<Ol> <Li> Long - chain - fatty - acid--CoA ligase catalyzes the reaction between a fatty acid with ATP to give a fatty acyl adenylate, plus inorganic pyrophosphate, which then reacts with free coenzyme A to give a fatty acyl - CoA ester and AMP . </Li> <Li> If the fatty acyl - CoA has a long chain, then the carnitine shuttle must be utilized: </Li> </Ol> <Li> Long - chain - fatty - acid--CoA ligase catalyzes the reaction between a fatty acid with ATP to give a fatty acyl adenylate, plus inorganic pyrophosphate, which then reacts with free coenzyme A to give a fatty acyl - CoA ester and AMP . </Li> <Li> If the fatty acyl - CoA has a long chain, then the carnitine shuttle must be utilized: </Li> <Ul> <Li> Acyl - CoA is transferred to the hydroxyl group of carnitine by carnitine palmitoyltransferase I, located on the cytosolic faces of the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes . </Li> <Li> Acyl - carnitine is shuttled inside by a carnitine - acylcarnitine translocase, as a carnitine is shuttled outside . </Li> <Li> Acyl - carnitine is converted back to acyl - CoA by carnitine palmitoyltransferase II, located on the interior face of the inner mitochondrial membrane . The liberated carnitine is shuttled back to the cytosol, as an acyl - carnitine is shuttled into the matrix . </Li> </Ul>

Where does nadh from beta oxidation go next