<Li> If a person experiences a state of arousal for which they have an appropriate explanation (e.g.' I feel this way because I have just received an injection of adrenaline'), then they will be unlikely to label their feelings in terms of the alternative cognitions available . </Li> <Li> If a person is put in a situation, which in the past could have made them feel an emotion, they will react emotionally or experience emotions only if they are in a state of physiological arousal . </Li> <P> Participants were told they were being injected with a new drug called "Suproxin" to test their eyesight . The participants were actually injected with epinephrine (which causes respiration, an increase in blood pressure and heart rate) or a placebo . There were four conditions that participants were randomly placed in: epinephrine informed, epinephrine ignorant, epinephrine misinformed and a control group . The epinephrine informed group was told they may feel side effects including that their hands would start to shake, their heart will start to pound, and their face may get warm and flushed . This condition was expected to use cues to explain their physiological change . In the epinephrine ignorant group, the experimenters did not explain to the subjects what symptoms they might feel . This group was expected to use cues to explain their physiological change . The epinephrine misinformed group was told that they would probably feel their feet go numb, and have an itching sensation over parts of their body, and a slight headache . This group was expected to use cues around them for their physiological change . The control group was injected with a placebo and was given no side effects to expect . This group was used as a control because they were not experiencing a physiological change and have no emotion of label . After the injection, a confederate interacted with the students, who was either acting euphoric or angry . The experimenters watched through a one way mirror and rated the participants' state on a three category scale . The participants were then given a questionnaire and their heart rate was checked . </P> <P> The researchers found that the impact of the confederate was different for the participants in the different conditions . From high to low euphoria their ranking was as follows: epinephrine misinformed, epinephrine ignorant, placebo, epinephrine informed . In the anger condition the ranking was: epinephrine ignorant, placebo, epinephrine informed . Both results show that those participants who had no explanation of why their body felt as it did, were more susceptible to the confederate . These findings are considered to support the researchers' hypotheses . </P>

Critics of schachter and singer's theory of emotion argue that