<P> A sustainable democracy has to involve far more than fair and open elections . It rests on a solid foundation of economic and political freedom that, for Western nations, had to be pried from governments over centuries . It goes back at least to 1215 when King John accepted limits on his powers and conceded certain rights in the Magna Carta . Then, as now, governments will be motivated to support rights and freedoms only when it directly impacts the government's ability to maintain and exercise political power . It does not arise with idealistic notions of democracy and freedom, implied fiscal contracts with citizens, exhortations from donor states or pronouncements from international agencies . Fukyama was essentially correct with his assertion regarding the end of history--that Western liberal democracy represents the endpoint of mankind's ideological evolution . It represents a mechanism whereby our free market system efficiently allocates resources in our economy while co-existing in a symbiotic relationship with our democratic system of government . Our governments are incentivized to protect the economy while the foundations for that economy create the conditions for democracy . </P> <P> According to a study by political scientist Daniel Treisman, influential theories of democratization posit that autocrats "deliberately choose to share or surrender power . They do so to prevent revolution, motivate citizens to fight wars, incentivize governments to provide public goods, outbid elite rivals, or limit factional violence . Examining the history of all democratizations since 1800, I show that such deliberate choice arguments may help explain up to one third of cases . In about two thirds, democratization occurred not because incumbent elites chose it but because, in trying to prevent it, they made mistakes that weakened their hold on power . Common mistakes include: calling elections or starting military conflicts, only to lose them; ignoring popular unrest and being overthrown; initiating limited reforms that get out of hand; and selecting a covert democrat as leader . These mistakes reflect well - known cognitive biases such as overconfidence and the illusion of control ." </P> <P> Although democratization is most often thought of in the context of national or regional politics, the term can also be applied to: </P> <Ul> <Li> International bodies (e.g. the United Nations) where there is an ongoing call for reform and altered voting structures and voting systems . </Li> </Ul>

What are the factors for democratization in africa