<P> One of the real impetuses for United States entering the Industrial Revolution was the passage of the Embargo Act of 1807, the War of 1812 (1812--14) and the Napoleonic Wars (1803--15) which cut off supplies of new and cheaper Industrial revolution products from Britain . The lack of access to these goods all provided a strong incentive to learn how to develop the industries and to make their own goods instead of simply buying the goods produced by Britain . </P> <P> Modern productivity researchers have shown that the period in which the greatest economic and technological progress occurred was between the last half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th . During this period the nation was transformed from an agricultural economy to the foremost industrial power in the world, with more than a third of the global industrial output . This can be illustrated by the index of total industrial production, which increased from 4.29 in 1790 to 1,975.00 in 1913, an increase of 460 times (base year 1850--100). </P> <P> American colonies gained independence in 1783 just as profound changes in industrial production and coordination were beginning to shift production from artisans to factories . Growth of the nation's transportation infrastructure with internal improvements and a confluence of technological innovations before the Civil War facilitated an expansion in organization, coordination, and scale of industrial production . Around the turn of the 20th century, American industry had superseded its European counterparts economically and the nation began to assert its military power . Although the Great Depression challenged its technological momentum, America emerged from it and World War II as one of two global superpowers . In the second half of the 20th century, as the United States was drawn into competition with the Soviet Union for political, economic, and military primacy, the government invested heavily in scientific research and technological development which spawned advances in spaceflight, computing, and biotechnology . </P> <P> Science, technology, and industry have not only profoundly shaped America's economic success, but have also contributed to its distinct political institutions, social structure, educational system, and cultural identity . American values of limited government, meritocracy, entrepreneurship, and self - sufficiency are drawn from its legacy of pioneering technical advances . </P>

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