<P> A highly Persianized and technical form of Urdu was the lingua franca of the law courts of the British administration in Bengal, Bihar, and the North - West Provinces & Oudh . Until the late 19th century, all proceedings and court transactions in this register of Urdu were written officially in the Persian script . In 1880, Sir Ashley Eden, the Lieutenant - Governor of Bengal abolished the use of the Persian alphabet in the law courts of Bengal and Bihar and ordered the exclusive use of Kaithi, a popular script used for both Urdu and Hindi . Kaithi's association with Urdu and Hindi was ultimately eliminated by the political contest between these languages and their scripts, in which the Persian script was definitively linked to Urdu . </P> <P> More recently in India, Urdu speakers have adopted Devanagari for publishing Urdu periodicals and have innovated new strategies to mark Urdu in Devanagari as distinct from Hindi in Devanagari . Such publishers have introduced new orthographic features into Devanagari for the purpose of representing the Perso - Arabic etymology of Urdu words . One example is the use of अ (Devanagari a) with vowel signs to mimic contexts of ع ‬ (' ain), in violation of Hindi orthographic rules . For Urdu publishers, the use of Devanagari gives them a greater audience, whereas the orthographic changes help them preserve a distinct identity of Urdu . </P> <P> Urdu has become a literary language only in recent centuries, as Persian was formerly the idiom of choice for the Muslim courts of North India . However, despite its relatively late development, Urdu literature boasts of some world - recognised artists and a considerable corpus . </P> <P> Urdu afsana is a kind of Urdu prose in which many experiments have been done by short story writers from Munshi Prem Chand, Sadat Hasan Manto, Rajindra Singh Bedi, Ismat Chughtai, Krishan Chandra to Naeem Baig. and Rahman Abbas . </P>

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