<P> The average workplace is about midway between the extremes of high threat and high opportunity . Motivation by threat is a dead - end strategy, and naturally staff are more attracted to the opportunity side of the motivation curve than the threat side . Motivation is a powerful tool in the work environment that can lead to employees working at their most efficient levels of production . </P> <P> Nonetheless, Steinmetz also discusses three common character types of subordinates: ascendant, indifferent, and ambivalent who all react and interact uniquely, and must be treated, managed, and motivated accordingly . An effective leader must understand how to manage all characters, and more importantly the manager must utilize avenues that allow room for employees to work, grow, and find answers independently . </P> <P> The assumptions of Maslow and Herzberg were challenged by a classic study at Vauxhall Motors' UK manufacturing plant . This introduced the concept of orientation to work and distinguished three main orientations: instrumental (where work is a means to an end), bureaucratic (where work is a source of status, security and immediate reward) and solidaristic (which prioritizes group loyalty). </P> <P> Other theories which expanded and extended those of Maslow and Herzberg included Kurt Lewin's force - field analysis, Edwin A. Locke's goal - setting theory and Victor Vroom's expectancy theory . These tend to stress cultural differences and the fact that individuals tend to be motivated by different factors at different times . </P>

What do you mean by motivation in hindi