<P> Important debates in the history of science concern rationalism, especially as advocated by René Descartes; inductivism and / or empiricism, as argued for by Francis Bacon, and rising to particular prominence with Isaac Newton and his followers; and hypothetico - deductivism, which came to the fore in the early 19th century . </P> <P> The term "scientific method" did not come into wide use until the 19th century, when other modern scientific terminologies began to emerge such as "scientist" and "pseudoscience" and significant transformation of science was taking place . Throughout the 1830s and 1850s, by which time Baconianism was popular, naturalists like William Whewell, John Herschel, John Stewart Mill engaged in debates over "induction" and "facts" and were focused on how to generate knowledge . In the late 19th a debate over realism vs. antirealism was conducted as powerful scientific theories extended beyond the realm of the observable . </P> <P> The term "scientific method" came to be used prominently in the twentieth century, with no scientific authorities over its meaning despite it popping up in textbooks and dictionaries . Though there was a steady growth on the concept into the twentieth century, by the end of that century numerous influential philosophers of science like Thomas Kuhn and Paul Feyerabend had questioned the universality of the "scientific method" and in doing so largely replaced the notion of science as a homogeneous and universal method with that of it being a heterogeneous and local practice . In particular, Paul Feyerabend argued against there being any universal rules of science . </P> <P> The scientific method is the process by which science is carried out . As in other areas of inquiry, science (through the scientific method) can build on previous knowledge and develop a more sophisticated understanding of its topics of study over time . This model can be seen to underlie the scientific revolution . </P>

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