<P> That same year, political turmoil in Hungary following their defeat in the First World War led to a coalition government of the Social Democratic Party and the Communist Party taking control . The communists, led by Bela Kun, soon became dominant and instituted various communist reforms in the country, but the country was subsequently invaded by its neighbouring Romania within a matter of months who overthrew the government, with the communist leaders either escaping abroad or being executed . In 1921, a communist revolt against the government occurred whilst supportive factory workers were on strike in Turin and Milan in northern Italy, but the government acted swiftly and put down the rebellion . That same year, a further communist rebellion took place in Germany only to be crushed, but another occurred in 1923 which once again was also defeated by the government . The communists of Bulgaria had also attempted an uprising in 1923, but like most of their counterparts across Europe they were defeated . </P> <P> Communist parties were tight knit organizations that exerted tight control over the members . To reach sympathisers unwilling to join the party, front organizations were created that advocated party - approved positions . The Comintern, under the leadership of Grigory Zinoviev in the Kremlin, established fronts in many countries in the 1920s and after . To coordinate their activities, the Comintern set up various international umbrella organizations (linking groups across national borders), such as the Young Communist International (youth), Profintern (trade unions), Krestintern (peasants), International Red Aid (humanitarian aid), Sportintern (organized sports), etc . In Europe, front organizations were especially influential in Italy and France, which in 1933 became the base for Communist front organizer Willi Münzenberg . These organizations were dissolved the late 1930s or early 1940s . </P> <P> The Pan-Pacific Trade Union Secretariat (PPTUS) was set up in 1927 by the Profintern (the Comintern's trade union arm) with the mission of promoting communist trade unions in China, Japan, Korea, the Philippines, Australia, New Zealand and other nations in the western Pacific . Trapeznik (2009) says the PPTUS was a "Communist - front organization" and "engaged in overt and covert political agitation in addition to a number of clandestine activities". </P> <P> There were numerous Communist front organizations in Asia, many oriented to students and youth . In Japan in the labor union movement of the 1920s, according to one historian, "The Hyogikai never called itself a communist front but in effect, this was what it was ." He points out it was repressed by the government "along with other communist front groups". In the 1950s, Scalapino argues, "The primary Communist - front organization was the Japan Peace Committee". It was founded in 1949 . </P>

Who was the first person to promote communism why did he