<P> By the close of the 19th century, European powers had managed to gain control of most of the African interior . The new rulers introduced cash - based economies which created an enormous demand for literacy and a western education--a demand which for most Africans could only be satisfied by Christian missionaries . Catholic missionaries followed colonial governments into Africa, and built schools, hospitals, monasteries and churches . </P> <P> The influence of the Church on Western letters and learning has been formidable . The ancient texts of the Bible have deeply influenced Western art, literature and culture . For centuries following the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, small monastic communities were practically the only outposts of literacy in Western Europe . In time, the Cathedral schools developed into Europe's earliest universities and the church has established thousands of primary, secondary and tertiary institutions throughout the world in the centuries since . The Church and clergymen have also sought at different times to censor texts and scholars . Thus different schools of opinion exist as to the role and influence of the Church in relation to western letters and learning . </P> <P> One view, first propounded by Enlightenment philosophers, asserts that the Church's doctrines are entirely superstitious and have hindered the progress of civilization . Communist states have made similar arguments in their education in order to inculcate a negative view of Catholicism (and religion in general) in their citizens . The most famous incidents cited by such critics are the Church's condemnations of the teachings of Copernicus, Galileo Galilei and Johannes Kepler . </P> <P> In opposition to this view, some historians of science, including non-Catholics such as J.L. Heilbron, A.C. Crombie, David Lindberg, Edward Grant, historian of science Thomas Goldstein, and Ted Davis, have argued that the Church had a significant, positive influence on the development of Western civilization . They hold that, not only did monks save and cultivate the remnants of ancient civilization during the barbarian invasions, but that the Church promoted learning and science through its sponsorship of many universities which, under its leadership, grew rapidly in Europe in the 11th and 12th centuries . Copernicus, Galileo Galilei, and Johannes Kepler all considered themselves Christian . St. Thomas Aquinas, the Church's "model theologian," argued that reason is in harmony with faith, and that reason can contribute to a deeper understanding of revelation, and so encouraged intellectual development . The Church's priest - scientists, many of whom were Jesuits, have been among the leading lights in astronomy, genetics, geomagnetism, meteorology, seismology, and solar physics, becoming some of the "fathers" of these sciences . Examples include important churchmen such as the Augustinian abbot Gregor Mendel (pioneer in the study of genetics), the monk William of Ockham who developed Ockham's Razor, Roger Bacon (a Franciscan friar who was one of the early advocates of the scientific method), and Belgian priest Georges Lemaître (the first to propose the Big Bang theory). Other notable priest scientists have included Albertus Magnus, Robert Grosseteste, Nicholas Steno, Francesco Grimaldi, Giambattista Riccioli, Roger Boscovich, and Athanasius Kircher . Even more numerous are Catholic laity involved in science: Henri Becquerel who discovered radioactivity; Galvani, Volta, Ampere, Marconi, pioneers in electricity and telecommunications; Lavoisier, "father of modern chemistry"; Vesalius, founder of modern human anatomy; and Cauchy, one of the mathematicians who laid the rigorous foundations of calculus . </P>

How can religion influence the development of an empire