<P> These theorists either approve of war as retaliation, or of war as a last resort . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This list needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . (April 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This list needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . (April 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) </Td> </Tr> <Ul> <Li> Cicero (106--43 BC) </Li> <Li> St. Augustine of Hippo (354--430) </Li> <Li> Gratian (Christian) (12th century) </Li> <Li> St. Thomas Aquinas (1225--1274) </Li> <Li> Stanisław of Skarbimierz (1360--1431) </Li> <Li> Francisco de Vitoria (1492--1546) </Li> <Li> Francisco Suárez (1548--1617) </Li> <Li> Alberico Gentili (1552--1608) </Li> <Li> Samuel Pufendorf (1632--1694) </Li> <Li> Emerich de Vattel (1714--1767) </Li> <Li> Paul Tillich (1886--1965) </Li> <Li> George Barry O'Toole (1886--1944) </Li> <Li> Reinhold Niebuhr (1892--1971) </Li> <Li> H. Richard Niebuhr (1894--1962) </Li> <Li> Meher Baba (1894--1969) </Li> <Li> Paul Ramsey (1913--1988) </Li> <Li> Murray Rothbard (1926--1995) </Li> <Li> Michael Walzer (1935--) </Li> <Li> Ron Paul (1935--) </Li> <Li> Robert L. Holmes (1935--) </Li> <Li> James Turner Johnson (1938 -) </Li> <Li> Edwin Frederick O'Brien (1939--) </Li> <Li> Jean Bethke Elshtain (1941--2013) </Li> <Li> Oliver O'Donovan (1945--) </Li> <Li> David Luban (1949 -) </Li> <Li> Louis Iasiello (1950--) </Li> <Li> George Weigel (1951--) </Li> <Li> John Kelsay (1953--) </Li> <Li> Jeff McMahan (1954--) </Li> <Li> Nicholas Rennger (1959--) </Li> <Li> Anthony F. Lang, Jr. (1968--) </Li> <Li> Brian Orend (1970--) </Li> <Li> Alex J. Bellamy (1975--) </Li> <Li> Daniel Brunstetter (1976--) </Li> <Li> Cian O'Driscoll </Li> <Li> Valerie Morkevicius (1978--) </Li> <Li> James Pattison (1980--) </Li> </Ul>

In orthodox just war theory jus ad bellum is the theory of