<P> Ibn Bajjah (Avempace, c. 1085--1138) proposed that for every force there is a reaction force . While he did not specify that these forces be equal, it was still an early version of Newton's third law of motion . </P> <P> The Banu Musa brothers, Jafar - Muhammad, Ahmad and al - Hasan (ca . early 9th century) created automated devices described in their Book of Ingenious Devices . </P> <P> Many classical works including those of Aristotle were transmitted from Greek to Syriac, then to Arabic, then to Latin in the Middle Ages . Aristotle's zoology remained dominant in its field for the next two thousand years . The Kitāb al - Hayawān (كتاب الحيوان, English: Book of Animals) is a 9th - century Arabic translation of History of Animals: 1--10, On the Parts of Animals: 11--14, and Generation of Animals: 15--19 . </P> <P> The book was mentioned by Al - Kindī (d . 850), and commented on by Avicenna (Ibn Sīnā) in his The Book of Healing . Avempace (Ibn Bājja) and Averroes (Ibn Rushd) commented on and criticised On the Parts of Animals and Generation of Animals . </P>

What is the leader of the islamic civilization called