<P> Scouller argued that self - mastery is the key to growing one's leadership presence, building trusting relationships with followers and dissolving one's limiting beliefs and habits, thereby enabling behavioral flexibility as circumstances change, while staying connected to one's core values (that is, while remaining authentic). To support leaders' development, he introduced a new model of the human psyche and outlined the principles and techniques of self - mastery, which include the practice of mindfulness meditation . </P> <P> Bernard Bass and colleagues developed the idea of two different types of leadership, transactional that involves exchange of labor for rewards and transformational which is based on concern for employees, intellectual stimulation, and providing a group vision . </P> <P> The transactional leader (Burns, 1978) is given power to perform certain tasks and reward or punish for the team's performance . It gives the opportunity to the manager to lead the group and the group agrees to follow his lead to accomplish a predetermined goal in exchange for something else . Power is given to the leader to evaluate, correct, and train subordinates when productivity is not up to the desired level, and reward effectiveness when expected outcome is reached . </P> <P> This LMX theory addresses a specific aspect of the leadership process is the leader--member exchange (LMX) theory, which evolved from an earlier theory called the vertical dyad linkage (VDL) model . Both of these models focus on the interaction between leaders and individual followers . Similar to the transactional approach, this interaction is viewed as a fair exchange whereby the leader provides certain benefits such as task guidance, advice, support, and / or significant rewards and the followers reciprocate by giving the leader respect, cooperation, commitment to the task and good performance . However, LMX recognizes that leaders and individual followers will vary in the type of exchange that develops between them . LMX theorizes that the type of exchanges between the leader and specific followers can lead to the creation of in - groups and out - groups . In - group members are said to have high - quality exchanges with the leader, while out - group members have low - quality exchanges with the leader . </P>

Principled leadership is also known as what type of leadership