<P> Andrew Scull argues that Cotton's obsession with focal sepsis as the root cause of mental illness "persisted in spite of all evidence to the contrary and the frightening incidence of death and harm from the operations he initiated". Cotton's approach attracted some detractors, but the medical establishment of the day did not effectively renounce or discipline him . </P> <Ul> <Li> 1924 - The Virginia Sterilization Act of 1924 provided for compulsory sterilization of persons deemed to be "feebleminded," including the "insane, idiotic, imbecile, or epileptic ." This Sterilization Act was upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court in the case Buck v. Bell 274 U.S. 200 (1927). In 1979, Virginia's Assembly repealed the Act . In 2001, the legislature overwhelmingly passed a bill (HJ607ER) to express the assembly's profound regret for its role in the eugenics movement . On May 2, 2002, Governor Mark R. Warner issued a statement also expressing "profound regret for the commonwealth's role in the eugenics movement," specifically naming Virginia's 1924 compulsory sterilization legislation, which includes though is not limited to the Virginia Sterilization Act of 1924 . </Li> <Li> 1927 - Buck v. Bell, 274 U.S. 200 (1927), is a decision of the United States Supreme Court, written by Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., in which the Court ruled that a state statute permitting compulsory sterilization of the unfit, including the intellectually disabled, "for the protection and health of the state" did not violate the Due Process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution . The decision was largely seen as an endorsement of negative eugenics--the attempt to improve the human race by eliminating "defectives" from the gene pool . The Supreme Court has never expressly overturned Buck v. Bell . </Li> <Li> 1929 - 1974: North Carolina sterilized 7,600 people from 1929 to 1974 who were deemed socially or mentally unfit . </Li> <Li> 1935--The League of the Physically Handicapped in New York City was formed to protest discrimination by the Works Progress Administration (WPA). The Home Relief Bureau of New York City stamped all applications with "PH" which stood for "physically handicapped ." Members of the League held a sit - in at the Home Relief Bureau for nine days and a weekend sit - in at the WPA headquarters . These actions eventually led to the creation of 1,500 jobs in New York City . </Li> <Li> 1935--The Social Security Act became U.S. law; it provided federally funded old - age benefits and funds to states for assistance to blind individuals and disabled children . The Act also extended existing vocational rehabilitation programs . </Li> <Li> 1936--The Randolph - Sheppard Act, 20 U.S.C. § 107 et seq., a federal law which mandates a priority to blind persons to operate vending facilities on federal property, became law in the U.S. It was amended and updated significantly in 1974 . </Li> <Li> 1938--The Wagner - O'Day Act, enacted in 1938, mandated that U.S. federal agencies purchase products from workshops for the blind meeting specific qualifications . </Li> <Li> 1940--The National Federation of the Blind was formed in Wilkes - Barre, Pennsylvania, by Jacobus Broek and others . They advocated for white cane laws, input by blind people for programs for blind clients and other reforms . </Li> <Li> 1940--The American Federation of the Physically Handicapped, founded in 1940 by Paul Strachan, was the first cross-disability national (American) political organization to urge an end to job discrimination, lobby for passage of related legislation, and call for a National Employ the Physically Handicapped Week, as well as other initiatives . </Li> <Li> 1943--The LaFollette - Barden Vocational Rehabilitation Act became law in the U.S., and it added physical rehabilitation to the goals of federally funded vocational rehabilitation programs and provided funding for certain care services . </Li> <Li> 1945--PL - 176 became law in the U.S., and it declared the first week in October each year would be National Employ the Physically Handicapped Week . In 1962 the word "physically" was removed to acknowledge the employment needs and contributions of individuals with all types of disabilities . In 1988, Congress expanded the week to a month (October) and changed the name to "National Disability Employment Awareness Month ." </Li> <Li> 1946--President Truman signed the National Mental Health Act (1946), which called for the establishment of a National Institute of Mental Health . </Li> <Li> 1946--The Hill - Burton Act (also known as the Hospital Survey and Construction Act) became law in the U.S., and it authorized federal grants to states for the construction of hospitals, public centers and health facilities for rehabilitation of people with disabilities . </Li> <Li> 1946--The National Mental Health Foundation was founded by American conscientious objectors from WWII who served as attendants at state mental institutions rather than serving in the war . The Foundation exposed the abusive conditions at these facilities and became an impetus toward deinstitutionalization . </Li> <Li> 1947--The President's Committee on National Employ the Physically Handicapped Week was held in Washington, D.C. Publicity campaigns, coordinated by state and local committees, emphasized the competence of people with disabilities and used movie trailers, billboards, radio and television ads to convince the public that it was good business to hire the handicapped . </Li> <Li> 1947--The Paralyzed Veterans of America organization was created . </Li> <Li> 1948--The National Paraplegia Foundation, founded by members of the Paralyzed Veterans of America as the civilian arm of their growing movement, took a leading role in advocating for disability rights . </Li> <Li> 1948--The University of Illinois at Galesburg disabled students' program was officially founded, and was directed by Timothy Nugent . The program moved to the campus at Urbana - Champaign where it became a prototype for disabled student programs and independent living centers across the country . </Li> <Li> 1948--We Are Not Alone (WANA), a mental patients' self - help group, was organized at the Rockland State Hospital in Rockland County, New York . </Li> <Li> 1950--Mary Switzer was appointed the Director of the U.S. Office of Vocational Rehabilitation, where she emphasized independent living as a quality of life issue . </Li> <Li> 1950--Social Security Amendments established a federal - state program to aid permanently and totally disabled persons in America . </Li> <Li> 1953--The (American) President's Committee on National Employ the Physically Handicapped Week became the President's Committee on Employment of the Physically Handicapped, a permanent organization reporting to the President and Congress . </Li> <Li> 1954--Vocational Rehabilitation Amendments were passed that authorized federal grants to expand programs available to people with physical disabilities in America . </Li> <Li> 1954--Mary Switzer, Director of the U.S. Office of Vocational Rehabilitation, authorized funds for more than 100 university - based rehabilitation - related programs . </Li> <Li> 1954--The (American) Social Security Act of 1935 was amended by PL 83 - 761 to include a freeze provision for workers who were forced by disability to leave the workforce . This protected their benefits by freezing their retirement benefits at their pre-disability level . </Li> <Li> 1954 - Durham v. United States, 214 F. 2d 862 (D.C. Cir. 1954), is a criminal case articulating what became known as the Durham rule for juries to find a defendant is not guilty by reason of insanity, that "an accused is not criminally responsible if his unlawful act was the product of mental disease or mental defect". It was to enable psychiatrists to "inform the jury of the character of (the defendant's mental disease" so that a jury could be "guided by wider horizons of knowledge concerning mental life"; so that juries could make determinations based on expert testimony about the disease . It was patterned on State v. Pike . It was adopted by only two states, for a short time, but has and continues to be influential on debate over legal insanity . The decision was criticized for leaving a jury with no standard to judge impairment of reason or control, did not define mental disease, and left the jury dependent on expert testimony . </Li> <Li> 1956--The Social Security Amendments of 1956 created the Social Security Disability (SSDI) program for disabled workers aged 50 to 64 in America . </Li> <Li> 1956 - The Alaska Mental Health Enabling Act of 1956 (Public Law 84 - 830) was an Act of Congress passed to improve mental health care in the United States territory of Alaska . The Act succeeded in its initial aim of establishing a mental health care system for Alaska, funded by income from lands allocated to a mental health trust . However, during the 1970s and early 1980s, Alaskan politicians systematically stripped the trust of its lands, transferring the most valuable land to private individuals and state agencies . The asset stripping was eventually ruled to be illegal following several years of litigation, and a reconstituted mental health trust was established in the mid-1980s . </Li> <Li> 1958--The Social Security Amendments of 1958 extended Social Security Disability benefits to dependents of disabled workers in America . </Li> <Li> 1958--PL 85 - 905, which authorized loan services for captioned films for the deaf, became law in the U.S. </Li> <Li> 1958--PL 85 - 926, which provided federal support for training teachers for children with mental retardation, became law in the U.S. </Li> <Li> 1958--The Rehabilitation Gazette (formerly known as the Toomeyville Gazette), edited by Gini Laurie, was founded . It was an American grassroots publication which became an early voice for disability rights, independent living, and cross-disability organizing . It featured articles by writers with disabilities . </Li> <Li> 1960--The (American) National Association for Down Syndrome (originally incorporated as the Mongoloid Development Council), the oldest Down Syndrome parent organization in the States, was founded by Kathryn McGee, whose daughter Tricia had Down Syndrome . </Li> <Li> 1960--The (American) Social Security Amendments of 1960 eliminated the restriction that disabled workers receiving Social Security Disability benefits must be 50 or older . </Li> <Li> 1960--Morton Birnbaum's seminal paper on "The Right To Treatment" appeared in 1960 in the American Bar Association Journal, marking the first published use of the term sanism in reference to the mentally ill . </Li> <Li> 1960--Dusky v. United States, 362 U.S. 402 (1960), was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court affirmed a defendant's right to have a competency evaluation before proceeding to trial . This case set the current standard for adjudicative competence in the United States . Although the statutes addressing competency vary from state to state in the United States, the two elements outlined in the Dusky v. United States decision are held in common: The defendant must understand the charges against him or her and must have the ability to aid his or her attorney in his or her own defense, although see Felthous (2011), who argues that many state statutes--and the federal statute--do not incorporate the rationality standard enunciated in Dusky). </Li> <Li> 1961--U.S. President John F. Kennedy appointed a President's Panel on Mental Retardation . </Li> <Li> 1961--The American National Standard Institute, Inc . (ANSI) published American Standard Specifications for Making Buildings Accessible to, and Usable by, the Physically Handicapped (the A117. 1 Barrier Free Standard). This landmark document, produced by the University of Illinois, became the basis for subsequent architectural access codes . </Li> <Li> 1962--The (American) President's Committee on Employment of the Physically Handicapped was renamed the President's Committee on Employment of the Handicapped, reflecting increased interest in employment issues affecting people with cognitive disabilities and mental illness . </Li> <Li> 1962--Edward Roberts successfully sued to gain admission to the University of California, Berkeley, making him the first student with severe disabilities to attend that school . </Li> <Li> 1963--Public Law 88 - 164, also called the Community Mental Health Act, became law in the U.S., and it authorized funding for developmental research centers in university affiliated facilities and community facilities for people with mental retardation; it was the first federal law directed to help people with developmental disabilities . </Li> <Li> 1963--U.S. President John F. Kennedy called for a reduction "over a number of years and by hundreds of thousands, (in the number) of persons confined" to residential institutions and asked that methods be found "to retain in and return to the community the mentally ill and mentally retarded, and thereto restore and revitalize their lives through better health programs and strengthened educational and rehabilitation services ." This resulted in deinstitutionalization and increased community services . </Li> <Li> 1963--South Carolina passed the first statewide architectural access code in America . </Li> <Li> 1964 - On October 6, 1964, a joint resolution of the U.S. Congress, H.R. 753 was signed into law as Pub. L. 88--628, and codified at 36 U.S.C. § 142 . This resolution authorized the President of the United States to proclaim October 15 of each year as "White Cane Safety Day". President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the first White Cane Safety Day proclamation within hours of the passage of the joint resolution . </Li> <Li> 1965--Medicare and Medicaid were established through passage of the Social Security Amendments of 1965, providing federally subsidized health care to disabled and elderly Americans covered by the Social Security program . These amendments changed the definition of disability under Social Security Disability program from "of long continued and indefinite duration" to "expected to last for not less than 12 months ." </Li> <Li> 1965 - The (American) Vocational Rehabilitation Amendments of 1965 were passed authorizing federal funds for construction of rehabilitation centers, expansion of existing vocational rehabilitation programs and the creation of the National Commission on Architectural Barriers to Rehabilitation of the Handicapped . </Li> <Li> 1965--The National Technical Institute for the Deaf at the Rochester Institute of Technology in Rochester, New York, was established by the U.S. Congress . </Li> <Li> 1965--The Voting Rights Act of 1965 became law in the U.S., and in addition to providing sweeping protections for minority voting rights, it allowed those with various disabilities to receive assistance "by a person of the voter's choice", as long as that person was not the disabled voter's boss or union agent . </Li> <Li> 1966 - In Pate v. Robinson, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that a hearing about competency to stand trial is required under the due process clause of the Constitution of the United States . </Li> <Li> 1966--In Rouse v. Cameron, 373 F. 2d 451 (D.C. Cir. 1966), Charles Rouse had been tried for carrying a weapon without a license, and was found not guilty by reason of insanity and committed without a hearing to St. Elizabeth's Hospital in Washington, D.C. The maximum sentence was one year on the criminal charge . Years later, still in the hospital, Rouse filed a petition for habeas corpus challenging his confinement . Judge David Bazelon, writing for the court in Rouse, became the first appellate judge to say that civilly committed mental patients had a "right to treatment ." </Li> <Li> 1966--The President's Committee on Mental Retardation was established by U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson . </Li> <Li> 1966--"Christmas in Purgatory," by Burton Blatt and Fred Kaplan, was published; it documented conditions at American state institutions for people with developmental disabilities . </Li> <Li> 1967--The Lanterman - Petris - Short Act, often abbreviated LPS, (Cal . Welf & Inst . Code, sec. 5000 et seq .) was signed into law by then - governor of California Ronald Reagan (although it only went into full effect on July 1, 1972 .) The Act in effect ended all hospital commitments by the judiciary system in California, except in the case of criminal sentencing, e.g., convicted sexual offenders, and those who are "gravely disabled", defined as unable to obtain food, clothing, or housing (Conservatorship of Susan T., 8 Cal . 4th 1005 (1994)). It did not, however, impede the right of voluntary commitment . It also expanded the evaluative power of psychiatrists and created provisions and criteria for holds . This Act set the precedent for modern mental health commitment procedures in the United States . </Li> <Li> 1968--The Architectural Barriers Act became law in the U.S., and required all federally owned or leased buildings to be accessible to disabled people . Among other things, it required provision of disabled - access toilet facilities . </Li> <Li> 1968--The California legislature guaranteed that the Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) would be the first rapid transit system in the U.S. to accommodate wheelchair users . </Li> <Li> 1969: Wolf Wolfensberger's seminal work "The Origin and Nature of Our Institutional Models" was published . This book posited that society characterizes people with disabilities as deviant, sub-human and burdens of charity, resulting in the adoption of that "deviant" role . </Li> </Ul> <Li> 1924 - The Virginia Sterilization Act of 1924 provided for compulsory sterilization of persons deemed to be "feebleminded," including the "insane, idiotic, imbecile, or epileptic ." This Sterilization Act was upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court in the case Buck v. Bell 274 U.S. 200 (1927). In 1979, Virginia's Assembly repealed the Act . In 2001, the legislature overwhelmingly passed a bill (HJ607ER) to express the assembly's profound regret for its role in the eugenics movement . On May 2, 2002, Governor Mark R. Warner issued a statement also expressing "profound regret for the commonwealth's role in the eugenics movement," specifically naming Virginia's 1924 compulsory sterilization legislation, which includes though is not limited to the Virginia Sterilization Act of 1924 . </Li> <Li> 1927 - Buck v. Bell, 274 U.S. 200 (1927), is a decision of the United States Supreme Court, written by Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., in which the Court ruled that a state statute permitting compulsory sterilization of the unfit, including the intellectually disabled, "for the protection and health of the state" did not violate the Due Process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution . The decision was largely seen as an endorsement of negative eugenics--the attempt to improve the human race by eliminating "defectives" from the gene pool . The Supreme Court has never expressly overturned Buck v. Bell . </Li>

What caused new legislation to be passed in new jersey in 1973