<P> Streptococcus agalactiae (also known as group B streptococcus or GBS) is a gram - positive coccus (round bacterium) with a tendency to form chains (as reflected by the genus name Streptococcus). It is a beta - hemolytic, catalase - negative, and facultative anaerobe . In general, GBS is a harmless commensal bacterium being part of the human microbiota colonizing the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tract of up to 30% of healthy human adults (asymptomatic carriers). Nevertheless, GBS can cause severe invasive infections . </P> <P> Streptococcus agalactiae is the species designation for streptococci belonging to group B of the Lancefield classification . GBS is surrounded by a bacterial capsule composed of polysaccharides (exopolysacharide). The species is subclassified into ten serotypes (Ia, Ib, II--IX) depending on the immunologic reactivity of their polysaccharide capsule . This is why the plural term group B streptococci (referring to the serotypes) and the singular term group B streptococcus (referring to the single species) are both commonly encountered . </P> <P> GBS grows readily on blood agar plates as colonies surrounded by a narrow zone of β - hemolysis . GBS is characterized by the presence in the cell wall of the antigen group B of Lancefield classification (Lancefield grouping) that can be detected directly in intact bacteria using latex agglutination tests . The CAMP test is also another important test for identification of GBS . The CAMP factor produced by GBS acts synergistically with the staphylococcal β - hemolysin inducing enhanced hemolysis of sheep or bovine erythrocytes . GBS is also able to hydrolyze hippurate and this test can also be used to identify presumptively GBS . Hemolytic GBS strains produce an orange - brick - red non-isoprenoid polyene pigment (granadaene) when cultivated on granada medium that allows its straightforward identification . A summary of the laboratory techniques for GBS identification is depicted in Ref 7 . </P> <P> GBS is an asymptomatic (presenting no symptoms) colonizer of the gastrointestinal tract and vagina in up to 30% of otherwise healthy adults, including pregnant women . In different studies, GBS vaginal colonization rate ranges from 0% to 36%, most studies reporting colonization rates in sexually active women over 20% . It has been estimated that maternal GBS colonization worldwide is 18%, with regional variation from 11% to 35% . These variations in the reported prevalence of asymptomatic GBS colonization could be related to the detection methods used, and differences in populations sampled . </P>

What two physiological tests are significant in the identification of s. agalactiae
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