<Li> John Jay (5 articles: No. 2--5 and 64). </Li> <P> A total of 85 articles were written by the three men in a span of ten months under the pseudonym "Publius" because it recalled the founder of the Roman Republic, and using it implied a positive intention . Madison is now acknowledged as the father of the Constitution--despite his repeated rejection of this honor during his lifetime . Madison became a leading member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Virginia (1789--1797), Secretary of State (1801--1809), and ultimately the fourth President of the United States . Hamilton, who had been a leading advocate of national constitutional reform throughout the 1780s and represented New York at the Constitutional Convention, in 1789 became the first Secretary of the Treasury, a post he held until his resignation in 1795 . John Jay, who had been secretary for foreign affairs under the Articles of Confederation from 1784 through their expiration in 1789, became the first Chief Justice of the United States in 1789, stepping down in 1795 to accept election as governor of New York, a post he held for two terms, retiring in 1801 . </P> <P> The Federalist articles appeared in three New York newspapers: The Independent Journal, the New - York Packet, and the Daily Advertiser, beginning on October 27, 1787 . Although written and published with haste, The Federalist articles were widely read and greatly influenced the shape of American political institutions . Between them, Hamilton, Madison and Jay kept up a rapid pace, with at times three or four new essays by Publius appearing in the papers in a week . Garry Wills observes that the pace of production "overwhelmed" any possible response: "Who, given ample time could have answered such a battery of arguments? And no time was given ." Hamilton also encouraged the reprinting of the essay in newspapers outside New York state, and indeed they were published in several other states where the ratification debate was taking place . However, they were only irregularly published outside New York, and in other parts of the country they were often overshadowed by local writers . </P> <P> Because the essays were initially published in New York, most of them begin with the same salutation: "To the People of the State of New York". </P>

The federalist papers were written by all of the following except