<Li> Perhaps the most recognizable feature of Canadian English is "Canadian raising". For the beginning points of the diphthongs (gliding vowels) / aɪ / (as in the words height and mice) and / aʊ / (as in shout and house), the tongue is often more "raised" in the mouth when these diphthongs come before voiceless consonants, in comparison with other varieties of English . Before voiceless consonants, / aɪ / becomes (ʌɪ ~ ɜɪ ~ ɐɪ); thus, a split between rider as (ˈɹäɪɾɚ) and writer possibly as (ˈɹʌɪɾɚ) (listen). In General American, out is typically (äʊt) (listen), but, with slight Canadian raising, it may sound more like (ɐʊt) (listen), or, with the strong Canadian raising of the Prairies and Nova Scotia, more like IPA: (ʌʊt). </Li> <Li> Almost all Canadians have the cot--caught merger, which also occurs primarily in the Western U.S., but often elsewhere in the U.S., especially recently . Speakers do not distinguish the vowels / ɔ / (as in caught) and / ɑ / (as in cot), which merge . </Li> <Li> The above merger creates a hole in the short vowel sub-system and triggers a sound change known as the Canadian Shift, which involves the front lax vowels / æ, ɛ, ɪ / each lowering or retracting away from their original placements . </Li> <P> The literature has for a long time conflated the notions of Standard Canadian English (StCE) and regional variation . While some regional dialects are close with the StCE, they are not identical with it . To the untrained ear, for instance, a BC middle class speaker from a rural setting may sound like a StCE speaker, while, given Chambers' definition, such person, because of the rural provenance, would not be included in the accepted definition (see the previous section). The Atlas of North American English, while being the best source for US regional variation, is not a good source for Canadian regional variation, as its analysis is based on only 33 Canadian speakers . Boberg's (2005, 2008) studies offer the best data for the delimitation of dialect zones . The results for vocabulary (Boberg 2005) and phonetics (Boberg 2008) overlap to a great extent, which has allowed the proposal of dialect zones . Dollinger and Clarke (2012: 459, Table 1), which distinguishes between: </P>

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