<P> In the following dynasties, universal conscription was abolished and reintroduced on numerous occasions . </P> <P> As of 2011, universal military conscription is theoretically mandatory in the People's Republic of China, and reinforced by law . However, due to the large population of China and large pool of candidates available for recruitment, the People's Liberation Army has always had sufficient volunteers, so conscription has not been required in practice at all . </P> <P> Every male citizen of the Republic of Austria up to the age of 35 can be drafted for a six month long basic military training in the Bundesheer . For men refusing to undergo this training, a nine - month lasting community service is mandatory . </P> <P> Military service in the Cypriot National Guard is mandatory for all male citizens of the Republic of Cyprus, as well as any male non-citizens born of a parent of Greek Cypriot descent, lasting from the January 1 of the year in which they turn 18 years of age to December 31, of the year in which they turn 50 . All male residents of Cyprus who are of military age (16 and over) are required to obtain an exit visa from the Ministry of Defense . </P>

Where do forces begin and where do they end