<P> In the latter half of the 20th century, holism led to systems thinking and its derivatives . Systems in biology, psychology, or sociology are frequently so complex that their behavior is, or appears, "new" or "emergent": it cannot be deduced from the properties of the elements alone . Holism has thus been used as a catchword . This contributed to the resistance encountered by the scientific interpretation of holism, which insists that there are ontological reasons that prevent reductive models in principle from providing efficient algorithms for prediction of system behavior in certain classes of systems . </P> <P> Scientific holism holds that the behavior of a system cannot be perfectly predicted, no matter how much data is available . Natural systems can produce surprisingly unexpected behavior, and it is suspected that behavior of such systems might be computationally irreducible, which means it would not be possible to even approximate the system state without a full simulation of all the events occurring in the system . Key properties of the higher level behavior of certain classes of systems may be mediated by rare "surprises" in the behavior of their elements due to the principle of interconnectivity, thus evading predictions except by brute force simulation . </P> <P> John Muir, a Scottish born early American conservationist, wrote "When we try to pick out anything by itself we find it hitched to everything else in the Universe". As such, holistic thinking is often applied to ecology, combining biological, chemical, physical, economic, ethical, and political insights . The complexity grows with the area, so that it is necessary to reduce the characteristic of the view in other ways, for example to a specific time of duration . </P> <P> In primary care the term "holistic," has been used to describe approaches that take into account social considerations and other intuitive judgements . The term holism, and so - called approaches, appear in psychosomatic medicine in the 1970s, when they were considered one possible way to conceptualize psychosomatic phenomena . Instead of charting one - way causal links from psyche to soma, or vice versa, it aimed at a systemic model, where multiple biological, psychological and social factors were seen as interlinked . </P>

Why is ecology described as a holistic science
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