<Li> Sanford E. Thompson (1867--1949) </Li> <Li> Frank B. Gilbreth (1868--1924). Gilbreth's independent work on "motion study" is on record as early as 1885; after meeting Taylor in 1906 and being introduced to scientific management, Gilbert devoted his efforts to introducing scientific management into factories . Gilbreth and his wife Dr Lillian Moller Gilbreth (1878--1972) performed micro-motion studies using stop - motion cameras as well as developing the profession of industrial / organizational psychology . </Li> <Li> Harrington Emerson (1853--1931) began determining what industrial plants' products and costs were compared to what they ought to be in 1895 . Emerson did not meet Taylor until December 1900, and the two never worked together . </Li> <P> Emerson's testimony in late 1910 to the Interstate Commerce Commission brought the movement to national attention and instigated serious opposition . Emerson contended the railroads might save $1,000,000 a day by paying greater attention to efficiency of operation . By January 1911, a leading railroad journal began a series of articles denying they were inefficiently managed . </P>

When did the serious study of management begin