<P> Eight student workers were observed at a college biweekly newspaper . Four of the students served as a control group and worked on Friday . The experimental group worked on Tuesdays . </P> <P> The control and experimental group students were not aware that they were being observed . The 10 - week observation was divided into three time periods . The task in this study required the students to write headlines for the newspaper . </P> <P> During "Time 2", the students in the experimental group were given 50 cents for each headline they wrote . At the end of Time 2, they were told that in the future the newspaper cannot pay them 50 cent for each headline anymore as the newspaper ran out of the money allocated for that and they were not paid for the headlines during Time 3 . </P> <P> The speed of task completion (headlines) was used as a measure of motivation in this experiment . Absences were used as a measure of attitudes . </P>

The three key elements in the definition of motivation do not include