<P> An underwater ridge, the Lomonosov Ridge, divides the deep sea North Polar Basin into two oceanic basins: the Eurasian Basin, which is between 4,000 and 4,500 m (13,100 and 14,800 ft) deep, and the Amerasian Basin (sometimes called the North American, or Hyperborean Basin), which is about 4,000 m (13,000 ft) deep . The bathymetry of the ocean bottom is marked by fault block ridges, abyssal plains, ocean deeps, and basins . The average depth of the Arctic Ocean is 1,038 m (3,406 ft). The deepest point is Litke Deep in the Eurasian Basin, at 5,450 m (17,880 ft). </P> <P> The two major basins are further subdivided by ridges into the Canada Basin (between Alaska / Canada and the Alpha Ridge), Makarov Basin (between the Alpha and Lomonosov Ridges), Amundsen Basin (between Lomonosov and Gakkel ridges), and Nansen Basin (between the Gakkel Ridge and the continental shelf that includes the Franz Josef Land). </P> <P> In large parts of the Arctic Ocean, the top layer (about 50 m (160 ft)) is of lower salinity and lower temperature than the rest . It remains relatively stable, because the salinity effect on density is bigger than the temperature effect . It is fed by the freshwater input of the big Siberian and Canadian streams (Ob, Yenisei, Lena, Mackenzie), the water of which quasi floats on the saltier, denser, deeper ocean water . Between this lower salinity layer and the bulk of the ocean lies the so - called halocline, in which both salinity and temperature are rising with increasing depth . </P> <P> Because of its relative isolation from other oceans, the Arctic Ocean has a uniquely complex system of water flow . It is classified as a mediterranean sea, which as "a part of the world ocean which has only limited communication with the major ocean basins (these being the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans) and where the circulation is dominated by thermohaline forcing". The Arctic Ocean has a total volume of 18.07 × 10 km, equal to about 1.3% of the World Ocean . Mean surface circulation is predominately cyclonic on the Eurasian side and anticyclonic in the Canadian Basin . </P>

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