<P> As fascist regimes emerged across Europe, persecution of Jews massively increased, and Jews reverted to being non-citizens deprived of civil and economic rights, subject to arbitrary persecution . Significantly antisemitic governments came to power in Poland (the government increasingly boycotted Jews and by 1937 had totally excluded all Jews), Hungary, Romania and the Nazi created states of Croatia and Slovakia, while Germany annexed Austria and the Czech territories . </P> <P> Jewish immigration and Nazi propaganda contributed to the large - scale 1936--1939 Arab revolt in Palestine, a largely nationalist uprising directed at ending British rule . The head of the Jewish Agency, Ben - Gurion, responded to the Arab Revolt with a policy of "Havlagah"--self - restraint and a refusal to be provoked by Arab attacks in order to prevent polarization . The Etzel group broke off from the Haganah in opposition to this policy . </P> <P> The British responded to the revolt with the Peel Commission (1936--37), a public inquiry that recommended that an exclusively Jewish territory be created in the Galilee and western coast (including the population transfer of 225,000 Arabs); the rest becoming an exclusively Arab area . The two main Jewish leaders, Chaim Weizmann and David Ben - Gurion, had convinced the Zionist Congress to approve equivocally the Peel recommendations as a basis for more negotiation . The plan was rejected outright by the Palestinian Arab leadership and they renewed the revolt, which caused the British to appease the Arabs, and to abandon the plan as unworkable . </P> <P> Testifying before the Peel Commission, Weizmann said "There are in Europe 6,000,000 people...for whom the world is divided into places where they cannot live and places where they cannot enter ." In 1938, the US called an international conference to address the question of the vast numbers of Jews trying to escape Europe . Britain made its attendance contingent on Palestine being kept out of the discussion . No Jewish representatives were invited . The Nazis proposed their own solution: that the Jews of Europe be shipped to Madagascar (the Madagascar Plan). </P>

Who created the state of israel in 1948