<P> The churches showed much less pacifism than in 1914 . The Church of God, based in Anderson, Indiana, had a strong pacifist element, reaching a high point in the late 1930s . The Church regarded World War II as a just war because America was attacked . Likewise the Quakers generally regarded World War II as a just war and about 90% served, although there were some conscientious objectors . The Mennonites and Brethren continued their pacifism, but the federal government was much less hostile than in the previous war . These churches helped their young men to both become conscientious objectors and to provide valuable service to the nation . Goshen College set up a training program for unpaid Civilian Public Service jobs . Although the young women pacifists were not liable to the draft, they volunteered for unpaid Civilian Public Service jobs to demonstrate their patriotism; many worked in mental hospitals . The Jehovah Witness denomination, however, refused to participate in any forms of service, and thousands of its young men refused to register and went to prison . </P> <P> Civilian support for the war was widespread, with isolated cases of draft resistance . The F.B.I. was already tracking elements that were suspected of loyalty to Germany, Japan, or Italy, and many were arrested in the weeks after the attack on Pearl Harbor . 7,000 German and Italian aliens (who were not U.S. citizens) were moved back from the West Coast, along with some 100,000 of Japanese descent . Some enemy aliens were held without trial during the entire war . The U.S. citizens accused of supporting Germany were given public trials, and often were freed . </P> <P> There was large - scale migration to industrial centers, especially on the West Coast . Millions of wives followed their husbands to military camps; for many families, especially from farms, the moves were permanent . One 1944 survey of migrants in Portland, Oregon and San Diego found that three quarters wanted to stay after the war . Many new military training bases were established or enlarged, especially in the South . Large numbers of African Americans left the cotton fields and headed for the cities . Housing was increasingly difficult to find in industrial centers, as there was no new non-military construction . Commuting by car was limited by gasoline rationing . People car pooled or took public transportation, which was seriously overcrowded . Trains were heavily booked, with uniformed military personnel taking priority, so people limited vacation and long - distance travel . </P> <P> The large - scale movement of blacks from the rural South to defense centers in the North (and some in the South) led to small - scale local confrontations over jobs and housing shortages . Washington feared a major race war . The cities were relatively peaceful; much - feared large - scale race riots did not happen, but there was small - scale violence, as in the 1943 race riot in Detroit and the anti-Mexican Zoot Suit Riots in Los Angeles in 1943 . The "zoot suit" was a highly conspicuous costume worn by Mexican American teenagers in Los Angeles . As historian Roger Bruns notes, "the Zoot suit also represented a stark visual expression of culture for Mexican Americans, about making a statement--a mark of defiance against the place in society in which they found themselves ." They gained admiration from their in group, and "disgust and ridicule from others, especially the Anglos ." </P>

Organized labor assisted in the war effort during world war ii by