<Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <P> The Townshend Acts were a series of British acts passed beginning in 1767 and relating to the British American colonies in North America . The acts are named after Charles Townshend, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, who proposed the program . Historians vary slightly as to which acts they include under the heading "Townshend Acts", but five acts are often mentioned: The Revenue Act of 1776, the Indemnity Act (1776), the Commissioners of Customs Act (1767), the Vice Admiralty Court Act (1777), and the New York Restraining Act (1776 .). The purpose of the Townshend Acts was to raise revenue in the colonies to pay the salaries of governors and judges so that they would remain loyal to Great Britain, to create a more effective means of enforcing compliance with trade regulations, to punish the province of New York for failing to comply with the 1765 Quartering Act, and to establish the precedent that the British Parliament had the right to tax the colonies . The Townshend Acts (1767) were met with resistance in the colonies, prompting the occupation of Boston by British troops in 1768, which eventually resulted in the Boston Massacre of 1770 . </P> <P> As a result of widespread protest in the American colonies, Parliament began to partially repeal the Townshend duties . Most of the new taxes were repealed, but the tax on tea was retained . The British government continued in its attempt to tax the colonists without their consent and the American Revolution followed . </P> <P> Following the Seven Years' War (1756--1763), the British Empire was deep in debt . To help pay some of the costs of the newly expanded empire, the British Parliament decided to levy new taxes on the colonies of British America . Previously, through the Trade and Navigation Acts, Parliament had used taxation to regulate the trade of the empire . But with the Sugar Act of 1764, Parliament sought, for the first time, to tax the colonies for the specific purpose of raising revenue . American colonists argued that there were constitutional issues involved . </P>

Which of the following was an item taxed by the townshend duties