<Dd> Two political Sects have arisen within the U.S. the one believing that the executive is the branch of our government which the most needs support; the other that like the analogous branch in the English Government, it is already too strong for the republican parts of the Constitution; and therefore in equivocal cases they incline to the legislative powers: the former of these are called federalists, sometimes aristocrats or monocrats, and sometimes tories, after the corresponding sect in the English Government of exactly the same definition: the latter are stiled republicans, whigs, jacobins, anarchists, disorganizers, etc. these terms are in familiar use with most persons ." </Dd> <P> The Federalists promoted the financial system of Treasury Secretary Hamilton, which emphasized federal assumption of state debts, a tariff to pay off those debts, a national bank to facilitate financing, and encouragement of banking and manufacturing . The Republicans, based in the plantation South, opposed a strong executive power, were hostile to a standing army and navy, demanded a limited reading of the Constitutional powers of the federal government, and strongly opposed the Hamilton financial program . Perhaps even more important was foreign policy, where the Federalists favored Britain because of its political stability and its close ties to American trade, while the Republicans admired the French and the French Revolution . Jefferson was especially fearful that British aristocratic influences would undermine republicanism . Britain and France were at war 1793--1815, with one brief interruption . American policy was neutrality, with the federalists hostile to France, and the Republicans hostile to Britain . The Jay Treaty of 1794 marked the decisive mobilization of the two parties and their supporters in every state . President Washington, while officially nonpartisan, generally supported the Federalists and that party made Washington their iconic hero . </P> <P> Washington retired in 1797, firmly declining to serve for more than eight years as the nation's head . The Federalists supported Vice President John Adams for President . Adams defeated Jefferson, who as the runner - up became Vice President under the operation of the Electoral College of that time . </P> <P> Even before he entered the presidency, Adams had quarreled with Alexander Hamilton--and thus was hindered by a divided Federalist party . </P>

The indian wars that occured between 1860 and 1890 were mainly the result of