<P> Gardasil and Cervarix are designed to elicit virus - neutralizing antibody responses that prevent initial infection with the HPV types represented in the vaccine . The vaccines have been shown to offer 100 percent protection against the development of cervical pre-cancers and genital warts caused by the HPV types in the vaccine, with few or no side effects . The protective effects of the vaccine are expected to last a minimum of 4.5 years after the initial vaccination . </P> <P> While the study period was not long enough for cervical cancer to develop, the prevention of these cervical precancerous lesions (or dysplasias) is believed highly likely to result in the prevention of those cancers . </P> <P> The vaccine was first developed by the University of Queensland in Australia and the final form was made by researchers at the University of Queensland, Georgetown University Medical Center, University of Rochester, and the U.S. National Cancer Institute . Researchers Ian Frazer and Jian Zhou at the University of Queensland have been accorded priority under U.S. patent law for the invention of the HPV vaccine's basis, the VLPs . In 2006, the FDA approved the first preventive HPV vaccine, marketed by Merck & Co. under the trade name Gardasil . According to a Merck press release, in the second quarter of 2007, it had been approved in 80 countries, many under fast - track or expedited review . Early in 2007, GlaxoSmithKline filed for approval in the United States for a similar preventive HPV vaccine, known as Cervarix . In June 2007 this vaccine was licensed in Australia, and it was approved in the European Union in September 2007 . Cervarix was approved for use in the U.S. in October 2009 . </P> <P> Harald zur Hausen, a German researcher who initially suspected and later helped to prove that genital HPV infection can lead to cervical cancer, was awarded half of the $1.4 million Nobel Prize in Medicine for his work . Verification that cervical cancer is caused by an infectious agent led several other groups (see above) to develop vaccines against HPV strains that cause most cases of cervical cancer . The other half of the award went to Françoise Barré - Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier, two French virologists, for their part in the discovery of HIV . </P>

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