<P> Concerns about the environmental and social impacts of industry were expressed by some Enlightenment political economists and through the Romantic movement of the 1800s . The Reverend Thomas Malthus, devised catastrophic and much - criticized theories of "overpopulation", while John Stuart Mill foresaw the desirability of a "stationary state" economy, thus anticipating concerns of the modern discipline of ecological economics . In the late 19th century Eugenius Warming was the first botanist to study physiological relations between plants and their environment, heralding the scientific discipline of ecology . </P> <P> By the 20th century, the industrial revolution had led to an exponential increase in the human consumption of resources . The increase in health, wealth and population was perceived as a simple path of progress . However, in the 1930s economists began developing models of non-renewable resource management (see Hotelling's rule) and the sustainability of welfare in an economy that uses non-renewable resources (Hartwick's rule). </P> <P> Ecology had now gained general acceptance as a scientific discipline, and many concepts vital to sustainability were being explored . These included: the interconnectedness of all living systems in a single living planetary system, the biosphere; the importance of natural cycles (of water, nutrients and other chemicals, materials, waste); and the passage of energy through trophic levels of living systems . </P> <P> Following the deprivations of the great depression and World War II the developed world entered a new period of escalating growth, a post-1950s "great acceleration...a surge in the human enterprise that has emphatically stamped humanity as a global geophysical force ." A gathering environmental movement pointed out that there were environmental costs associated with the many material benefits that were now being enjoyed . Innovations in technology (including plastics, synthetic chemicals, nuclear energy) and the increasing use of fossil fuels, were transforming society . Modern industrial agriculture--the "Green Revolution"--was based on the development of synthetic fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides which had devastating consequences for rural wildlife, as documented by American marine biologist, naturalist and environmentalist Rachel Carson in Silent Spring (1962). </P>

Where did the concept of sustainability come from
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