<P> The Army has twelve other training and educational establishments, including schools concentrating on specific skills such as infantry, artillery, intelligence, engineering, or mountain warfare . The National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) has been established which has absorbed the existing colleges of engineering, signals, electrical engineering and medicine . At the apex of the army training system is the Command and Staff College at Quetta, one of the few institutions inherited from the colonial period . The college offers a ten - month course in tactics, staff duties, administration, and command functions through the division level . Students from foreign countries, including the United States, have attended the school but reportedly have been critical of its narrow focus and failure to encourage speculative thinking or to give adequate attention to less glamorous subjects, such as logistics . </P> <P> The senior training institution for all service branches is the National Defence University, Islamabad . Originally established in 1971 at Rawalpindi, to provide training in higher military strategy for senior officers, the institution was relocated to Islamabad in 1995 . According to Aqil Shah, the NDU is significant for understanding the institutional norms of military tutelage in Pakistan because it constitutes the "highest forum where the military leadership comes together for common instruction ." Without graduating from the NDU (or a foreign equivalent), no officer can become a general . Besides, the NDU training program represents a radical shift from the emphasis on operational and staff functions in the training of junior officers (for example, majors at the Staff College) to educating colonels and brigadiers about a broad range of strategic political, social, and economic factors as they affect national security . In that sense, it constitutes the senior officer corps's baptism into a shared ideological framework about the military's appropriate role, status, and behavior in relation to state and society . These shared values affect how these officers perceive and respond to civilian governmental decisions, policies, and political crises . It also offers courses that allow civilians to explore the broader aspects of national security . In a program begun in the 1980s to upgrade the intellectual standards of the officer corps and increase awareness of the wider world, a small group of officers, has been detailed to academic training, achieving master's degrees and even doctorates at universities in Pakistan and abroad . </P> <P> Pakistani officers were sent abroad during the 1950s and into the 1960s for training in Britain and other Commonwealth countries, and the United States, where trainees numbering well in the hundreds attended a full range of institutions ranging from armoured and infantry schools to the higher staff and command institutions . After 1961 this training was coordinated under the International Military Education and Training (IMET) program, but numbers varied along with the vicissitudes of the United States - Pakistan military relationship . Of some 200 officers being sent abroad annually in the 1980s, over two - thirds went to the United States, but the cessation of United States aid in 1990 entailed suspension of the IMET program . In 1994 virtually all foreign training was in Commonwealth countries . However, after the 9 / 11 attacks, Pakistan again begun sending officers to US Army schools . Today there are more than 400 officers serving in foreign countries . Officers retire between the ages of fifty - two and sixty, depending on their rank . </P> <P> Apart from conducting military operations, exercises, and military ethics, the Pakistan Army maintains its own science and technology corps and organizations . Most notable science and engineering corps including Military Engineering Service (MES) Corps of Engineers, Corps of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering (EME), and Frontier Works Organisation . Its Army Strategic Forces Command served as the primary military organization in the matters of conducting and directing research on nuclear and space (such as military satellites). The cadets and officers of the Pakistan Army who wished to study science and technology are given admission at the College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering (CEME) and the Military College of Engineering where the scientific and military education are taught . The admissions of engineering colleges are not restricted to civilians as they can also gain admission and graduate with engineering and science degrees . </P>

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