<P> By July 1665, plague was rampant in the City of London . The rich ran away including King Charles II of England, his family and his court left the city for Salisbury, moving on to Oxford in September when some cases of plague occurred in Salisbury . The aldermen and most of the other city authorities opted to stay at their posts . The Lord Mayor of London, Sir John Lawrence, also decided to stay in the city . Businesses were closed when merchants and professionals fled . Defoe wrote "Nothing was to be seen but wagons and carts, with goods, women, servants, children, coaches filled with people of the better sort, and horsemen attending them, and all hurrying away". As the plague raged throughout the summer, only a small number of clergymen, physicians and apothecaries remained to cope with an increasingly large number of victims . Edward Cotes, author of London's Dreadful Visitation, expressed the hope that "Neither the Physicians of our Souls or Bodies may hereafter in such great numbers forsake us". </P> <P> The poorer people were also alarmed by the contagion and some left the city, but it was not easy for them to abandon their accommodation and livelihoods for an uncertain future elsewhere . Before exiting through the city gates, they were required to possess a certificate of good health signed by the Lord Mayor and these became increasingly difficult to obtain . As time went by and the numbers of plague victims rose, people living in the villages outside London began to resent this exodus and were no longer prepared to accept townsfolk from London, with or without a certificate . The refugees were turned back, were not allowed to pass through towns and had to travel across country, and were forced to live rough on what they could steal or scavenge from the fields . Many died in wretched circumstances of starvation and thirst in the hot summer that was to follow . </P> <P> In the last week of July, the London Bill of Mortality showed 3,014 deaths, of which 2,020 had died from the plague . The number of deaths as a result of plague may have been underestimated, as deaths in other years in the same period were much lower, at around 300 . As the number of victims affected mounted up, burial grounds became overfull, and pits were dug to accommodate the dead . Drivers of dead - carts travelled the streets calling "Bring out your dead" and carted away piles of bodies . The authorities became concerned that the number of deaths might cause public alarm and ordered that body removal and interment should take place only at night . As time went on, there were too many victims, and too few drivers, to remove the bodies which began to be stacked up against the walls of houses . Daytime collection was resumed and the plague pits became mounds of decomposing corpses . In the parish of Aldgate, a great hole was dug near the churchyard, fifty feet long and twenty feet wide . Digging was continued by labourers at one end while the dead - carts tipped in corpses at the other . When there was no room for further extension it was dug deeper until ground water was reached at twenty feet . When finally covered with earth it housed 1,114 corpses . </P> <P> Plague doctors traversed the streets diagnosing victims, although many of them had no formal medical training . Several public health efforts were attempted . Physicians were hired by city officials and burial details were carefully organized, but panic spread through the city and, out of the fear of contagion, people were hastily buried in overcrowded pits . The means of transmission of the disease were not known but thinking they might be linked to the animals, the City Corporation ordered a cull of dogs and cats . This decision may have affected the length of the epidemic since those animals could have helped keep in check the rat population carrying the fleas which transmitted the disease . Thinking bad air was involved in transmission, the authorities ordered giant bonfires to be burned in the streets and house fires to be kept burning night and day, in hopes that the air would be cleansed . Tobacco was thought to be a prophylactic and it was later said that no London tobacconist had died from the plague during the epidemic . </P>

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