<P> Conscientious objectors were punished as well, most of them Christian pacifist inductees . They were placed directly in the armed forces and court - martialed, receiving draconian sentences and harsh treatment . A number of them died in Alcatraz Prison, then a military facility . Vigilante groups were formed which suppressed dissent as well, such as by rounding up draft - age men and checking if they were in possession of draft cards or not . </P> <P> Ben Salmon was a Catholic conscientious objector and outspoken critic of Just War theology . During World War I, America's Roman Catholic hierarchy denounced him and The New York Times described him as a "spy suspect ." The US military (in which he was never inducted) court - martialed him for desertion and spreading propaganda, then sentenced him to death (this was later revised to 25 years hard labor). </P> <P> Around 300,000 American men evaded or refused conscription in World War I. Aliens such as Emma Goldman were deported, while naturalized or even native - born citizens, including Eugene Debs, lost their citizenship for their activities . Helen Keller, a socialist, and Jane Addams, a pacifist, also publicly opposed the war, but neither was prosecuted, likely because they were sympathetic figures (Keller working to help fellow deaf - blind people and Addams in charity to benefit the poor). </P> <P> In 1919, as the soldiers came home, disturbances continued, with veterans fighting strikers, the Seattle General Strike, race riots in the South and the Palmer Raids following two anarchist bombings . After the election of Warren G. Harding in 1920, Americans were eager to follow his campaign slogan of "Return to Normalcy ." Anti-war dissidents in federal prison, such as Debs, and conscientious objectors, had their sentences commuted to time served or were pardoned on December 25, 1921 . The Sedition Act was repealed in 1921, but the Espionage Act remains, and Richard Nixon attempted to invoke it in vain to prevent the Pentagon Papers being published in 1971 . Many U.S. Supreme Court decisions since then have substantially, but not explicitly, gutted the provisions used to squelch dissent . Media withheld much opposition to the war . </P>

Which of the following was a socialist noted for criticizing american involvement in wwi