<P> The laws of thermodynamics indicate that absolute zero cannot be reached using only thermodynamic means, because the temperature of the substance being cooled approaches the temperature of the cooling agent asymptotically, and a system at absolute zero still possesses quantum mechanical zero - point energy, the energy of its ground state at absolute zero . The kinetic energy of the ground state cannot be removed . </P> <P> Scientists and technologists routinely achieve temperatures close to absolute zero, where matter exhibits quantum effects such as superconductivity and superfluidity . </P> <P> At temperatures near 0 K (− 273.15 ° C; − 459.67 ° F), nearly all molecular motion ceases and ΔS = 0 for any adiabatic process, where S is the entropy . In such a circumstance, pure substances can (ideally) form perfect crystals as T → 0 . Max Planck's strong form of the third law of thermodynamics states the entropy of a perfect crystal vanishes at absolute zero . The original Nernst heat theorem makes the weaker and less controversial claim that the entropy change for any isothermal process approaches zero as T → 0: </P> <Dl> <Dd> lim T → 0 Δ S = 0 (\ displaystyle \ lim _ (T \ to 0) \ Delta S = 0) </Dd> </Dl>

0 k is equal to what temperature in celsius