<P> German magic realist paintings influenced the Italian writer Massimo Bontempelli, who has been called the first to apply magic realism to writing, aiming to capture the fantastic, mysterious nature of reality . In 1926 he founded the magic realist magazine 900. Novecento, and his writings influenced Belgian magic realist writers Johan Daisne and Hubert Lampo . </P> <P> Roh's magic realism also influenced writers in Hispanic America, where it was translated as realismo mágico in 1927 . Venezuelan writer Arturo Uslar - Pietri, who had known Bontempelli, wrote influential magic realist short stories in the 1930s and 40s that focused on the mystery and reality of how we live . Luis Leal attests that Pietri seemed to have been the first to adopt the term realismo mágico in Hispanic America in 1948 . There are evidence that Mexican writer Elena Garro used the same term to describe the works of E.T.A. Hoffmann but dismissed her own work as a part of the genre . French - Russian Cuban writer Alejo Carpentier, who rejected Roh's magic realism as tiresome pretension, developed his related concept lo real maravilloso, or marvelous realism, in 1949 . Maggie Ann Bowers writes that marvelous realist literature and art expresses "the seemingly opposed perspectives of a pragmatic, practical and tangible approach to reality and an acceptance of magic and superstition" within an environment of differing cultures . </P> <P> The term magical realism, as opposed to magic realism, first emerged in the 1955 essay "Magical Realism in Spanish American Fiction" by critic Angel Flores to refer to writing that combines aspects of magic realism and marvelous realism . While Flores named Jorge Luis Borges as the first magical realist, he failed to acknowledge either Carpentier or Pietri for bringing Roh's magic realism to Latin America . Borges is often seen as a predecessor of magical realists, with only Flores considering him a true magical realist . </P> <P> After Flores's essay, there was a resurgence of interest in marvelous realism, which, after the Cuban revolution of 1959, led to the term magical realism being applied to a new type of literature known for matter - of - fact portrayal of magical events . </P>

Which of the following is not listed as an ancestor of 20th-century surrealism