<P> Many migratory birds time their arrival to coincide with the opening of the canopy, which provides the insects that are their principal food sources for raising young . The spring warblers of North America are a typical, for example the black - throated blue warbler . Owing to the availability of wood from standing and fallen trees, woodpeckers are frequently found . The pileated woodpecker is a typical large species . Fallen wood, known as coarse woody debris, provides shelter for many kinds of amphibians, particularly salamanders . Many well - known animals live in this kind of forest; a few examples include squirrels, which are an important canopy species, and bears, which hibernate in the winter . The top predators in deciduous forest were once wolves and cougars, along with species of weasel like the fisher . </P> <P> Humans have often colonized areas in the temperate deciduous forest . They have harvested wood for timber and charcoal . During the settlement of North America, potash made from tree ashes was exported back to Europe as fertilizer . This left less than one - quarter of original forests to remain . Many forests are now small fragments dissected by fields and roads; these islands of green often differ substantially from the original forests, particularly along the edges . The introduction of exotic diseases continues to be a threat to forest trees, and hence, the forest; examples include the loss of chestnut and elm . At the same time, species such as deer, which are clearing rather than true forest animals, have expanded their range and proliferated in these altered landscapes . Large deer populations have deleterious effects on tree regeneration overall, but particularly for edible species including yew, yellow birch, and hemlock . Deer grazing also has significant negative effects on the number and kind of herbaceous flowering plants . The continuing pressure to increase deer populations, and the continued killing of top carnivores, suggests that overgrazing by deer will continue to be a significant forest conservation problem . Objective criteria for the restoration of deciduous forest include large trees, coarse woody debris, spring ephemeral, and top predators . </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> Forests maintain water flow in streams . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> A mature elm tree </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Young deciduous forest </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Nothofagus antarctica in summer </P> </Li> </Ul> <Li> <P> Forests maintain water flow in streams . </P> </Li>

Where are temperate deciduous forests found in india