<P> Reformers, especially the "Mugwumps" complained that powerful parties made for corruption during the Gilded Age or "Third Party System". Voter enthusiasm and turnout during the period 1872--1892 was very high, often reaching practically all men . The major issues involved modernization, money, railroads, corruption, and prohibition . National elections, and many state elections, were very close . The 1884 presidential election saw a mudslinging campaign in which Republican James G. Blaine was defeated by Democrat Grover Cleveland, a reformer . During Cleveland's presidency, he pushed to have congress cut tariff duties . He also expanded civil services and vetoed many private pension bills . Many people were worried that these issues would hurt his chances in the 1888 election . When they expressed these concerns to Cleveland, he said "What is the use of being elected or reelected, unless you stand for something?" </P> <P> The dominant social class of the Northeast possessed the confidence to proclaim an "American Renaissance", which could be identified in the rush of new public institutions that marked the period--hospitals, museums, colleges, opera houses, libraries, orchestras--and by the Beaux - Arts architectural idiom in which they splendidly stood forth, after Chicago hosted the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 . </P> <P> Urbanization (the rapid growth of cities) went hand in hand with industrialization (the growth of factories and railroads), as well as expansion of farming . The rapid growth was made possible by high levels of immigration . </P> <P> From 1865 through 1918 an unprecedented and diverse stream of immigrants arrived in the United States, 27.5 million in total . In all, 24.4 million (89%) came from Europe, including 2.9 million from Britain, 2.2 million from Ireland, 2.1 million from Scandinavia, 3.8 million from Germany, 4.1 million from Italy, 7.8 million from Russia and other parts of eastern and central Europe . Another 1.7 million came from Canada . Most came through the port of New York City, and from 1892, through the immigration station on Ellis Island, but various ethnic groups settled in different locations . New York and other large cities of the East Coast became home to large Jewish, Irish, and Italian populations, while many Germans and Central Europeans moved to the Midwest, obtaining jobs in industry and mining . At the same time, about one million French Canadians migrated from Quebec to New England . </P>

Give 4 reasons as to why the united states became a great industrial power after the civil war