<P> The Second New Deal in 1935--1938 included the Wagner Act to protect labor organizing, the Works Progress Administration (WPA) relief program (which made the federal government by far the largest single employer in the nation), the Social Security Act and new programs to aid tenant farmers and migrant workers . The final major items of New Deal legislation were the creation of the United States Housing Authority and the FSA, which both occurred in 1937; and the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, which set maximum hours and minimum wages for most categories of workers . The FSA was also one of the oversight authorities of the Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration, which administered relief efforts to Puerto Rican citizens affected by the Great Depression . </P> <P> The economic downturn of 1937--1938 and the bitter split between the American Federation of Labor (AFL) and Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) labor unions led to major Republican gains in Congress in 1938 . Conservative Republicans and Democrats in Congress joined in the informal conservative coalition . By 1942--1943, they shut down relief programs such as the WPA and the CCC and blocked major liberal proposals . Nonetheless, Roosevelt turned his attention to the war effort and won reelection in 1940--1944 . Furthermore, the Supreme Court declared the NRA and the first version of the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) unconstitutional, but the AAA was rewritten and then upheld . Republican president Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953--1961) left the New Deal largely intact, even expanding it in some areas . In the 1960s, Lyndon B. Johnson's Great Society used the New Deal as inspiration for a dramatic expansion of liberal programs, which Republican Richard Nixon generally retained . However, after 1974 the call for deregulation of the economy gained bipartisan support . The New Deal regulation of banking (Glass--Steagall Act) lasted until it was suspended in the 1990s . </P> <P> Several New Deal programs remain active and those operating under the original names include the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), the Federal Crop Insurance Corporation (FCIC), the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) and the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA). The largest programs still in existence today are the Social Security System and the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). </P> <P> From 1929 to 1933 manufacturing output decreased by one third . Prices fell by 20%, causing deflation that made repaying debts much harder . Unemployment in the United States increased from 4% to 25% . Additionally, one - third of all employed persons were downgraded to working part - time on much smaller paychecks . In the aggregate, almost 50% of the nation's human work - power was going unused . </P>

One effect of the great depression that continues today in the united states was