<P> Monarchy was the prevalent form of government in the history of Europe throughout the Middle Ages, only occasionally competing with communalism, notably in the case of the Maritime republics and the Swiss Confederacy . </P> <P> Republicanism became more prevalent in the Early Modern period, but monarchy remained predominant in Europe during the 19th century . Since the end of World War I, however, most European monarchies have been abolished . There remain, as of 2016, twelve (12) sovereign monarchies in Europe . Of these, seven are kingdoms: Denmark, Norway and Sweden and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland are of pre-modern origin; the kingdoms of the Netherlands and of Belgium were established in 1815 and 1830, respectively; the Kingdom of Spain, founded in 1479, was abolished in 1931, restored in 1947 / 69, before Spain transitioned to democracy in 1978 as a constitutional monarchy . The principalities of Andorra, Liechtenstein, and Monaco and the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg were restored as sovereign states in the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars . The State of the Vatican City was recognized as a sovereign state administered by the Holy See in 1929 . </P> <P> Ten of these monarchies are hereditary, and two are elective: Vatican City (the Pope, elected at the papal conclave), and Andorra (technically a semi-elective diarchy, the joint heads of state being the elected President of France and the Bishop of Urgell, appointed by the Pope). </P>

Which countries in europe have kings and queens
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