<P> Research suggests that ostracism is a common reprisal strategy used by organizations in response to whistleblowing . Kipling Williams, in a survey on US whistleblowers, found that 100% reported post-whistleblowing ostracism . Alexander Brown similarly found that post-whistleblowing ostracism is a common response, and indeed describes ostracism as form of "covert" reprisal, as it is normally so difficult to identify and investigate . </P> <P> Qahr and Ashti is a culture - specific Iranian form of personal shunning, most frequently of another family member . Qahr and ashti are described by Dr. Kambiz Behzadi as: </P> <P> Qahr (to not be on speaking terms with someone) and ashti (to make up) represent a complex culture - specific fusion of emotional dynamics, cognitive evaluations, and behavioral tendencies, which codes both negative and' distancing' emotions and initiates a set of social actions and gestures that lead to amelioration of that emotional state . </P> <P> While modern Western concepts of ostracism are based upon enforcing conformity within a societally - recognized group, Iranian Qahr is a private (batin), family - oriented affair of conflict or display of anger that is never disclosed to the public at large, as to do would be a breach of social etiquette . </P>

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