<P> Associative learning is the process by which a person or animal learns an association between two stimuli . In classical conditioning a previously neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with a reflex eliciting stimulus until eventually the neutral stimulus elicits a response on its own . In operant conditioning, a behavior that is reinforced or punished in the presence of a stimulus becomes more or less likely to occur in the presence of that stimulus . </P> <P> In operant conditioning, a reinforcement (by reward) or instead a punishment given after a given behavior, change the frequency and / or form of that behavior . Stimulus present when the behavior / consequence occurs come to control these behavior modifications . </P> <P> The typical paradigm for classical conditioning involves repeatedly pairing an unconditioned stimulus (which unfailingly evokes a reflexive response) with another previously neutral stimulus (which does not normally evoke the response). Following conditioning, the response occurs both to the unconditioned stimulus and to the other, unrelated stimulus (now referred to as the "conditioned stimulus"). The response to the conditioned stimulus is termed a conditioned response . The classic example is Ivan Pavlov and his dogs . Pavlov fed his dogs meat powder, which naturally made the dogs salivate--salivating is a reflexive response to the meat powder . Meat powder is the unconditioned stimulus (US) and the salivation is the unconditioned response (UR). Pavlov rang a bell before presenting the meat powder . The first time Pavlov rang the bell, the neutral stimulus, the dogs did not salivate, but once he put the meat powder in their mouths they began to salivate . After numerous pairings of bell and food, the dogs learned that the bell signaled that food was about to come, and began to salivate when they heard the bell . Once this occurred, the bell became the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the salivation to the bell became the conditioned response (CR). Classical conditioning has been demonstrated in many species . For example, it is seen in honeybees, in the proboscis extension reflex paradigm . And recently, it was demonstrated in garden pea plants . </P> <P> Another influential person in the world of classical conditioning is John B. Watson . Watson's work was very influential and paved the way for B.F. Skinner's radical behaviorism . Watson's behaviorism (and philosophy of science) stood in direct contrast to Freud and other accounts based largely on introspection . Watson's view was that the introspective method was too subjective, and that we should limit the study of human development to directly observable behaviors . In 1913, Watson published the article "Psychology as the Behaviorist Views," in which he argued that laboratory studies should serve psychology best as a science . Watson's most famous, and controversial, experiment, "Little Albert", where he demonstrated how psychologists can account for the learning of emotion through classical conditioning principles . </P>

What are different types of learning in psychology