<P> Civil law countries often have specialized courts, administrative courts, that review these decisions . </P> <P> Unlike most common - law jurisdictions, the majority of civil law jurisdictions have specialized courts or sections to deal with administrative cases which, as a rule, will apply procedural rules specifically designed for such cases and different from that applied in private - law proceedings, such as contract or tort claims . </P> <P> In Brazil, unlike most Civil - law jurisdictions, there is no specialized court or section to deal with administrative cases . In 1998, a constitutional reform, led by the government of President Fernando Henrique Cardoso, introduced regulatory agencies as a part of the executive branch . Since 1988, Brazilian administrative law has been strongly influenced by the judicial interpretations of the constitutional principles of public administration (art . 37 of Federal Constitution): legality, impersonality, publicity of administrative acts, morality and efficiency . </P> <P> The President of the Republic exercises the administrative function, in collaboration with several Ministries or other authorities with ministerial rank . Each Ministry has one or more under - secretary that performs through public services the actual satisfaction of public needs . There is not a single specialized court to deal with actions against the Administrative entities, but instead there are several specialized courts and procedures of review . </P>

Who described political development as administrative and legal development