<P> In addition to money for roadway construction, car use was also encouraged in many places through new zoning laws that allowed any new business to construct a certain amount of parking based on the size and type of facility . The effect was to create many free parking spaces, and business places further back from the road . In aggregate, this led to less dense settlements and made a carless lifestyle increasingly unattractive . </P> <P> Many new shopping centers and suburbs did not install sidewalks, making pedestrian access dangerous . This had the effect of encouraging people to drive, even for short trips that might have been walkable, thus increasing and solidifying American auto - dependency . As a result of this change, employment opportunities for people who were not wealthy enough to own a car and for people who could not drive, due to age or physical disabilities, became severely limited . </P> <P> In countries with major car manufacturers, such as USA or Germany, a certain degree of car dependency might be positive for the economy at a macroeconomic level, since it demands automobile production, therefore resulting also in job demand and tax revenue . These economic conditions were particularly valid during the 1920s when the number of automobiles, worldwide, had a substantial annual average increase, but also during the post--World War II economic expansion . Notwithstanding the growing effects provided by the automobile on the economy of some countries, several other auto - dependent countries, deprived from automobile industry and oil resources, have to allocate substantial economic assets, to satisfy its mobility policies, affecting then their commercial balance . This situation is broadly valid in the majority of the European countries, since, disregarding some few exceptions such as Norway, Europe is largely dependent on imports for its fossil fuels . Furthermore, just few European countries, such as Germany or France, have car manufacturers productive enough to satisfy their country's internal demand for cars . All these factors related to high motorisation rates, affect therefore the economic growth in the majority of the European countries . Most African countries are also dependant from imported cars, usually second - hand from Western countries, some of those vehicles being in a very worn - out state . Finally, even countries with oil ressources could be deprived of refineries, such as Nigeria which has to import fuel even though it is a major oil producer . </P> <P> As of 2009 the U.S. motor vehicle manufacturing industry employed 880,000 workers, or approximately 6.6% of the U.S. manufacturing workforce . </P>

Which of these is a possible secondary effect of buying a new car instead of a used car