<P> On September 1, 1939, Germany invaded Poland, conquering it in three weeks, as the Soviets invaded the eastern areas . During the German occupation, there were two distinct civilian uprisings in Warsaw, one in 1943, the other in 1944 . The first took place in a zone less than two square miles (5 km) in area, which the Germans had carved out of the city and called Ghetto Warschau . The Germans built high walls around the ghetto, and crowded 550,000 Polish Jews into it, many from the Polish provinces . At first, people were allowed to enter and leave the ghetto, but soon its border became an "iron curtain". Unless on official business, Jews could not leave, and non-Jews, including Germans, could not enter . Entry points were guarded by German soldiers . Because of extreme conditions and hunger, mortality in the ghetto was high . In 1942, the Germans moved 400,000 ghetto residents to Treblinka where they were gassed on arrival . By April 19, 1943, when the Ghetto Uprising commenced, the population of the ghetto had dwindled to 60,000 individuals . In the following three weeks, virtually all died as the Germans fought and systematically destroyed the buildings in the ghetto . </P> <P> The uprising by Poles began on August 1, 1944, when the Polish underground, the "Home Army", aware that the Soviet Army had reached the eastern bank of the Vistula, sought to liberate Warsaw much as the French resistance had liberated Paris a few weeks earlier . Joseph Stalin had his own group of Communist leaders for the new Poland and did not want the Home Army or its leaders (based in London) to control Warsaw . So he halted the Soviet offensive and gave the Germans free rein to suppress it . During the ensuing 63 days, 250,000 Poles of the Home Army surrendered to the Germans . After the Germans forced all the surviving population to leave the city, Hitler ordered that any buildings left standing be dynamited--98 percent of the buildings in Warsaw were destroyed . </P> <P> During the invasion of the Soviet Union in the early months of the war, rapid German advances almost captured the cities of Moscow and Leningrad . The bulk of Soviet industry which could not be evacuated was either destroyed or lost due to German occupation . Agricultural production was interrupted, with grain crops left standing in the fields . This caused hunger reminiscent of the early 1930s . In one of the greatest feats of war logistics, factories were evacuated on an enormous scale, with 1,523 factories dismantled and shipped eastwards along four principal routes to the Caucasus, Central Asia, the Ural, and Siberia . In general, the tools, dies and production technology were moved, along with the blueprints and their management, engineering staffs and skilled labor . </P> <P> The whole of the Soviet Union become dedicated to the war effort . The people of the Soviet Union were probably better prepared than any other nation involved in World War II to endure the material hardships of the war--primarily because they were so used to shortages and economic crisis in the past, especially during wartime--World War I had brought similar restrictions on food . Conditions were nevertheless severe . World War II was especially devastating to citizens of the USSR because it was fought on Soviet territory and caused massive destruction . In Leningrad, under German siege, over a million people died of starvation and disease . Many factory workers were teenagers, women and old people . The government implemented rationing in 1941 and first applied it to bread, flour, cereal, pasta, butter, margarine, vegetable oil, meat, fish, sugar and confectionery all across the country . The rations remained largely stable in other places during the war . Off - ration food was often so expensive that it could not add substantially to a citizen's food supply unless they were especially well - paid . Peasants received no rations and had to make do with any local resources they farmed themselves . Most rural peasants struggled and lived in unbearable poverty, but others sold their surplus food at a high price; a few became rouble millionaires, until a currency reform two years after the end of the war wiped out their wealth . </P>

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