<P> Individuals with spina bifida, especially those with shunted hydrocephalus, often have attention problems . Children with spina bifida and shunted hydrocephalus have higher rates of ADHD than children without those conditions (31% vs. 17%). Deficits have been observed for selective attention and focused attention, although poor motor speed may contribute to poor scores on tests of attention . Attention deficits may be evident at a very early age, as infants with spina bifida lag behind their peers in orienting to faces . </P> <P> Individuals with spina bifida may struggle academically, especially in the subjects of mathematics and reading . In one study, 60% of children with spina bifida were diagnosed with a learning disability . In addition to brain abnormalities directly related to various academic skills, achievement is likely affected by impaired attentional control and executive functioning . Children with spina bifida may perform well in elementary school, but begin to struggle as academic demands increase . </P> <P> Children with spina bifida are more likely than their peers without spina bifida to be dyscalculic . Individuals with spina bifida have demonstrated stable difficulties with arithmetic accuracy and speed, mathematical problem - solving, and general use and understanding of numbers in everyday life . Mathematics difficulties may be directly related to the thinning of the parietal lobes (regions implicated in mathematical functioning) and indirectly associated with deformities of the cerebellum and midbrain that affect other functions involved in mathematical skills . Further, higher numbers of shunt revisions are associated with poorer mathematics abilities . Working memory and inhibitory control deficiencies have been implicated for math difficulties, although visual - spatial difficulties are not likely involved . Early intervention to address mathematics difficulties and associated executive functions is crucial . </P> <P> Individuals with spina bifida tend to have better reading skills than mathematics skills . Children and adults with spina bifida have stronger abilities in reading accuracy than in reading comprehension . Comprehension may be especially impaired for text that requires an abstract synthesis of information rather than a more literal understanding . Individuals with spina bifida may have difficulty with writing due to deficits in fine motor control and working memory . </P>

Which of these is not a common type of spina bifida