<P> Different countries deal with the idea of judicial independence through different means of judicial selection, or choosing judges . One way to promote judicial independence is by granting life tenure or long tenure for judges, which ideally frees them to decide cases and make rulings according to the rule of law and judicial discretion, even if those decisions are politically unpopular or opposed by powerful interests . This concept can be traced back to 18th century England . </P> <P> In some countries, the ability of the judiciary to check the legislature is enhanced by the power of judicial review . This power can be used, for example, by mandating certain action when the judiciary perceives that a branch of government is refusing to perform a constitutional duty, or by declaring laws passed by the legislature unconstitutional . </P> <P> Constitutional economics studies issues such as the proper distribution of national wealth including government spending on the judiciary . In transitional and developing countries, spending on the judiciary may be controlled by the executive . This undermines the principle of judicial independence because it creates a financial dependence of the judiciary on the executive . It is important to distinguish between two methods of corruption of the judiciary: the state (through budget planning and privileges) being the most dangerous, and private . State corruption of the judiciary can impede the ability of businesses to optimally facilitate the growth and development of a market economy . </P> <P> In some countries, the constitution also prohibits the legislative branch from reducing salaries of sitting judges . </P>

The concept of the due process of law is the silent feature of judicial review in