<P> Another area which has been commented on is the role of the Kyoto flexibility mechanisms--emissions trading, Joint Implementation, and the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). The flexibility mechanisms have attracted both positive and negative comments . </P> <P> As mentioned earlier, a number of Annex I Parties have implemented emissions trading schemes (ETSs) as part of efforts to meet their Kyoto commitments . General commentaries on emissions trading are contained in emissions trading and carbon emission trading . Individual articles on the ETSs contain commentaries on these schemes (see Kyoto Protocol #International Emissions Trading for a list of ETSs). </P> <P> One of the arguments made in favour of the flexibility mechanisms is that they can reduce the costs incurred by Annex I Parties in meeting their Kyoto commitments . Criticisms of flexibility have, for example, included the ineffectiveness of emissions trading in promoting investment in non-fossil energy sources, and adverse impacts of CDM projects on local communities in developing countries . </P> <P> As the Kyoto Protocol seeks to reduce environmental pollutants while at the same time altering the freedoms of some citizens . </P>

Kyoto protocols first meeting was held at which country