<P> Neuromuscular junction diseases can be of genetic and autoimmune origin . Genetic disorders, such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy, can arise from mutated structural proteins that comprise the neuromuscular junction, whereas autoimmune diseases, such as myasthenia gravis, occur when antibodies are produced against nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on the sarcolemma . </P> <P> The neuromuscular junction differs from chemical synapses between neurons . Presynaptic motor axons stop 30 nanometers from the sarcolemma, the cell membrane of a muscle cell . This 30 - nanometer space forms the synaptic cleft through which signalling molecules are released . The sarcolemma has invaginations called postjunctional folds, which increase the surface area of the membrane exposed to the synaptic cleft . These postjunctional folds form what is referred to as the motor endplate, which possess nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) at a density of 10,000 receptors / micrometer in skeletal muscle . The presynaptic axons form bulges called terminal boutons (or presynaptic terminals) that project into the postjunctional folds of the sarcolemma . The presynaptic terminals have active zones that contain vesicles, also called quanta, full of acetylcholine molecules . These vesicles can fuse with the presynaptic membrane and release ACh molecules into the synaptic cleft via exocytosis after depolarization . AChRs are localized opposite the presynaptic terminals by protein scaffolds at the postjunctional folds of the sarcolemma . Dystrophin, a structural protein, connects the sarcomere, sarcolemma, and extracellular matrix components . Rapsyn is another protein that docks AChRs and structural proteins to the cytoskeleton . Also present is the receptor tyrosine kinase protein MuSK, a signaling protein involved in the development of the neuromuscular junction, which is also held in place by rapsyn . </P> <P> The neuromuscular junction is where a neuron activates a muscle to contract . Upon the arrival of an action potential at the presynaptic neuron terminal, voltage - dependent calcium channels open and Ca ions flow from the extracellular fluid into the presynaptic neuron's cytosol . This influx of Ca causes neurotransmitter - containing vesicles to dock and fuse to the presynaptic neuron's cell membrane through SNARE proteins . Fusion of the vesicular membrane with the presynaptic cell membrane results in the emptying of the vesicle's contents (acetylcholine) into the synaptic cleft, a process known as exocytosis . Acetylcholine diffuses into the synaptic cleft and can bind to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on the motor endplate . </P> <Ol> <Li> Ion channel linked receptor </Li> <Li> Ions </Li> <Li> Ligand (such as acetylcholine) </Li> </Ol>

As a result of ach stimulation calcium ions are released from the