<P> The "mutilated victory" (vittoria mutilata) became an important part of Italian Fascism propaganda . </P> <P> The Republic of China had been one of the Allies; during the war, it had sent thousands of labourers to France . At the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, the Chinese delegation called for an end to Western imperialistic institutions in China, but was rebuffed . China requested at least the formal restoration of its territory of Jiaozhou Bay, under German colonial control since 1898 . But the western Allies rejected China's request, instead granting transfer to Japan of all of Germany's pre-war territory and rights in China . Subsequently, China did not sign the Treaty of Versailles, instead signing a separate peace treaty with Germany in 1921 . </P> <P> The Austro - Hungarian and German concessions in Tianjin were placed under the administration of the Chinese government; in 1920 they occupied the Russian area as well . </P> <P> The western Allies' substantial accession to Japan's territorial ambitions at China's expense led to the May Fourth Movement in China, a social and political movement that had profound influence over subsequent Chinese history . The May Fourth Movement is often cited as the birth of Chinese nationalism, and both the Kuomintang and Chinese Communist Party consider the Movement to be an important period in their own histories . </P>

The change in the balkan states between 1914 and 1930 is a result of