<P> Although schemes vary from state to state and are known by different names in different Indian languages, usually a village committee known as the Forest Protection Committee (FPC) and the Forest Department enter into a JFM agreement . Villagers agree to assist in the safeguarding of forest resources through protection from fire, grazing, and illegal harvesting in exchange for which they receive non-timber forest products and a share of the revenue from the sale of timber products . </P> <P> Joint Forest Management originated in West Bengal in 1980's in Asia and Africa . The major hardwood of Arabari is sal, a commercially profitable forest crop . Ajit Kumar Banerjee, a silviculturalist, working for the Forest Department as the Divisional Forest Officer, was conducting trials which were constantly being disturbed by grazing and illegal harvesting by the local populace . At the time there were no initiatives for sharing of forest resources between the government and the locals, with the government considering many of the locals no more than "thieves". The forest official, against the suggestions of his co-workers, sought out representatives of eleven local villages and negotiated the terms of a contract with an ad hoc Forest Protection Committee . The initial program involved 612 families managing 12.7 square kilometres of forests classified as "degraded". 25% of profits from the forests were shared with the villagers . The experiment was successful and was expanded to other parts of the state in 1987 . JFM is still in force at Arabari . </P> <P> A few years later, Joint Forest Management was employed in the state of Haryana to prevent soil erosion and deforestation . In 1977, villagers were persuaded that instead of grazing on erosion - prone hills, building small dams would help agricultural output on areas currently under cultivation . The program led to reforestation of many hills in the state. However, officially the state of Odisha remains the first to pass the first resolution for JFM </P> <P> After the initial successes in West Bengal and Haryana, the JFM schemes received national importance in the legislation of 1988 and thrust in the Guidelines of 1990 . As of 2005, 27 states of the Indian Union had various JFM schemes with over 63,000 FPCs involved in the joint management of over 140,000 km2 of forested land . </P>

What is wildlife what do you understand by joint forest management