<P> The appendix is attached to the inferior surface of the cecum, and contains a small amount of mucosa - associated lymphoid tissue which gives the appendix an undetermined role in immunity . However, the appendix is known to be important in fetal life as it contains endocrine cells that release biogenic amines and peptide hormones important for homeostasis during early growth and development . The appendix can be removed with no apparent damage or consequence to the patient . </P> <P> By the time the chyme has reached this tube, most nutrients and 90% of the water have been absorbed by the body . At this point some electrolytes like sodium, magnesium, and chloride are left as well as indigestible parts of ingested food (e.g., a large part of ingested amylose, starch which has been shielded from digestion heretofore, and dietary fiber, which is largely indigestible carbohydrate in either soluble or insoluble form). As the chyme moves through the large intestine, most of the remaining water is removed, while the chyme is mixed with mucus and bacteria (known as gut flora), and becomes feces . The ascending colon receives fecal material as a liquid . The muscles of the colon then move the watery waste material forward and slowly absorb all the excess water, causing the stools to gradually solidify as they move along into the descending colon . </P> <P> The bacteria break down some of the fiber for their own nourishment and create acetate, propionate, and butyrate as waste products, which in turn are used by the cell lining of the colon for nourishment . No protein is made available . In humans, perhaps 10% of the undigested carbohydrate thus becomes available, though this may vary with diet; in other animals, including other apes and primates, who have proportionally larger colons, more is made available, thus permitting a higher portion of plant material in the diet . The large intestine produces no digestive enzymes--chemical digestion is completed in the small intestine before the chyme reaches the large intestine . The pH in the colon varies between 5.5 and 7 (slightly acidic to neutral). </P> <P> Water absorption at the colon typically proceeds against a transmucosal osmotic pressure gradient . The standing gradient osmosis is the reabsorption of water against the osmotic gradient in the intestines . Cells occupying the intestinal lining pump sodium ions into the intercellular space, raising the osmolarity of the intercellular fluid . This hypertonic fluid creates an osmotic pressure that drives water into the lateral intercellular spaces by osmosis via tight junctions and adjacent cells, which then in turn moves across the basement membrane and into the capillaries, while more sodium ions are pumped again into the intercellular fluid . Although water travels down an osmotic gradient in each individual step, overall, water usually travels against the osmotic gradient due to the pumping of sodium ions into the intercellular fluid . This allows the large intestine to absorb water despite the blood in capillaries being hypotonic compared to the fluid within the intestinal lumen . </P>

What is the enzyme in the large intestine
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