<P> Future projections for the current trajectory of climate change predict that global warming is likely to exceed 3degrees Celsius, potentially 4degrees, by 2060 . Specifically in the Philippines, average temperatures are "virtually certain" to see an increase of 1.8 to 2.2 degrees Celsius . This temperature increase will stratify the local climate and cause the wet and dry seasons to be wetter and drier, respectively . Most areas in the Philippines will see reduced rainfall from March to May, while Luzon and Visayas will see increased heavy rainfall . There will also be an increase in: the number of days that exceed 35degree C; that have less than 2.5 mm of rainfall; and that have more than 300mm of rainfall . Additionally, climate change will continue to increase the intensity of typhoons and tropical storms . Sea levels around the Philippines are projected to rise 0.48 to 0.65 meters by 2100, which exceeds the global average for rates of sea level rise . Combined with sea level rise, this stratification into more extreme seasons and climates increases the frequency and severity of storm surge, floods, landslides, and droughts . These exacerbate risks to agriculture, energy, water, infrastructure, human health, and coastal ecosystems . </P> <P> Agriculture is one of the Philippines' largest sectors and will continue to be adversely impacted by the effects of climate change . The agriculture sector employs 35% of the working population and generated 13% of the country's GDP in 2009 . The two most important crops, rice and corn, account for 67% of the land under cultivation and stand to see reduced yields from heat and water stress . Rice, wheat, and corn crops are expected to see a 10% decrease in yield for every 1degree C increase over a 30dC average annual temperature . Increases in extreme weather events will have devastating affects on agriculture . Typhoons (high winds) and heavy rainfall contribute to the destruction of crops, reduced soil fertility, altered agricultural productivity through severe flooding, increased runoff, and soil erosion . Droughts and reduced rainfall leads to increased pest infestations that damage crops as well as an increased need for irrigation . Rising sea levels increases salinity which leads to a loss of arable land and irrigation water . All of these factors contribute to higher prices of food and an increased demand for imports, which hurts the general economy as well as individual livelihoods . From 2006 to 2013, the Philippines experienced a total of 75 disasters that cost the agricultural sector $3.8 billion in loss and damages . Typhoon Haiyan alone cost the Philippines' agricultural sector an estimated US $724 million after causing 1.1 million tonnes of crop loss and destroying 600,000 ha of farmland . The agricultural sector is expected to see an estimated annual GDP loss of 2.2% by 2100 due to climate impacts on agriculture . </P> <P> In the Philippines, there is a correlation between rainfall and civil conflict, and manifests through agricultural production . The increased rainfall during the wet season in the Philippines is proven to be harmful to agriculture as it leads to flooding and / or water logging . This above average rainfall is associated with "more conflict related incidents and casualties". The rainfall has a negative effect on rice which is an important crop that a majority of the country depends on as both a food sources and employment . A poor rice crop can lead to large impacts on the wellbeing of poor Filipinx and cause widespread contempt for the government and more support for insurgent groups . Climate change is expected to amplify the seasonal variation of rainfall in the Philippines and exacerbate ongoing civil conflict in the country . </P> <P> Smallholder farmers in the Philippines are expected to be among the most vulnerable and impacted by the effects of climate change in the region . However, there are differences in how men and women experience these impacts and often lead to differences in farming patterns and coping strategies . Some of the problems caused by extreme climate events in agrarian areas that are prone to civil conflict that disproportionately affect women include loss of customary rights to land, forced migration, increased discrimination, resource poverty and food insecurity . The effect that the combination of severe climate events and civil conflict has on Filipino women is further exacerbated by discriminatory policies, belief and practices, and restricted access to resources . For example, climate change is linked to increase civil conflict in the Mindanao region which increases the amount of casualties and deaths of young men in the area . This effectively widows women married to those men and leaves them on their own to take care of them and their children, even when the society and government makes it difficult for single mothers to succeed . Women are often relegated to be the caretakers of children which increases the burden and stress placed on them as well as inhibiting them from escaping from conflict ridden areas </P>

Short essay about current issues in the philippines