<Li> Effectiveness of farm spraying and increased fertiliser use </Li> <P> This study suggests that Ghana's cocoa farmers are not making the best use of technological innovations in their production and instead their increased production is not sustainable . Bringing new land under cultivation is risky, as much of the land was previously forest and after a short period and without adequate attention this land may be exhausted . Intensive use of labour has led to high increases in the cost of labour and may impact profitability, and high rainfall is only periodic . </P> <P> Ghana Cocoa Board's experimentation with privatisation has created a hybrid system whereby despite all exports being controlled by the state, there are now around 25 private companies buying the crop in all areas of the country where it is grown . After 14 years, the successes and failures of this hybrid system have been the subject of a study by researchers at the Overseas Development Institute . Competition was clearly found to have increased production levels throughout the country, yet access to credit remained one of the most important factors determining the level of competition . Farmers rarely made the most of all the available options to sell their crop (often they only made use of one). </P> <P> Their choice was based on the ability of a company to pay promptly in cash and thus there were only five major players on the market: PBC (formerly state - owned), Kuapa Kokoo (a hugely successful farmers - based cooperative working on fair trade principle), Adwumapa (a Ghanaian buying company), Olam and Armajaro (both foreign - owned companies, from Singapore and the UK respectively). Another key determining factor is the distance of the plantation from the main market, as more remote farms more often found it easier to sell to the formerly state - owned PBC . </P>

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