<P> The Constitution concentrates removal powers in the Congress by empowering and obligating the House of Representatives to impeach federal officials (both executive and judicial) for "Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors ." The Senate is constitutionally empowered and obligated to try all impeachments . A simple majority in the House is required to impeach an official; however, a two - thirds majority in the Senate is required for conviction . A convicted official is automatically removed from office; in addition, the Senate may stipulate that the defendant be banned from holding office in the future . </P> <P> Impeachment proceedings may not inflict more than this; however, the party may face criminal penalties in a normal court of law . In the history of the United States, the House of Representatives has impeached sixteen officials, of whom seven were convicted . (Another resigned before the Senate could complete the trial). Only two Presidents of the United States have ever been impeached: Andrew Johnson in 1868 and Bill Clinton in 1999 . Both trials ended in acquittal; in Johnson's case, the Senate fell one vote short of the two - thirds majority required for conviction . In 1974, Richard Nixon resigned from office after impeachment proceedings in the House Judiciary Committee indicated he would eventually be removed from office . </P> <P> The Constitution entrusts certain powers to the Senate alone . The President may only nominate for appointment Cabinet officials, judges, and other high officers "by and with the advice and consent" of the Senate . The Senate confirms most presidential nominees, but rejections are not uncommon . Furthermore, treaties negotiated by the President must be ratified by a two - thirds majority vote in the Senate to take effect . As a result, presidential arm - twisting of senators can happen before a key vote; for example, President Obama's secretary of state, Hillary Clinton, urged her former senate colleagues to approve a nuclear arms treaty with Russia in 2010 . The House of Representatives has no formal role in either the ratification of treaties or the appointment of federal officials, other than filling vacancies in the office of Vice-President; a vote in each House is required to confirm a president's nomination for vice-president if a vacancy happens . </P> <P> In 1803, the Supreme Court established judicial review of federal legislation in Marbury v. Madison, holding, however, that Congress could not grant unconstitutional power to the Court itself . The Constitution does not explicitly state that the courts may exercise judicial review; however, the notion that courts could declare laws unconstitutional was envisioned by the founding fathers . Alexander Hamilton, for example, mentioned and expounded upon the doctrine in Federalist No. 78 . Originalists on the Supreme Court have argued that if the constitution doesn't say something explicitly it is unconstitutional to infer what it should, might or could have said . What this means is that the Supreme Court can nullify a congressional law . It is a huge check by the courts on the legislative authority and limits congressional power . In 1851, for example, the Supreme Court struck down provisions of a congressional act of 1820 in the Dred Scott decision . However, the Supreme Court can also extend congressional power through its constitutional interpretations . </P>

What is the presidents most direct influence on the supreme court
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