<P> South of the Atlas Mountains is the dry and barren expanse of the Sahara desert, which is the largest sand desert in the world . In places the desert is cut by irregular watercourses called wadis--streams that flow only after rainfalls but are usually dry . The Sahara's major landforms include ergs, large seas of sand that sometimes form into huge dunes; the hammada, a level rocky plateau without soil or sand; and the reg, a level plain of gravel or small stones . The Sahara covers the southern part of Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia, and most of Libya . Only two regions of Libya are outside the desert: Tripolitania in the northwest and Cyrenaica in the northeast . Most of Egypt is also desert, with the exception of the Nile River and the irrigated land along its banks . The Nile Valley forms a narrow fertile thread that runs along the length of the country . </P> <P> Sheltered valleys in the Atlas Mountains, the Nile Valley and Delta, and the Mediterranean coast are the main sources of fertile farming land . A wide variety of valuable crops including cereals, rice and cotton, and woods such as cedar and cork, are grown . Typical Mediterranean crops, such as olives, figs, dates and citrus fruits, also thrive in these areas . The Nile Valley is particularly fertile, and most of the population in Egypt live close to the river . Elsewhere, irrigation is essential to improve crop yields on the desert margins . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Countries and territories </Th> <Th> Area (2016) (km2) </Th> <Th> Population (2016) </Th> <Th> Density (2016) (per km2) </Th> <Th> Capital </Th> <Th> Total GDP (2016) </Th> <Th> GDP per capita (2016) </Th> <Th> Currency </Th> <Th> Government </Th> <Th> Official languages </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Algeria </Td> <Td> 2,381,740.00 </Td> <Td> 40,606,052.00 </Td> <Td> 17.05 </Td> <Td> Algiers </Td> <Td> $160,784 </Td> <Td> $15,281 </Td> <Td> Algerian dinar </Td> <Td> Presidential republic </Td> <Td> Arabic and Berber (both official), French is commonly used </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Egypt </Td> <Td> 1,001,450.00 </Td> <Td> 95,688,681.00 </Td> <Td> 96 </Td> <Td> Cairo </Td> <Td> $332,349 </Td> <Td> $12,554 </Td> <Td> Egyptian pound </Td> <Td> Semi-presidential republic </Td> <Td> Arabic </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Libya </Td> <Td> 1,759,540.00 </Td> <Td> 6,293,253.00 </Td> <Td> 3.58 </Td> <Td> Tripoli </Td> <Td> $33,157 </Td> <Td> $8,678 </Td> <Td> Libyan dinar </Td> <Td> Provisional authority </Td> <Td> Arabic </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Morocco </Td> <Td> 446,550.00 </Td> <Td> 35,276,786.00 </Td> <Td> 73.1 </Td> <Td> Rabat </Td> <Td> $103,615 </Td> <Td> $8,330 </Td> <Td> Moroccan dirham </Td> <Td> Constitutional monarchy </Td> <Td> Arabic and Berber (both official), French is commonly used </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tunisia </Td> <Td> 163,610.00 </Td> <Td> 11,403,248.00 </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> Tunis </Td> <Td> $41,869 </Td> <Td> $11,634 </Td> <Td> Tunisian dinar </Td> <Td> Parliamentary republic </Td> <Td> Arabic, French is commonly used . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ceuta (claimed by Morocco) </Td> <Td> 18.5 </Td> <Td> 82,376 </Td> <Td> 4,500 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Autonomous city of a unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy </Td> <Td> Spanish </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Melilla (claimed by Morocco) </Td> <Td> 12.3 </Td> <Td> 78,476 </Td> <Td> 6,380.1 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Autonomous city of a unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy </Td> <Td> Spanish </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Other Plazas de soberanía (plazas menores) (claimed by Morocco) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> est. 250 - 400 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canary Islands </Td> <Td> 7,493 </Td> <Td> 2,101,924 </Td> <Td> 280 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Autonomous community of a unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy </Td> <Td> Spanish </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (partially recognized state, territory disputed with Morocco) </Td> <Td> 100,000 (in controlled territory) </Td> <Td> 266,000 (controlled) 538,755 (claimed) </Td> <Td> 0.37 (controlled), 1.9 (claimed) </Td> <Td> El - Aaiún (claimed) <P> Tifariti (controlled) </P> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Spanish, Arabic </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Western Sahara (region) (claimed by both SADR and Morocco) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 538,755 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> disputed </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> disputed </Td> <Td> disputed </Td> <Td> None officially, de facto Spanish, Arabic, and French </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pelagie Islands </Td> <Td> 25.5 </Td> <Td> 6,066 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Italian </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> <P> Source: </P> <Ul> <Li> The World Bank </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Tr> <Th> Countries and territories </Th> <Th> Area (2016) (km2) </Th> <Th> Population (2016) </Th> <Th> Density (2016) (per km2) </Th> <Th> Capital </Th> <Th> Total GDP (2016) </Th> <Th> GDP per capita (2016) </Th> <Th> Currency </Th> <Th> Government </Th> <Th> Official languages </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr>

List of countries in north africa and their capitals
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