<P> The modern popular image of Santa Claus, however, was created in the United States, and in particular in New York . The transformation was accomplished with the aid of notable contributors including Washington Irving and the German - American cartoonist Thomas Nast (1840--1902). Following the American Revolutionary War, some of the inhabitants of New York City sought out symbols of the city's non-English past . New York had originally been established as the Dutch colonial town of New Amsterdam and the Dutch Sinterklaas tradition was reinvented as Saint Nicholas . </P> <P> In 1809, the New - York Historical Society convened and retroactively named Sancte Claus the patron saint of Nieuw Amsterdam, the Dutch name for New York City . At his first American appearance in 1810, Santa Claus was drawn in bishops' robes . However, as new artists took over, Santa Claus developed more secular attire . Nast drew a new image of "Santa Claus" annually, beginning in 1863 . By the 1880s, Nast's Santa had evolved into the modern vision of the figure, perhaps based on the English figure of Father Christmas . The image was standardized by advertisers in the 1920s and continues through the present day . </P> <P> Father Christmas, a jolly, stout, bearded man who typified the spirit of good cheer at Christmas, predates the Santa Claus character . He is first recorded in early 17th century England, but was associated with holiday merrymaking and drunkenness rather than the bringing of gifts . In Victorian Britain, his image was remade to match that of Santa . The French Père Noël evolved along similar lines, eventually adopting the Santa image . In Italy, Babbo Natale acts as Santa Claus, while La Befana is the bringer of gifts and arrives on the eve of the Epiphany . It is said that La Befana set out to bring the baby Jesus gifts, but got lost along the way . Now, she brings gifts to all children . In some cultures Santa Claus is accompanied by Knecht Ruprecht, or Black Peter . In other versions, elves make the toys . His wife is referred to as Mrs. Claus . </P> <P> There has been some opposition to the narrative of the American evolution of Saint Nicholas into the modern Santa . It has been claimed that the Saint Nicholas Society was not founded until 1835, almost half a century after the end of the American War of Independence . Moreover, a study of the "children's books, periodicals and journals" of New Amsterdam by Charles Jones revealed no references to Saint Nicholas or Sinterklaas . However, not all scholars agree with Jones's findings, which he reiterated in a book - length study in 1978; Howard G. Hageman, of New Brunswick Theological Seminary, maintains that the tradition of celebrating Sinterklaas in New York was alive and well from the early settlement of the Hudson Valley on . </P>

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