<P> According to a 2011 report by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, the United States of America has the second - highest rate of dialysis among advanced countries after Japan . The United States has the highest mortality rate among patients with ESRD . On average 20% of American ESRD patients die annually, which is more than twice that of Japan . The growth of dialysis facilities in the United States is the result of more Americans developing end - stage renal disease . From 2001 to 2011 the number increased by about 49.7% from 411,000 citizens to 615,000 citizens . In 2001 there were only 296,000 Americans on some form of dialysis . Ten years later that number increased to more than 430,000 as a result of chronic conditions developing such as diabetes and hypertension . </P> <P> Over 300,000 Americans are dependent on hemodialysis as treatment for kidney failure, but according to data from the 2005 USRDS 452,000 Americans have end - stage kidney disease (ESKD). Intriguing investigations from groups in London, Ontario and Toronto, Ontario have suggested that dialysis treatments lasting two to three times as long as, and delivered more frequently than, conventional thrice weekly treatments may be associated with improved clinical outcomes . Implementing six - times weekly, all - night dialysis would overwhelm existing resources in most countries . This, as well as scarcity of donor organs for kidney transplantation has prompted research in developing alternative therapies, including the development of a wearable or implantable device . </P> <P> Hemodialysis is a method for removing waste products such as creatinine and urea, as well as free water from the blood when the kidneys are in kidney failure . The mechanical device used to clean the patients blood is called a dialyser, also known as an artificial kidney . The other name for artificial kidney is also called a dialysis machine . Modern dialysers typically consist of a cylindrical rigid casing enclosing hollow fibers cast or extruded from a polymer or copolymer, which is usually a proprietary formulation . The combined area of the hollow fibers is typically between 1 - 2 square meters . Intensive research has been conducted by many groups to optimize blood and dialysate flows within the dialyser, in order to achieve efficient transfer of wastes from blood to dialysate . </P> <P> The implantable artificial kidney is a second project that is being co-developed by a nephrologist named William H. Fissell IV, MD, from the Vanderbilt University Medical Center with Professor Shuvo Roy from the University of California, San Francisco . Fissell and his colleges have been working on the implantable artificial kidney for over a decade but recently received a 6 - million - dollar grant in November 2015 to further continue the research and development of the project . The goal of this project is to create a bio-hybrid device that can imitate the functions of a healthy kidney by removing enough waste products to keep a patient from needing dialysis treatment . The key to the success of this device is the use of silicon nanotechnology and the microchip which is precious and can act as a natural filter . Fissell and his team have designed each pore (of the filter) to perform a specific function or task . The microchips will also act as a platform for which living kidney cells will reside and grow on and around the filters with the goal of imitating the natural functions of the kidney . The bio-hybrid device will not be in reach of the body's immune response which allows it to be protected against being rejected by the patient's body . The device will be designed to be small enough to fit inside a patient's body that will successfully operate with the patient's natural blood flow . Fissel and his research team continue to make progress and they expected the implantable artificial kidney would enter human trials by 2017 . </P>

Name the procedure used in the working of an artificial kidney