<P> The British moved the capital to New Delhi in 1911 . Calcutta continued to be a centre for revolutionary organisations associated with the Indian independence movement . The city and its port were bombed several times by the Japanese between 1942 and 1944, during World War II . Coinciding with the war, millions starved to death during the Bengal famine of 1943 due to a combination of military, administrative, and natural factors . Demands for the creation of a Muslim state led in 1946 to an episode of communal violence that killed over 4,000 . The partition of India led to further clashes and a demographic shift--many Muslims left for East Pakistan (present day Bangladesh), while hundreds of thousands of Hindus fled into the city . </P> <P> During the 1960s and 1970s, severe power shortages, strikes, and a violent Marxist--Maoist movement by groups known as the Naxalites damaged much of the city's infrastructure, resulting in economic stagnation . The Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971 led to a massive influx of thousands of refugees, many of them penniless, that strained Kolkata's infrastructure . During the mid-1980s, Mumbai (then called Bombay) overtook Kolkata as India's most populous city . In 1985, prime minister Rajiv Gandhi dubbed Kolkata a "dying city" in light of its socio - political woes . In the period 1977--2011, West Bengal was governed from Kolkata by the Left Front, which was dominated by the Communist Party of India (CPM). It was the world's longest - serving democratically elected communist government, during which Kolkata was a key base for Indian communism . In the West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, 2011, Left Front was defeated by the Trinamool Congress . The city's economic recovery gathered momentum after the 1990s, when India began to institute pro-market reforms . Since 2000, the information technology (IT) services sector has revitalised Kolkata's stagnant economy . The city is also experiencing marked growth in its manufacturing base . </P> <P> Spread roughly north--south along the east bank of the Hooghly River, Kolkata sits within the lower Ganges Delta of eastern India; the city's elevation is 1.5--9 m (5--30 ft). Much of the city was originally a wetland that was reclaimed over the decades to accommodate a burgeoning population . The remaining undeveloped areas, known as the East Kolkata Wetlands, were designated a "wetland of international importance" by the Ramsar Convention (1975). As with most of the Indo - Gangetic Plain, the soil and water are predominantly alluvial in origin . Kolkata is located over the "Bengal basin", a pericratonic tertiary basin . Bengal basin comprises three structural units: shelf or platform in the west; central hinge or shelf / slope break; and deep basinal part in the east and southeast . Kolkata is located atop the western part of the hinge zone which is about 25 km (16 mi) wide at a depth of about 45,000 m (148,000 ft) below the surface . The shelf and hinge zones have many faults, among them some are active . Total thickness of sediment below Kolkata is nearly 7,500 m (24,600 ft) above the crystalline basement; of these the top 350--450 m (1,150--1,480 ft) is Quaternary, followed by 4,500--5,500 m (14,760--18,040 ft) of Tertiary sediments, 500--700 m (1,640--2,300 ft) trap wash of Cretaceous trap and 600--800 m (1,970--2,620 ft) Permian - Carboniferous Gondwana rocks . The quaternary sediments consist of clay, silt, and several grades of sand and gravel . These sediments are sandwiched between two clay beds: the lower one at a depth of 250--650 m (820--2,130 ft); the upper one 10--40 m (30--130 ft) in thickness . According to the Bureau of Indian Standards, on a scale ranging from I to V in order of increasing susceptibility to earthquakes, the city lies inside seismic zone III . </P> <P> The Kolkata metropolitan area is spread over 1,886.67 km (728.45 sq mi) and comprises 3 municipal corporations (including Kolkata Municipal Corporation), 39 local municipalities and 24 panchayat samitis, as of 2011 . The urban agglomeration encompassed 72 cities and 527 towns and villages, as of 2006 . Suburban areas in the Kolkata metropolitan area incorporate parts of the following districts: North 24 Parganas, South 24 Parganas, Howrah, Hooghly, and Nadia . Kolkata, which is under the jurisdiction of the Kolkata Municipal Corporation (KMC), has an area of 185 km (71 sq mi). The east--west dimension of the city is comparatively narrow, stretching from the Hooghly River in the west to roughly the Eastern Metropolitan Bypass in the east--a span of 9--10 km (5.6--6.2 mi). The north--south distance is greater, and its axis is used to section the city into North, Central, and South Kolkata . East Kolkata is also a section . </P>

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