<P> It has been alleged that the War Powers Resolution has been violated in the past--for example, by President Bill Clinton in 1999, during the bombing campaign in Kosovo . Congress has disapproved all such incidents, but none has resulted in any successful legal actions being taken against the president for alleged violations . </P> <P> Under the United States Constitution, war powers are divided . Under Article I, Section 8, Congress has the power to: </P> <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> declare War; </Li> <Li> grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal (i.e., license private citizens to capture enemy vessels); </Li> <Li> raise and support Armies (for terms up to two years at a time); </Li> <Li> provide and maintain a Navy; </Li> <Li> make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces; </Li> <Li> provide for calling forth the Militia; </Li> <Li> make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water; </Li> <Li> provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the Militia; and </Li> <Li> govern such Part of (the militia) as may be employed in the Service of the United States . </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> declare War; </Li> <Li> grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal (i.e., license private citizens to capture enemy vessels); </Li> <Li> raise and support Armies (for terms up to two years at a time); </Li> <Li> provide and maintain a Navy; </Li> <Li> make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces; </Li> <Li> provide for calling forth the Militia; </Li> <Li> make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water; </Li> <Li> provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the Militia; and </Li> <Li> govern such Part of (the militia) as may be employed in the Service of the United States . </Li> </Ul> </Dd>

Can the president declare war without the approval of congress