<Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> United States Supreme Court cases </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Marbury v. Madison </Td> </Tr> <P> The Judiciary Act of 1789 (ch. 20, 1 Stat. 73) was a United States federal statute adopted on September 24, 1789, in the first session of the First United States Congress . It established the federal judiciary of the United States . Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution prescribed that the "judicial power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and such inferior Courts" as Congress saw fit to establish . It made no provision for the composition or procedures of any of the courts, leaving this to Congress to decide . </P> <P> The existence of a separate federal judiciary had been controversial during the debates over the ratification of the Constitution . Anti-Federalists had denounced the judicial power as a potential instrument of national tyranny . Indeed, of the ten amendments that eventually became the Bill of Rights, five (the fourth through the eighth) dealt primarily with judicial proceedings . Even after ratification, some opponents of a strong judiciary urged that the federal court system be limited to a Supreme Court and perhaps local admiralty judges . The Congress, however, decided to establish a system of federal trial courts with broader jurisdiction, thereby creating an arm for enforcement of national laws within each state . </P>

What did the judiciary act of 1789 provide for from state courts
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