<P> Minor everyday slips and lapses of memory are fairly commonplace, and may increase naturally with age, when ill, or when under stress . Some women may experience more memory lapses following the onset of the menopause . In general, more serious problems with memory occur due to traumatic brain injury or neurodegenerative disease . </P> <P> The majority of findings about memory have been the result of studies that lesioned specific brain regions in rats or primates, but some of the most important work has been the result of accidental or inadvertent brain trauma . The most famous case in recent memory studies is the case study of HM, who had parts of his hippocampus, parahippocampal cortices, and surrounding tissue removed in an attempt to cure his epilepsy . His subsequent total anterograde amnesia and partial retrograde amnesia provided the first evidence for the localization of memory function, and further clarified the differences between declarative and procedural memory . </P> <P> Many neurodegenerative diseases can cause memory loss . Some of the most prevalent (and, as a consequence, most intensely researched) include Alzheimer's disease, dementia, Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and schizophrenia . None act specifically on memory; instead, memory loss is often a casualty of generalized neuronal deterioration . Currently, these illnesses are irreversible, but research into stem cells, psychopharmacology, and genetic engineering holds much promise . </P> <P> Those with Alzheimer's disease generally display symptoms such as getting momentarily lost on familiar routes, placing possessions in inappropriate locations and distortions of existing memories or completely forgetting memories . Researchers have often used the Deese--Roediger--McDermott paradigm (DRM) to study the effects of Alzheimer's disease on memory . The DRM paradigm presents a list of words such as doze, pillow, bed, dream, nap, etc., with a theme word that is not presented . In this case the theme word would have been sleep . Alzheimer's disease patients are more likely to recall the theme word as being part of the original list than healthy adults . There is a possible link between longer encoding time and increased false memory in LTM . The patients end up relying on the gist of information instead of the specific words themselves . Alzheimer's leads to an uncontrolled inflammatory response brought on by extensive amyloid deposition in the brain, which leads to cell death in the brain . This gets worse over time and eventually leads to cognitive decline, after the loss of memory . Pioglitazone may improve cognitive impairments, including memory loss and may help protect long - term and visiospatial memory from neurodegenerative disease . </P>

When information that had been stored in long term memory can no longer be retrieved and used
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