<P> A spinning mill opened raw cotton bales and cleaned the cotton in the blowing room . The cotton staples are carded into lap and straightened and drawn into roving which is spun using either a mule or ring frame . The yarn can be doubled and processed into thread, or prepared for weaving . </P> <P> Minerva Mill, Ashton - under - Lyne was designed by P.S. Stott and equipped by John Hetherington and Son, it produced 40's twists and 65 wefts . It was typical of a mill of the 1890s . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Number </Th> <Th> Machines </Th> <Th> Ratio </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Vertical Openers and scutchers </Td> <Td> 1: 43,434 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Intermediate Scutchers </Td> <Td> 1: 21,717 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 93 </Td> <Td> Carding Engines </Td> <Td> 1: 934 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> finishing deliveries of drawing </Td> <Td> 1: 1,380 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 792 </Td> <Td> Slubbing spindles </Td> <Td> 1: 109.7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1716 </Td> <Td> Intermediate spindles </Td> <Td> 1: 50.6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6680 </Td> <Td> Roving spindles </Td> <Td> 1: 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 86,868 </Td> <Td> Mule spindles </Td> <Td> 1: 1 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Tr> <Th> Number </Th> <Th> Machines </Th> <Th> Ratio </Th> </Tr>

In eighteenth-century england what were the first mechanized cotton-spinning machines powered by