<P> In his treatise Leviathan, (1651), Hobbes expresses a view of natural law as a precept, or general rule, found out by reason, by which a man is forbidden to do that which is destructive of his life, or takes away the means of preserving the same; and to omit that by which he thinks it may best be preserved . Hobbes was a social contractarian and believed that the law gained peoples' tacit consent . He believed that society was formed from a state of nature to protect people from the state of war between mankind that exists otherwise . Life is, without an ordered society, "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short". It is commonly commented that Hobbes' views about the core of human nature were influenced by his times . The English Civil War and the Cromwellian dictatorship had taken place, and he felt absolute authority vested in a monarch, whose subjects obeyed the law, was the basis of a civilized society . </P> <P> Writing after World War II, Lon L. Fuller notably emphasised that the law must meet certain formal requirements (such as being impartial and publicly knowable). To the extent that an institutional system of social control falls short of these requirements, Fuller argues, we are less inclined to recognise it as a system of law, or to give it our respect . Thus, law has an internal morality that goes beyond the social rules by which valid laws are made . </P> <P> Sophisticated positivist and natural law theories sometimes resemble each other more than the above descriptions might suggest, and they may concede certain points to the other "side". Identifying a particular theorist as a positivist or a natural law theorist sometimes involves matters of emphasis and degree, and the particular influences on the theorist's work . In particular, the older natural lawyers, such as Aquinas and John Locke made no distinction between analytic and normative jurisprudence . But modern natural lawyers, such as John Finnis claim to be positivists, while still arguing that law is a basically moral creature . </P> <P> Analytic, or' clarificatory', jurisprudence means the use of a neutral point of view and descriptive language when referring to the aspects of legal systems . This was a philosophical development that rejected natural law's fusing of what law is and what it ought to be . David Hume famously argued in A Treatise of Human Nature that people invariably slip between describing that the world is a certain way to saying therefore we ought to conclude on a particular course of action . But as a matter of pure logic, one cannot conclude that we ought to do something merely because something is the case . So analysing and clarifying the way the world is must be treated as a strictly separate question to normative and evaluative ought questions . </P>

Which of the following is an example of something that a proponent of judicial activism