<P> Artillery remained an important part of the Mughal military, in both field deployment and incorporation into defensive forts . However, transportation of the extremely heavy guns remained problematic, even as weapon technology improved during the reign of Akbar . </P> <P> Later emperors paid less attention to the technical aspects of artillery, allowing the Mughal Empire to gradually fall behind in weapon technology, although the degree to which this decline affected military operations is debated . Under Aurangzeb, the Mughal technology remained superior to that of the breakaway Maratha, but traditional Mughal artillery tactics were difficult to employ against Maratha guerilla raids . In 1652 and 1653, during the Mughal--Safavid War, prince Dara Shikoh was able to move light artillery through the Bolan Pass to assist in the siege of Qandahar . But problems with the accuracy and reliability of the weapons, as well as the inherent defensive strengths of the fort, failed to produce a victory . By the 18th century, the bronze guns of the declining empire were unable to compete with the standardized production of European cast - iron weapons and performed poorly against colonial forces, such as Jean Law de Lauriston's French troops . </P> <P> The Mughal military employed a broad array of gunpowder weapons larger than personal firearms, from rockets and mobile guns to an enormous cannon, over 14 feet long, once described as the "largest piece of ordnance in the world ." This array of weapons was divided into heavy and light artillery . </P> <P> Extremely heavy artillery was an important part of the Mughal military, especially under its early emperors . Babur deployed guns capable of firing cannonballs weighing between 225 and 315 pounds against a 1527 siege, and had previously employed a cannon capable of firing a 540 - pound stone ball . Humayun did not field such massive artillery at the Battle of Kanauj in 1540, but still had heavy cannons, capable of firing 46 pound lead balls at a distance of one farsakh . These large weapons were often given heroic names, such as Tiger Mouth (Sher Dahan), Lord Champion (Ghazi Khan), or Conqueror of the Army (Fath - i - Lashkar), and inscriptions, sometimes in verse . They were not only weapons, but "real works of art". Their artistry did not make them easier to move, however . Rugged passes and water crossings were insurmountable barriers, and even when they could be moved, it was a slow process requiring sixteen or twenty oxen for relatively moderate cannons such as Humayun's . Muhammad Azam Shah was forced to abandon his heavy artillery en route to the Battle of Jajau . The largest such weapons, such as Muhammad Shah's "Fort Opener", required a team of "four elephants and thousands of oxen" and only rarely reached their siege targets . </P>

Who introduced massed artillery tactics to indian warfare & the military strategy called tulughama