<Ul> <Li> Ferri </Li> <Li> Garofalo </Li> <Li> Aletrino </Li> </Ul> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Signature </Th> </Tr> <P> Cesare Lombroso (/ lɒmˈbroʊsoʊ /; Italian: (ˈtʃeːzare lomˈbroːzo, - so); born Ezechia Marco Lombroso; 6 November 1835--19 October 1909), was an Italian criminologist and physician, founder of the Italian School of Positivist Criminology . Lombroso rejected the established classical school, which held that crime was a characteristic trait of human nature . Instead, using concepts drawn from physiognomy, degeneration theory, psychiatry and Social Darwinism, Lombroso's theory of anthropological criminology essentially stated that criminality was inherited, and that someone "born criminal" could be identified by physical (congenital) defects, which confirmed a criminal as savage or atavistic . These theories do not have widespread support by scientists in Western countries . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Criminology and penology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Theory (show) <Ul> <Li> Anomie </Li> <Li> Biosocial criminology </Li> <Li> Broken windows </Li> <Li> Collective efficacy </Li> <Li> Crime analysis </Li> <Li> Criminalization </Li> <Li> Differential association </Li> <Li> Deviance </Li> <Li> Labeling theory </Li> <Li> Psychopathy </Li> <Li> Rational choice </Li> <Li> Social control </Li> <Li> Social disorganization </Li> <Li> Social learning </Li> <Li> Strain </Li> <Li> Subculture </Li> <Li> Symbolic interactionism </Li> <Li> Victimology </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Types of crime (show) <Ul> <Li> Against humanity </Li> <Li> Blue - collar </Li> <Li> Corporate </Li> <Li> Juvenile </Li> <Li> Organized </Li> <Li> Political </Li> <Li> Public - order </Li> <Li> State </Li> <Li> State - corporate </Li> <Li> Victimless </Li> <Li> White - collar </Li> <Li> War </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Penology (show) <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Deterrence </Li> <Li> Incapacitation </Li> <Li> Pre-trial </Li> <Li> Trial </Li> <Li> Prison <Ul> <Li> reform </Li> <Li> abolition </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Prisoner <Ul> <Li> prisoner abuse </Li> <Li> prisoners' rights </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Rehabilitation </Li> <Li> Recidivism </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Justice in penology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Participatory </Li> <Li> Restorative </Li> <Li> Retributive </Li> <Li> Solitary confinement </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Schools (hide) <Ul> <Li> Chicago School </Li> <Li> Classical School </Li> <Li> Conflict Criminology </Li> <Li> Environmental Criminology </Li> <Li> Feminist School </Li> <Li> Frankfurt School </Li> <Li> Integrative Criminology </Li> <Li> Italian School </Li> <Li> Left Realism </Li> <Li> Marxist Criminology </Li> <Li> Neo-classical school </Li> <Li> Positivist School </Li> <Li> Postmodernist School </Li> <Li> Right Realism </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table>

Who argued that criminals are by birth a distinct type