<P> Volumetric efficiency (VE) in internal combustion engine engineering is defined as the ratio of the mass density of the air - fuel mixture drawn into the cylinder at atmospheric pressure (during the intake stroke) to the mass density of the same volume of air in the intake manifold . The term is also used in other engineering contexts, such as hydraulic pumps and electronic components . </P> <P> Volumetric efficiency in an internal combustion engine design refers to the efficiency with which the engine can move the charge of fuel and air into and out of the cylinders . It also denotes the ratio of air volume drawn into the cylinder to the cylinder's swept volume . More specifically, volumetric efficiency is a ratio (or percentage) of the mass of air and fuel that is trapped by the cylinder during induction divided by the mass that would occupy the displaced volume if the air density in the cylinder were equal to the ambient air density . The flow restrictions in the intake system create a pressure drop in the inlet flow which reduces the density (unless boosts like turbos or superchargers or cam tuning techniques are used). Volumetric efficiency can be improved in a number of ways, most effectively this can be achieved by compressing the induction charge (forced induction) or by aggressive cam phasing in naturally aspirated engines as seen in racing applications . In the case of forced induction volumetric efficiency can exceed 100% . </P> <P> There are several ways to improve volumetric efficiency, but system - wide approaches are used to realize its full potential . </P>

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