860 ordered a hospital to be built to train Army nurses and surgeons, the Royal Victoria Hospital . The hospital opened in 1863 in Netley and admitted and cared for military patients . Beginning in 1866, nurses were formally appointed to Military General Hospitals . The Army Nursing Service (ANS) oversaw the work of the nurses starting in 1881 . These military nurses were sent overseas beginning with the First Boer War (often called Zulu War) from 1879 to 1881 . They were also dispatched to serve during the Egyptian Campaign in 1882 and the Sudan War of 1883 to 1884 . During the Sudan War members of the Army Nursing Service nursed in hospital ships on the Nile as well as the Citadel in Cairo . Almost 2000 nurses served during the second Boer War, the Anglo - Boer War of 1899 to 1902, alongside nurses who were part of the colonial armies of Australia, Canada and New Zealand . They served in tented field hospitals . 23 Army Nursing sisters from Britain lost their lives from disease outbreaks . </P>

Who established an efficient system to train nurses