<P> The uprisings were led by ad hoc coalitions of reformers, the middle classes and workers, which did not hold together for long . Tens of thousands of people were killed, and many more were forced into exile . Significant lasting reforms included the abolition of serfdom in Austria and Hungary, the end of absolute monarchy in Denmark, and the introduction of representative democracy in the Netherlands . The revolutions were most important in France, the Netherlands, the states of the German Confederation that would make up the German Empire in the late 19th and early 20th century, Italy, and the Austrian Empire . </P> <P> The revolutions arose from such a wide variety of causes that it is difficult to view them as resulting from a coherent movement or set of social phenomena . Numerous changes had been taking place in European society throughout the first half of the 19th century . Both liberal reformers and radical politicians were reshaping national governments . </P> <P> Technological change was revolutionizing the life of the working classes . A popular press extended political awareness, and new values and ideas such as popular liberalism, nationalism and socialism began to emerge . Some historians emphasize the serious crop failures, particularly those of 1846, that produced hardship among peasants and the working urban poor . </P> <P> Large swaths of the nobility were discontented with royal absolutism or near - absolutism . In 1846, there had been an uprising of Polish nobility in Austrian Galicia, which was only countered when peasants, in turn, rose up against the nobles . Additionally, an uprising by democratic forces against Prussia, planned but not actually carried out, occurred in Greater Poland . </P>

In what parts of europe did revolts take place following the paris revolts of 1848