<Li> Gravitational interaction: a long - range attractive interaction that acts on all particles . The postulated exchange particle has been named the graviton . </Li> <P> Modern unified field theory attempts to bring these four interactions together into a single framework . </P> <P> The first successful classical unified field theory was developed by James Clerk Maxwell . In 1820 Hans Christian Ørsted discovered that electric currents exerted forces on magnets, while in 1831, Michael Faraday made the observation that time - varying magnetic fields could induce electric currents . Until then, electricity and magnetism had been thought of as unrelated phenomena . In 1864, Maxwell published his famous paper on a dynamical theory of the electromagnetic field . This was the first example of a theory that was able to encompass previously separate field theories (namely electricity and magnetism) to provide a unifying theory of electromagnetism . By 1905, Albert Einstein had used the constancy of the speed of light in Maxwell's theory to unify our notions of space and time into an entity we now call spacetime and in 1915 he expanded this theory of special relativity to a description of gravity, General Relativity, using a field to describe the curving geometry of four - dimensional spacetime . </P> <P> In the years following the creation of the general theory, a large number of physicists and mathematicians enthusiastically participated in the attempt to unify the then - known fundamental interactions . In view of later developments in this domain, of particular interest are the theories of Hermann Weyl of 1919, who introduced the concept of an (electromagnetic) gauge field in a classical field theory and, two years later, that of Theodor Kaluza, who extended General Relativity to five dimensions . Continuing in this latter direction, Oscar Klein proposed in 1926 that the fourth spatial dimension be curled up into a small, unobserved circle . In Kaluza--Klein theory, the gravitational curvature of the extra spatial direction behaves as an additional force similar to electromagnetism . These and other models of electromagnetism and gravity were pursued by Albert Einstein in his attempts at a classical unified field theory . By 1930 Einstein had already considered the Einstein--Maxwell--Dirac System (Dongen). This system is (heuristically) the super-classical (Varadarajan) limit of (the not mathematically well - defined) Quantum Electrodynamics . One can extend this system to include the weak and strong nuclear forces to get the Einstein--Yang--Mills--Dirac System . The French physicist Marie - Antoinette Tonnelat published a paper in the early 1940s on the standard commutation relations for the quantized spin - 2 field . She continued this work in collaboration with Erwin Schrödinger after the World War II . In 1965, Tonnelat published a book on the state of research on unified field theories . </P>

Who combined the electric and magnetic phenomena into one unified theory