<P> On 13 November 1918, the Occupation of Constantinople (present day Istanbul), the capital of the Ottoman Empire, occurred when French troops arrived, followed by British troops the next day . The occupation had two stages: the de facto stage from 13 November 1918 to 20 March 1920, and the de jure stage from de facto to the days following the Treaty of Lausanne . The occupation of Istanbul, along with the occupation of İzmir, contributed to the establishment of the Turkish national movement and led to the Turkish War of Independence . </P> <P> On 18 January 1919, peace negotiations began with the Paris Peace Conference . The negotiations continued at the Conference of London, but the treaty took definite shape only after the premiers' meeting at the San Remo conference in April 1920 . France, Italy, and Great Britain had been secretly planning the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire as early as 1915 . The Ottoman Government representatives signed the Treaty of Sèvres on 10 August 1920, but the treaty was not sent to the Ottoman Parliament for ratification, as the Parliament had been abolished on 18 March 1920 by the British . As a result, the treaty was never ratified by the Ottoman Empire . The Treaty of Sèvres was annulled in the course of the Turkish War of Independence, and the parties signed and ratified the superseding Treaty of Lausanne in 1923 . </P> <P> On 3 March 1924, the Ottoman Caliphate was abolished when Mustafa Kemal Ataturk deposed the last caliph, Abdul Mejid II . </P> <P> Allied military losses are placed between 1,000,000 and 1,500,000 including killed, wounded, captured or missing . This includes 303,000 British Empire and French casualties in Gallipoli, 601,000 British Empire casualties in Sinai - Palestine, at least 140,000 Russian casualties in the Caucasus, and 256,000 British Empire casualties in Mesopotamia, as well as additional Russo - British losses in Persia . Most of the British casualties were non-battle casualties; total British battle casualties inflicted by the Ottomans were estimated as 264,000 by Field Marshal Lord Carver . In addition to these were over 11,000 casualties sustained by Italians fighting Ottoman - backed Senussi tribesmen in the first half of 1915 alone, with unknown losses for the Senussi themselves . </P>

When did the allies win the most battles in the middle east