<P> Koch's postulates (/ ˈkɔːx /) are four criteria designed to establish a causative relationship between a microbe and a disease . The postulates were formulated by Robert Koch and Friedrich Loeffler in 1884, based on earlier concepts described by Jakob Henle, and refined and published by Koch in 1890 . Koch applied the postulates to describe the etiology of cholera and tuberculosis, but they have been controversially generalized to other diseases . These postulates were generated prior to understanding of modern concepts in microbial pathogenesis that cannot be examined using Koch's postulates, including viruses (which are obligate cellular parasites) or asymptomatic carriers . They have largely been supplanted by other criteria such as the Bradford Hill criteria for infectious disease causality in modern public health . </P> <P> Koch's postulates are the following: </P>

Who established the criteria for identifying which specific organism caused a specific disease