<P> The main cause of the Punic Wars was the conflicts of interest between the existing Carthaginian Empire and the expanding Roman Republic . The Romans were initially interested in expansion via Sicily (which at that time was a cultural melting pot), part of which lay under Carthaginian control . At the start of the First Punic War (264 - 241 BC), Carthage was the dominant power of the Western Mediterranean, with an extensive maritime empire . Rome was a rapidly ascending power in Italy, but it lacked the naval power of Carthage . The Second Punic War (218 - 201 BC) witnessed Hannibal's crossing of the Alps in 218 BC, followed by a prolonged but ultimately failed campaign of Carthage's Hannibal in mainland Italy . By the end of the Third Punic War (149 - 146 BC), after more than a hundred years and the loss of many hundreds of thousands of soldiers from both sides, Rome had conquered Carthage's empire, completely destroyed the city, and became the most powerful state of the Western Mediterranean . </P> <P> With the end of the Macedonian Wars--which ran concurrently with the Punic Wars--and the defeat of the Seleucid King Antiochus III the Great in the Roman--Seleucid War (Treaty of Apamea, 188 BC) in the eastern sea, Rome emerged as the dominant Mediterranean power and one of the most powerful cities in classical antiquity . The Roman victories over Carthage in these wars gave Rome a preeminent status it would retain until the 5th century AD . </P> <P> During the mid-3rd century BC, Carthage was a large city located on the coast of modern Tunisia . Founded by the Phoenicians in the mid-9th century BC, it was a powerful thalassocratic city - state with a vast commercial network . Of the great city - states in the western Mediterranean, only Rome rivaled it in power, wealth, and population . While Carthage's navy was the largest in the ancient world at the time, it did not maintain a large, permanent, standing army . Instead, Carthage relied mostly on mercenaries, especially the indigenous Numidians, to fight its wars . These mercenaries were primarily led by officers who were Carthaginian citizens . The Carthaginians were famed for their abilities as sailors, and many Carthaginians from the lower classes served in their navy, which provided them with a stable income and career . </P> <P> In 200 BC, the Roman Republic had gained control of the Italian peninsula south of the Po River . Unlike Carthage, Rome had a large and disciplined army, but lacked a navy at the start of the First Punic War . This left the Romans at a disadvantage until the construction of large fleets during the war . </P>

Who was the aggressor in the wars between carthage and rome how was rome able to triumph