<P> Darwin's ideas, along with those of such as Comte and Quetelet, influenced a number of what would now be called social scientists in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries . Hodgson and Knudsen single out David George Ritchie and Thorstein Veblen, crediting the former with anticipating both dual inheritance theory and universal Darwinism . Contra the stereotypical image of social Darwinism that developed later in the century neither Ritchie nor Veblen were on the political right . </P> <P> The early years of the twentieth century and particularly the First World War saw biological concepts and metaphors shunned by most social sciences . Even uttering the word evolution carried "serious risk to one's intellectual reputation". Darwinian ideas were also in decline following the rediscovery of Mendelian genetics but were revived, especially by Fisher, Haldane and Wright, who developed the first population genetic models and as it became known the modern synthesis . Cultural evolutionary concepts, or even metaphors, revived more slowly . If there was one influential individual in the revival it was probably Donald T. Campbell . In 1960 he drew on Wright to draw a parallel between genetic evolution and the "blind variation and selective retention" of creative ideas; work that was developed into a full theory of "socio - cultural evolution" in 1965 (a work that includes references to other works in the then current revival of interest in the field . Campbell (1965 26) was clear that he understood cultural evolution not as an analogy "from organic evolution per se, but rather from a general model for quasiteleological processes for which organic evolution is but one instance". </P> <P> Others pursued more specific analogies notably the anthropologist F.T. (Ted) Cloak who argued in 1975 for the existence of learnt cultural instructions (cultural corpuscles or i - culture) resulting in material artefacts (m - culture) such as wheels . The argument thereby introduced as to whether cultural evolution requires neurological instructions continues to the present day . </P> <P> In the 19th century cultural evolution was thought to follow a unilineal pattern whereby all cultures progressively develop over time . The underlying assumption being that Cultural Evolution itself led to the growth and development of civilization </P>

Who presented the 161 different definition of culture