<P> Title IX is a federal civil rights law in the United States of America that was passed as part of the Education Amendments of 1972 . This is Public Law No. 92 ‐ 318, 86 Stat. 235 (June 23, 1972), codified at 20 U.S.C. § § 1681--1688 . It was co-authored and introduced by Senator Birch Bayh in the U.S. Senate . It was later renamed the Patsy Mink Equal Opportunity in Education Act in 2002 after Patsy Mink, its late U.S. House co-author and sponsor . The following is the original text as written and signed into law by President Richard Nixon in 1972: </P> <P> No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance . </P> <P> Title IX was enacted as a follow - up to passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . The 1964 Act was passed to end discrimination in various fields based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in the areas of employment and public accommodation . The 1964 Act did not prohibit sex discrimination against persons not employed at educational institutions . Feminists during the early 1970s lobbied leaders to draft a separate law to include this demographic which was mostly applied to athletics, implicitly, at the time . This demographic was largely the student demographic enrolled at U.S. schools and universities . Title IX did not apply to employees, as they were already protected under the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . While Title IX is best known for its impact on high school and collegiate athletics, the original statute made no explicit mention of sports . Coverage of sports was implied, however, as this was the topic on which the lobbying was based . President Barack Obama used Title IX to extend protections on the basis of sexual orientation, gender identity, and physical or mental handicap through a series of "Dear Colleague" letters that remain in legal limbo . Under U.S. President Donald Trump, this has been rescinded back to the original protections under the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . </P> <P> In 1967, U.S. President Lyndon Johnson wrote a series of executive orders involving the 1964 Act to make some clarifications . Before these clarifications were made, the National Organization for Women (NOW) persuaded him through successful lobbying, or influencing, his personal aides or Members of Congress to include the addition of women . Executive Order 11375 required all entities receiving federal contracts to end discrimination on the basis of sex in hiring and employment . In 1969, a notable example of its successes was Bernice Sandler who used the executive order to retain her job and tenure at the University of Maryland . She utilized university statistics in showing how female employment at the university had plummeted as qualified women were replaced by men . Sandler then brought her complaints to the Department of Labor's Office for Federal Fair Contracts Compliance where she was now encouraged to file a formal complaint; in later citing inequalities in pay, rank, admissions, among others . Sandler soon began to file complaints against the University of Maryland and against other colleges while working with NOW and the Women's Equity Action League (WEAL). Sandler later filed two - hundred and sixty - nine (269) complaints against colleges and universities to only create a movement of her own, which led to the events in 1970 . In 1970, Sandler joined U.S. House Representative Edith Green's Subcommittee on Higher Education of the Education and Labor Committee, and observed corresponding congressional hearings relating to women's issues on employment, and equal opportunity . In these hearings, Green and Sandler initially proposed the idea of Title IX . An early legislative draft was then authored by Representative Patsy Mink with the assistance of Representative Edith Green . In the hearing, there were mentions of athletics . The idea behind the draft was a progressive one in somewhat instituting an affirmative action for women in all aspects of American education . </P>

In 1972 congress passed title ix of the higher education amendment which
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