<P> Some forms of non-cognitivism and ethical subjectivism, while considered anti-realist in the robust sense used here, are considered realist in the sense synonymous with moral universalism . For example, universal prescriptivism is a universalist form of non-cognitivism which claims that morality is derived from reasoning about implied imperatives, and divine command theory and ideal observer theory are universalist forms of ethical subjectivism which claim that morality is derived from the edicts of a god or the hypothetical decrees of a perfectly rational being, respectively . </P> <P> Celia Green made a distinction between tribal and territorial morality . She characterizes the latter as predominantly negative and proscriptive: it defines a person's territory, including his or her property and dependents, which is not to be damaged or interfered with . Apart from these proscriptions, territorial morality is permissive, allowing the individual whatever behaviour does not interfere with the territory of another . By contrast, tribal morality is prescriptive, imposing the norms of the collective on the individual . These norms will be arbitrary, culturally dependent and' flexible', whereas territorial morality aims at rules which are universal and absolute, such as Kant's' categorical imperative' and Geisler's graded absolutism . Green relates the development of territorial morality to the rise of the concept of private property, and the ascendancy of contract over status . </P> <P> Some observers hold that individuals apply distinct sets of moral rules to people depending on their membership of an "in - group" (the individual and those they believe to be of the same group) or an "out - group" (people not entitled to be treated according to the same rules). Some biologists, anthropologists and evolutionary psychologists believe this in - group / out - group discrimination has evolved because it enhances group survival . This belief has been confirmed by simple computational models of evolution . In simulations this discrimination can result in both unexpected cooperation towards the in - group and irrational hostility towards the out - group . Gary R. Johnson and V.S. Falger have argued that nationalism and patriotism are forms of this in - group / out - group boundary . Jonathan Haidt has noted that experimental observation indicating an in - group criterion provides one moral foundation substantially used by conservatives, but far less so by liberals . </P> <P> Peterson and Seligman approach the anthropological view looking across cultures, geo - cultural areas and across millennia . They conclude that certain virtues have prevailed in all cultures they examined . The major virtues they identified include wisdom / knowledge; courage; humanity; justice; temperance; and transcendence . Each of these includes several divisions . For instance humanity includes love, kindness, and social intelligence . </P>

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