<P> The Indian Antarctic Program is a multi-disciplinary, multi-institutional program under the control of the National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India . It was initiated in 1981 with the first Indian expedition to Antarctica . The program gained global acceptance with India's signing of the Antarctic Treaty and subsequent construction of the Dakshin Gangotri Antarctic research base in 1983, superseded by the Maitri base from 1990 . The newest base commissioned in 2015 is Bharati, constructed out of 134 shipping containers . Under the program, atmospheric, biological, earth, chemical, and medical sciences are studied by India, which has carried out 30 scientific expeditions to the Antarctic as of 14 October 2010 . </P> <P> The origin of Indian missions to the Antarctic are traced to the joint Indian Space Research Organisation--Hydrometeorological Centre of Russia agreements, which led to Indians, such as Dr. Paramjit Singh Sehra, joining the 17th Soviet Antarctic expedition of 1971--1973 . </P>

When was india's first scientific expedition to the south pole launched