<P> The military judicial system is headed by the Judge Advocate General who is a civilian and part of the Ministry of Justice . </P> <P> Administrative procedures enable a service man or women to be discharged for unsatisfactory behaviour in a process similar to that in the private sector . They also allow a superior of any rank to award up to three extra duties or similar to a subordinate for minor infractions . Since being introduced this has significantly reduced the number of cases dealt with summarily . </P> <P> The United States Constitution authorized the creation of a system of military justice . Article I, Section 8 permits the U.S. Congress to "make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces ." Congress issued these rules first in 1806 as the Articles of War . Military justice during the American Civil War was governed by the 1863 Lieber Code . The Articles of War were superseded in 1951 by the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ). </P> <P> The UCMJ is federal law, found in Title 10 United States Code Chapter 47, and implemented by the Manual for Courts - Martial, an executive order issued by the President of the United States in his capacity as Commander - in - Chief of the United States Armed Forces . Court - martial convictions in the United States may be appealed through military courts of appeal to the United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces (CAAF), a federal appellate court consisting of five civilian judges appointed by the President of the United States . CAAF decisions are subject to direct review by the Supreme Court of the United States . </P>

Why does the military have their own court
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