<P> In February 1890, the United States government broke a Lakota treaty by adjusting the Great Sioux Reservation of South Dakota (an area that formerly encompassed the majority of the state) and breaking it up into five smaller reservations . The government was accommodating white homesteaders from the eastern United States; in addition, it intended to "break up tribal relationships" and "conform Indians to the white man's ways, peaceably if they will, or forcibly if they must". On the reduced reservations, the government allocated family units on 320 - acre (1.3 km) plots for individual households . The Lakota were expected to farm and raise livestock, and to send their children to boarding schools . With the goal of assimilation, the schools taught English and Christianity, as well as American cultural practices . Generally, they forbade inclusion of Indian traditional culture and language . </P> <P> To help support the Lakota during the period of transition, the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) was to supplement the Lakota with food and to hire white farmers as teachers for the people . The farming plan failed to take into account the difficulty that Lakota farmers would have in trying to cultivate crops in the semi-arid region of South Dakota . By the end of the 1890 growing season, a time of intense heat and low rainfall, it was clear that the land was unable to produce substantial agricultural yields . Unfortunately, this was also the time when the government's patience with supporting the so - called "lazy Indians" ran out . They cut rations for the Lakota in half . With the bison having been virtually eradicated a few years earlier, the Lakota were at risk of starvation . </P> <P> The people turned to the Ghost Dance ritual, which frightened the supervising agents of the BIA . Those who had been residing in the area for a long time recognized that the ritual was often held shortly before battle was to occur . Kicking Bear was forced to leave Standing Rock, but when the dances continued unabated, Agent James McLaughlin asked for more troops . He claimed the Hunkpapa spiritual leader Sitting Bull was the real leader of the movement . A former agent, Valentine McGillycuddy, saw nothing extraordinary in the dances and ridiculed the panic that seemed to have overcome the agencies, saying: "The coming of the troops has frightened the Indians . If the Seventh - Day Adventists prepare the ascension robes for the Second Coming of the Savior, the United States Army is not put in motion to prevent them . Why should not the Indians have the same privilege? If the troops remain, trouble is sure to come ." </P> <P> Nonetheless, thousands of additional U.S. Army troops were deployed to the reservation . On December 15, 1890, Sitting Bull was arrested for failing to stop his people from practicing the Ghost Dance . During the incident, one of Sitting Bull's men, Catch the Bear, fired at Lieutenant "Bull Head", striking his right side . He instantly wheeled and shot Sitting Bull, hitting him in the left side, between the tenth and eleventh ribs; this exchange resulted in deaths on both sides, including that of Sitting Bull . </P>

What is the ghost dance and what is its purpose