<Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <P> The Mandate of Heaven or Tin Ming, Tian Ming (Chinese: 天命; pinyin: Tiānmìng; Wade--Giles: T'ien - ming) and in various dialectal spellings, is a Chinese political and religious doctrine used since ancient times to justify the rule of the Emperor of China . According to this belief, heaven (天, Tian)--which embodies the natural order and will of the universe--bestows the mandate on a just ruler of China, the "Heavenly Son" of the "Celestial Empire". If a ruler was overthrown, this was interpreted as an indication that the ruler was unworthy, and had lost the mandate . It was also a common belief that natural disasters such as famine and flood were signs of heaven's displeasure with the ruler, so there would often be revolts following major disasters as citizens saw these as signs that the Mandate of Heaven had been withdrawn . </P> <P> The Mandate of Heaven does not require a legitimate ruler to be of noble birth, depending instead on the just and able performance of the rulers and their heirs . Dynasties such as the Han and Ming dynasties were founded by men of common origins . The concept is in some ways similar to the European concept of the divine right of kings; however, unlike the European concept, it does not confer an unconditional right to rule . The Mandate would be a preoccupation in a rulers lifetime, where they would hold onto the Mandate and live according to Heavens . Intrinsic to the concept of the Mandate of Heaven was the right of rebellion against an unjust ruler . Chinese historians interpreted a successful revolt as evidence that Heaven had withdrawn its mandate from the ruler . Throughout Chinese history, times of poverty and natural disasters were often taken as signs that heaven considered the incumbent ruler unjust and thus in need of replacement . The Mandate of Heaven was often invoked by philosophers and scholars in China as a way to curtail the abuse of power by the ruler . While each dynasty was not the same, they each had a lineage that passed on the prospective ruler by order of generational descent or their priority of birth . Many emperors during the imperial times would optimize to have many sons who could be candidates to fill the position after the current ruler has died . In addition Heaven was thought to be of how a ruler's works and performance was, which reflected upon how favorable they would be to Heaven . </P>

When did the mandate of heaven start and end
find me the text answering this question