<P> Although there is a theoretical yield of 38 ATP molecules per glucose during cellular respiration, such conditions are generally not realized because of losses such as the cost of moving pyruvate (from glycolysis), phosphate, and ADP (substrates for ATP synthesis) into the mitochondria . All are actively transported using carriers that utilize the stored energy in the proton electrochemical gradient . </P> <Ul> <Li> Pyruvate is taken up by a specific, low Km transporter to bring it into the mitochondrial matrix for oxidation by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex . </Li> <Li> The phosphate carrier (PiC) mediates the electroneutral exchange (antiport) of phosphate (H PO; P) for OH or symport of phosphate and protons (H) across the inner membrane, and the driving force for moving phosphate ions into the mitochondria is the proton motive force . </Li> <Li> The ATP - ADP translocase (also called adenine nucleotide translocase, ANT) is an antiporter and exchanges ADP and ATP across the inner membrane . The driving force is due to the ATP (− 4) having a more negative charge than the ADP (− 3), and thus it dissipates some of the electrical component of the proton electrochemical gradient . </Li> </Ul> <Li> Pyruvate is taken up by a specific, low Km transporter to bring it into the mitochondrial matrix for oxidation by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex . </Li> <Li> The phosphate carrier (PiC) mediates the electroneutral exchange (antiport) of phosphate (H PO; P) for OH or symport of phosphate and protons (H) across the inner membrane, and the driving force for moving phosphate ions into the mitochondria is the proton motive force . </Li>

1. for each glucose molecule atp are produced in glycolysis