<P> EPO is highly glycosylated (40% of total molecular weight), with half - life in blood around 5 h . EPO's half - life may vary between endogenous and various recombinant versions . Additional glycosylation or other alterations of EPO via recombinant technology have led to the increase of EPO's stability in blood (thus requiring less frequent injections). </P> <P> Erythropoietin is an essential hormone for red blood cell production . Without it, definitive erythropoiesis does not take place . Under hypoxic conditions, the kidney will produce and secrete erythropoietin to increase the production of red blood cells by targeting CFU - E, pro erythroblast and basophilic erythroblast subsets in the differentiation . Erythropoietin has its primary effect on red blood cell progenitors and precursors (which are found in the bone marrow in humans) by promoting their survival through protecting these cells from apoptosis, or cell death . </P> <P> Erythropoietin is the primary erythropoietic factor that cooperates with various other growth factors (e.g., IL - 3, IL - 6, glucocorticoids, and SCF) involved in the development of erythroid lineage from multipotent progenitors . The burst - forming unit - erythroid (BFU - E) cells start erythropoietin receptor expression and are sensitive to erythropoietin . Subsequent stage, the colony - forming unit - erythroid (CFU - E), expresses maximal erythropoietin receptor density and is completely dependent on erythropoietin for further differentiation . Precursors of red cells, the proerythroblasts and basophilic erythroblasts also express erythropoietin receptor and are therefore affected by it . </P> <P> Erythropoietin was reported to have a range of actions beyond stimulation of erythropoiesis including vasoconstriction - dependent hypertension, stimulating angiogenesis, and promoting cell survival via activation of EPO receptors resulting in anti-apoptotic effects on ischemic tissues . However this proposal is controversial with numerous studies showing no effect . It is also inconsistent with the low levels of EPO receptors on those cells . Clinical trials in humans with ischemic heart, neural and renal tissues have not demonstrated the same benefits seen in animals . In addition some research studies have shown its neuroprotective effect on diabetic neuropathy, however these data were not confirmed in clinical trials that have been conducted on the deep peroneal, superficial peroneal, tibial and sural nerves . </P>

Erythrocyte that has receptors for factors that stimulate development
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