<Li> Distribution of bleach or other cleaning equipment (rather than needles and syringes) </Li> <Li> Ad hoc or informal distribution </Li> <P> Countries where these programmes exist include: Australia, Brazil, Canada, the Czech Republic, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom, Ireland, Iran and the United States . In the United States such programmes may not receive federal funding, but this ban was briefly lifted in 2009 before being re-instated in 2010 . </P> <P> The Melbourne, Australia inner - city suburbs of Richmond and Abbotsford are locations in which the use and dealing of heroin has been concentrated . The Burnet Institute research organisation completed the 2013' North Richmond Public Injecting Impact Study' in collaboration with the Yarra Drug and Health Forum and North Richmond Community Health Centre and recommended 24 - hour access to sterile injecting equipment due to the ongoing "widespread, frequent and highly visible" nature of illicit drug use in the areas . Between 2010 and 2012 a four-fold increase in the levels of inappropriately discarded injecting equipment was documented for the two suburbs . In the surrounding City of Yarra, an average of 1,550 syringes per month were collected from public syringe disposal bins in 2012 . Paul Dietze stated, "We have tried different measures and the problem persists, so it's time to change our approach". </P>

Where did the first north american needle/syringe exchange program open
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