<P> The Florida vagrancy law allowed for punishments of up to one year of labor . Children whose parents were convicted of vagrancy could be hired out as apprentices . </P> <P> These laws applied to any "person of color," which was defined as someone with at least one Negro great - grandparent, or one - eighth black ancestry . White women could not live with men of color . Colored workers could be punished for disrespecting White employers . The explicit racism in the law was supplemented by racist enforcement discretion (and other inequalities) in the practice of law enforcement and legal systems . </P> <P> In Maryland, a fierce battle began immediately after emancipation (by the Maryland Constitution of 1864) over requiring apprenticeship of young black people . By 1860, 45.6% of the black population in the state was already free . Former slave owners rushed to place the children of freedpeople in multi-year apprenticeships; the Freedmen's Bureau and some others tried to stop them . The legislature stripped Baltimore Judge Hugh Lennox Bond of his position because he cooperated with the Bureau in this matter . Salmon Chase, as Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court, eventually overruled the Maryland apprentice laws on the grounds of their violation of the Civil Rights Act of 1866 . </P> <P> North Carolina's Black Code specified racial differences in punishment, establishing harsher sentences for Blacks convicted of rape . </P>

Who was the last black republican elected to congress during the immediate post-reconstruction