<Tr> <Td> Auckland </Td> <Td> Auckland Region </Td> <Td> New Zealand </Td> <Td> 1840 </Td> <Td> New Zealand's capital city from 1841 - 1865 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Darwin </Td> <Td> Northern Territory </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> 1869 </Td> <Td> Territory Capital . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canberra </Td> <Td> Australian Capital Territory </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> 1913 </Td> <Td> Capital city of Australia . Artefacts suggests early human activity occurred at some point in Canberra dating at around 21,000 years ago . </Td> </Tr> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Historical region </Th> <Th> Location </Th> <Th> Continuously inhabited since </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Argos </Td> <Td> Neolithic, Mycenaean Greece </Td> <Td> Greece </Td> <Td> 6th--5th millennium BC </Td> <Td> The city has been cycling between village and city status for 7,000 years . Recorded history begins in latter 1st millennium BC . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Athens </Td> <Td> Neolithic, Mycenaean Greece </Td> <Td> Gre Attica, Greece </Td> <Td> 5th--4th millennium BC </Td> <Td> Recorded history begins in 1400 BC . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Plovdiv </Td> <Td> Thrace </Td> <Td> Bul Plovdiv Province, Bulgaria </Td> <Td> 2nd - 1st millennium BC </Td> <Td> Thracian foundation, conquered by Phillip II of Macedon in 342 BC . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chania </Td> <Td> Crete </Td> <Td> Gre Crete, Greece </Td> <Td> c. 1700--1500 BC </Td> <Td> Minoan foundation as Kydonia . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thebes </Td> <Td> Mycenaean Greece </Td> <Td> Gre Boeotia, Greece </Td> <Td> c. 1600--1250 BC </Td> <Td> Mycenaean foundation . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Larnaca </Td> <Td> Alashiya </Td> <Td> Cyprus </Td> <Td> c. 1400 BC </Td> <Td> Mycenaean, then Phoenician colony . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Trikala </Td> <Td> Mycenaean Greece </Td> <Td> Gre Thessaly, Greece </Td> <Td> before 1200 BC </Td> <Td> Founded as Trikke . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chalcis </Td> <Td> Mycenaean Greece </Td> <Td> Greece </Td> <Td> before 1200 BC </Td> <Td> Mentioned by Homer . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lisbon </Td> <Td> Iron Age Iberia </Td> <Td> Portugal </Td> <Td> c. 1200 BC </Td> <Td> A settlement since the Neolithic . Allis Ubbo, arguably a Phoenician name, became Olissipo (- nis) in Greek and Latin (also Felicitas Julia after Roman conquest in 205 BC). </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cádiz </Td> <Td> Iron Age Iberia </Td> <Td> Spa Andalusia, Spain </Td> <Td> 1100 BC </Td> <Td> founded as Phoenician Gadir, "Europe's oldest city". It has archaeological remains dating to 3100 years . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Patras </Td> <Td> Mycenaean Greece </Td> <Td> Greece </Td> <Td> c. 1100 BC </Td> <Td> Founded by Patreus . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chios </Td> <Td> Chios </Td> <Td> Gre North Aegean, Greece </Td> <Td> c. 1100 BC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nicosia </Td> <Td> Mycenaean Greece </Td> <Td> Cyprus </Td> <Td> c. 1050 BC </Td> <Td> Mycenaean foundation as Ledra . Archeological evidence of continuous habitation since the beginning of the Bronze Age 2500 years BC . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Zadar </Td> <Td> Illyricum </Td> <Td> Croatia </Td> <Td> c. 1000 BC </Td> <Td> Founded by Liburnians . Oldest continuously inhabited city in Croatia . Main Liburnian settlement . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mtskheta </Td> <Td> Caucasian Iberia </Td> <Td> Georgia </Td> <Td> c. 1000 BC </Td> <Td> Remains of towns at this location have been dated to earlier than the year 1000 BC, and Mtskheta was capital of the early Georgian Kingdom of Iberia during the 3rd century BC--5th century AD . It was the site of early Christian activity, and the location where Christianity was proclaimed the state religion of Georgia in 337 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mytilene </Td> <Td> Lesbos </Td> <Td> Gre North Aegean, Greece </Td> <Td> 10th century BC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vani </Td> <Td> Colchis </Td> <Td> Geo Imereti, Georgia </Td> <Td> before 8th century BC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Seville </Td> <Td> Iron Age Iberia </Td> <Td> Spa Andalusia, Spain </Td> <Td> 8th century BC </Td> <Td> founded as Tartessian Spal . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Málaga </Td> <Td> Iron Age Iberia </Td> <Td> Spa Andalusia, Spain </Td> <Td> 8th century BC </Td> <Td> founded as Phoenician Malaka . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mdina </Td> <Td> Antiquity Malta </Td> <Td> Mlt Malta </Td> <Td> 8th century BC </Td> <Td> founded as Phoenician Melite . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cagliari </Td> <Td> Sardinia </Td> <Td> Ita Sardinia, Italy </Td> <Td> 8th century BC </Td> <Td> Founded by Phoenicians from Tyre as Krly, Caralis in Roman times, Callaris in Middle Ages . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Messina (as Zancle) </Td> <Td> Sicily </Td> <Td> Ita Sicily, Italy </Td> <Td> 8th century BC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rome </Td> <Td> Latium </Td> <Td> Ita Lazio, Italy </Td> <Td> 753 BC </Td> <Td> Continuous habitation since approximately 1000 BC.; pastoral village on the northern part of the Palatine Hill dated to the 9th century BC; see also History of Rome and Founding of Rome . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Reggio di Calabria (as Rhégion) </Td> <Td> Magna Graecia </Td> <Td> Ita Calabria, Italy </Td> <Td> 743 BC </Td> <Td> Continuous habitation since approximately 1500 BC, as we have notice about the Ausonian - Italic pre-Greek settlement and about the sculptor Léarchos of Reggio (late 15th century BC) and King Iokastos (early 13th century BC). </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Palermo (as זִיז, Ziz) </Td> <Td> Phoenicia </Td> <Td> Ita Sicily, Italy </Td> <Td> 734 BC </Td> <Td> Settlement presence since approximately 8000 BC, as we know through cave drawings in the area now known as Addaura, but continuous documented habitation since the Phoenician times (734 BC is traditionally considered as the founding year). </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Syracuse </Td> <Td> Sicily </Td> <Td> Ita Sicily, Italy </Td> <Td> 734 BC </Td> <Td> A colony of the Greek city of Corinth . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Volterra </Td> <Td> Tuscany </Td> <Td> Ita Tuscany, Italy </Td> <Td> c. 725 BC </Td> <Td> An Etruscan mining settlement . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Crotone (as Kroton) </Td> <Td> Calabria </Td> <Td> Ita Magna Graecia, Italy </Td> <Td> 710 BC </Td> <Td> Greek colony . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Taranto (as Taras) </Td> <Td> Magna Graecia </Td> <Td> Ita Apulia, Italy </Td> <Td> 706 BC </Td> <Td> Founded as the only Spartan colony by the Partheniae, children of unmarried Spartan women and perioikoi, free non-citizen residents of Sparta and her territories . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Corfu, Kerkyra </Td> <Td> Corfu </Td> <Td> Gre Ionian Islands, Greece </Td> <Td> 700 BC </Td> <Td> A colony of the Greek city of Corinth . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kerch (as Panticapaeum) </Td> <Td> pre-Roman Crimea </Td> <Td> Ukraine </Td> <Td> 7th century BC </Td> <Td> Greek colony . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Feodosiya (as Theodosia) </Td> <Td> pre-Roman Crimea </Td> <Td> Ukraine </Td> <Td> 7th century BC </Td> <Td> Greek colony . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Istanbul / Byzantion </Td> <Td> Thrace Anatolia </Td> <Td> Turkey </Td> <Td> 685 BC Anatolia; 667 BC Thrace </Td> <Td> Neolithic site dated to 6400 BC, over port of Lygos by Thracians c. 1150 BC . Greek colony . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Naples </Td> <Td> Magna Graecia </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> c. 680 BC </Td> <Td> Actually the date at which an older settlement close by, called Parthenope, was founded by settlers from Cumae . This eventually merged with Neapolis proper, which was founded c. 470 BC . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ibiza (as' Ybsm) </Td> <Td> Balearic Islands </Td> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> 654 BC </Td> <Td> Founded by the Phoenicians, according to Diodorus Siculus, book 5, chap. 16 . Date consistent with archaeological finds . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Durrës </Td> <Td> Illyria </Td> <Td> Albania </Td> <Td> 627--625 BC </Td> <Td> Formery Epidamnos . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sozopol </Td> <Td> Thrace </Td> <Td> Bul Burgas Province, Bulgaria </Td> <Td> 610 BC </Td> <Td> Founded by Miletian colonists around 610 BCE, was named Apollonia Pontica in honour of the patron deity of Miletus - Apollo . The Ancient authors identify the philosopher named Anaximander as the founder of the city . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Edessa, Greece </Td> <Td> Macedonia </Td> <Td> Greece </Td> <Td> before the 6th century BC </Td> <Td> Greek city, capital of the kingdom of Macedon up to the 6th century BC . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Marseilles (as Massilia) </Td> <Td> Gaul </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> 600 BC </Td> <Td> A colony of the Greek city of Phocaea . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kavala </Td> <Td> Macedonia </Td> <Td> Greece </Td> <Td> 6th century BC </Td> <Td> Greek colony . Founded as Neapolis . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mangalia </Td> <Td> Dacia </Td> <Td> Romania </Td> <Td> 6th century BC </Td> <Td> Founded as Callatis . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Constanţa </Td> <Td> Dacia </Td> <Td> Romania </Td> <Td> 6th century BC </Td> <Td> Founded as Tomis . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mantua </Td> <Td> Po Valley </Td> <Td> Ita Lombardy, Italy </Td> <Td> 6th century BC </Td> <Td> Village settlement since c. 2000 BC; became an Etruscan city in the 6th century BC . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Milan </Td> <Td> Po Valley, Cisalpine Gaul </Td> <Td> Ita Lombardy, Italy </Td> <Td> 6th century BC </Td> <Td> Founded by the Insubres in the 6th century BC according to Titus Livy . Conquered by the Romans in 222 BC . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bilhorod - Dnistrovskyi (as Tyras) </Td> <Td> Pontic Greeks </Td> <Td> Bessarabia, Ukraine </Td> <Td> 6th century BC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kutaisi </Td> <Td> Colchis </Td> <Td> Imereti province, Georgia </Td> <Td> 6th to 4th century BC </Td> <Td> Archaeological evidence indicates that the city functioned as the capital of the kingdom of Colchis in the sixth to fifth centuries BC . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Varna </Td> <Td> Thrace </Td> <Td> Bul Bulgarian Black Sea Coast, Bulgaria </Td> <Td> 585 - 570 BC </Td> <Td> Founded as Odessos by settlers from the Greek city of Miletus . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sant Martí d'Empúries (as Emporion) </Td> <Td> Iberia </Td> <Td> Catalonia, Spain </Td> <Td> c. 575 BC </Td> <Td> A colony of the Greek city of Phocaea . Present Sant Martí is on the ancient Palaiopolis of Emporion, in an island next to the coast; in 550 BC, the inhabitants moved to the mainland, creating the Neapolis: Palaiapolis remained as a small neighbourhood . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lamia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Greece </Td> <Td> before the 5th century BC </Td> <Td> Greek city . First mentioned 424 BC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Serres </Td> <Td> Macedonia </Td> <Td> Greece </Td> <Td> 5th century BC </Td> <Td> Greek city . First mentioned in the 5th century BC as Siris . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Veria </Td> <Td> Macedonia </Td> <Td> Greece </Td> <Td> c. 432 BC </Td> <Td> Greek city . First mentioned by Thucydides in 432 BC . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rhodes </Td> <Td> Rhodes, Aegean Sea </Td> <Td> Gre Dodecanese, Greece </Td> <Td> c. 408 BC </Td> <Td> Greek city . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sofia </Td> <Td> Moesia </Td> <Td> Bul Sofia Valley, Bulgaria </Td> <Td> 4th century BC </Td> <Td> Celtic foundation as Serdica . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Metz </Td> <Td> Gaul </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> 4th century BC </Td> <Td> Founded as the oppidum of Celtic Mediomatrici . However, Human permanent presence has been established in the site since 2500 BC . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Roses (as Rhode) </Td> <Td> Iberia </Td> <Td> Spa Catalonia, Spain </Td> <Td> 4th century BC </Td> <Td> The exactly origin of the city is unknown, but there are remains of a Greek colony from the 4th century BC, although some historians consider the foundation earlier, at the 8th century BC . However, permanent human presence has been established in the site since 3000 BC as evidenced by the different megalithic monuments surrounding the city . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Qabala (as Kabalaka) </Td> <Td> Caucasian Albania </Td> <Td> Azerbaijan </Td> <Td> 4th century BC </Td> <Td> Archeological evidence indicates that the city functioned as the capital of the Caucasian Albania as early as the 4th century BC . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Stara Zagora </Td> <Td> Thrace </Td> <Td> Bulgaria </Td> <Td> 342 BC </Td> <Td> It was called Beroe in ancient times and was founded by Phillip II of Macedon although a Thracian settlement neolithic inhabitation have been discovered as well . It also has the oldest copper mines in Europe (5th millennium BC) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thessaloniki </Td> <Td> Macedonia (ancient kingdom) </Td> <Td> Greece </Td> <Td> 315 BC </Td> <Td> Greek city . Founded as a new city in the same place of the older city Therme . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Berat </Td> <Td> Macedonia (ancient kingdom) </Td> <Td> Albania </Td> <Td> 314 BC </Td> <Td> Founded by Cassander as Antipatreia . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vukovar </Td> <Td> Illyria </Td> <Td> Croatia </Td> <Td> 300 BC </Td> <Td> Vučedol culture . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Barcelona (as Barcino) </Td> <Td> Iberia </Td> <Td> Spa Catalonia, Spain </Td> <Td> 3rd century BC </Td> <Td> Unknown origin . Several neolithics tombs (5000--4500 BC) and remains from the Iberian period have been found, as well as several drachma coins inscribed with the word "Barkeno". There is also a hypothesis about a small Greek settlement called Kallípolis to have existed in the area . However, the first archaeological remains of buildings are from the Roman period . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belgrade </Td> <Td> Illyria </Td> <Td> Serbia </Td> <Td> 279 BC </Td> <Td> The present day territory of Belgrade continuously inhabited for more than 7000 years . Proto - urban Vinča culture prospered around Belgrade in the 6th millennium BC . The fortified city of Belgrade founded around 279 BC as Singidunum . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Niš </Td> <Td> Illyria </Td> <Td> Serbia </Td> <Td> 279 BC </Td> <Td> Founded as Navissos . Neolithic settlements date to 5000--2000 BC . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cartagena (as Carthago Nova) </Td> <Td> Iberia </Td> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> 228 BC </Td> <Td> Carthaginian colony, founded by Hasdrubal Barca . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tarragona (as Tarraco) </Td> <Td> Iberia </Td> <Td> Spa Catalonia, Spain </Td> <Td> 218 BC </Td> <Td> Roman colony, founded by Gnaeus and Publius Cornelius Scipio . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Stobi / Gradsko </Td> <Td> Macedonia </Td> <Td> Republic of Macedonia </Td> <Td> 217 BC </Td> <Td> Founded as Stobi by Philip V of Macedon . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bratislava </Td> <Td> Pannonia </Td> <Td> Slovakia </Td> <Td> 2nd century BC </Td> <Td> Founded by Celtic Boii tribe . The first written reference to a Slavic settlement dates to 907 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Valencia </Td> <Td> Iberia </Td> <Td> Valencia, Spain </Td> <Td> 138 BC </Td> <Td> Roman colony founded as Valentia Edetanorum . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sremska Mitrovica </Td> <Td> Illyria </Td> <Td> Serbia </Td> <Td> 1st century BC </Td> <Td> Founded as Sirmium . Neolithic settlements date to 5000 BC and are with other archeological findings evidence to continuous habitation . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Smederevo </Td> <Td> Illyria </Td> <Td> Serbia </Td> <Td> 1st century BC </Td> <Td> Founded as Semendria . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ptuj </Td> <Td> Pannonia </Td> <Td> Slovenia </Td> <Td> 1st century BC </Td> <Td> Ptuj is the oldest city in Slovenia . There is evidence that the area was settled in the Stone Age . In the Late Iron Age it was settled by Celts . By the 1st century BC, the settlement was controlled by Ancient Rome . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Évora </Td> <Td> Lusitania </Td> <Td> Portugal </Td> <Td> 53 BC (Roman conquest) </Td> <Td> Evidence of Lusitanian settlement prior to Roman occupation . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Paris </Td> <Td> Lutetia </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> 52 BC </Td> <Td> Archaeological evidence indicates human habitation as early as 4200 BC . During the Gallic Wars, Caesar's armies set fire to Lutetia "a town of the Parisii, situated on an island on the river Seine ." While only a garrison at best on the Île de la Cité during some periods after 1st and 2nd century, was renamed Paris in 360 AD </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ljubljana </Td> <Td> Italia </Td> <Td> Slovenia </Td> <Td> 50 BC </Td> <Td> Area first settled by people living in pile dwellings around 2000 BC . Around 50 BC, the Romans built a military encampment that later became a permanent settlement called Iulia Aemona . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Zürich (Lindenhof) </Td> <Td> Gaul </Td> <Td> Switzerland </Td> <Td> c. 50 BC </Td> <Td> Lakeside settlement traces dating to the Neolithic . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cologne </Td> <Td> Germania Inferior </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> 38 BC </Td> <Td> Founded in 38 BC by the Ubii, a Germanic tribe, as Oppidum Ubiorum . In 50 AD, the Romans adopted the location as Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium and the city became in 85 AD the capital of the Roman province "Germania Inferior". </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Trier </Td> <Td> Galia Belgica </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> 30 BC </Td> <Td> Oldest Roman city in Germany . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nijmegen </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> c. 17 BC </Td> <Td> Oldest city in the Netherlands . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Augsburg </Td> <Td> Raetia, Roman Empire </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> 15 BC </Td> <Td> Second oldest city in Germany after Trier . Located in the Swabian region of Bavaria . Founded by the Romans as Augusta Vindelicorum . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chur </Td> <Td> Raetia Prima </Td> <Td> Swi Grisons, Switzerland </Td> <Td> 15 BC </Td> <Td> habitation since the 4th millennium BC (Pfyn culture). </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Worms </Td> <Td> Germania Superior </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> 14 BC </Td> <Td> The name of the city derives from the Latin designation Borbetomagus which is of Celtic origin . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Skopje </Td> <Td> Macedonia (Roman province) </Td> <Td> Republic of Macedonia </Td> <Td> 13 - 11 BC </Td> <Td> Founded in the time of Roman Emperor Octavian Augustus as Scupi . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tongeren </Td> <Td> Germania Inferior </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> 10 BC </Td> <Td> Oldest city in Belgium . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Novi Sad </Td> <Td> Illyria </Td> <Td> Serbia </Td> <Td> 1st century AD </Td> <Td> Founded as Cusum . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Baku </Td> <Td> Absheron peninsula </Td> <Td> Azerbaijan </Td> <Td> 1st century AD </Td> <Td> The first written evidence for Baku dates to the 1st century AD . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Solothurn </Td> <Td> Gaul </Td> <Td> Switzerland </Td> <Td> c. 20 AD </Td> <Td> Evidence of pre-Roman, Celtic settlement; newly founded by the Romans between 14 and 37 AD, called the "oldest city in Gaul besides Trier" in a verse on the city's clock tower . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bath (as Aquae Sulis) </Td> <Td> Britannia </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> 43 AD </Td> <Td> The city was established as a spa town by the Romans in 43 AD . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Winchester (as Venta Belgarum) </Td> <Td> Britannia </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> c. 70 AD </Td> <Td> Winchester was built as a Roman town in c. 70 AD . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> York (as Eboracum) </Td> <Td> Britannia </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> c. 72 AD </Td> <Td> The city was founded in or around AD 72 when the 9th Roman Legion set up camp there . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vinkovci (as Cibalae) </Td> <Td> Balkans </Td> <Td> Croatia </Td> <Td> 2nd century AD </Td> <Td> Became a municipium under Hadrian </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Trenčín (as Laugaricio) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Slovakia </Td> <Td> before 179 AD </Td> <Td> First mentioned in 179 AD on a Roman inscription on Trenčín castle rock, when Roman army was stationed in settlement Laugaricio . Settlement was probably Germanic, and since the 7th century Slavic . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vienna </Td> <Td> Pannonia </Td> <Td> Austria </Td> <Td> c. 300 </Td> <Td> "It is uncertain when Vindobona became a municipium; this elevation seems to have taken place at the beginning of the 3d c . A.D." </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Verdun </Td> <Td> Lotharingia </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> 4th century </Td> <Td> Seat of the bishop of Verdun from the 4th century, but populated earlier . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kiev </Td> <Td> State of the Antes </Td> <Td> Ukraine </Td> <Td> 482 </Td> <Td> Founded by Slavic tribe leader Kyi . Some sources suggest Kiev was founded in 640 BC . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tbilisi </Td> <Td> Caucasian Iberia </Td> <Td> Kartli province, Georgia </Td> <Td> c. 500 </Td> <Td> According to the widely accepted legend the city was founded by King Vakhtang I Gorgasali of Georgia . New archaeological studies of the region have revealed that the territory of Tbilisi was settled by humans as early as the 4th millennium BC . The earliest actual (recorded) accounts of settlement of the location come from the 4th century, when a fortress was built during King Varaz - Bakur's reign . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Prague </Td> <Td> Bohemia </Td> <Td> Czech Republic </Td> <Td> 6th century </Td> <Td> The first written record dates back to the 10th century . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Inverness </Td> <Td> Pictland </Td> <Td> Scotland </Td> <Td> 6th century </Td> <Td> A settlement was established by the 6th century when St Columba visited the Pictish King Brude at his fortress there . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Glasgow </Td> <Td> Dál Riata or Alt Clut </Td> <Td> Scotland </Td> <Td> 6th century </Td> <Td> A settlement was founded in the 6th century by St Mungo, who is the city's patron Saint . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ioannina </Td> <Td> Byzantine Empire </Td> <Td> Greece </Td> <Td> 527--565 </Td> <Td> Founded by emperor Justinian I . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Aberdeen </Td> <Td> Pictland </Td> <Td> Scotland </Td> <Td> c. 580 </Td> <Td> A settlement was established by c. 580 when records show the city's first church was built then . However, there is archaeological evidence of settlements in the area dating back to 6000 BC . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Edinburgh as Din Eidyn </Td> <Td> Gododdin </Td> <Td> Scotland </Td> <Td> c. 580 </Td> <Td> Edinburgh is mentioned as a settlement in the poem Y Gododdin, traditionally dated to around the late 6th and early 7th centuries . The Poem uses The Brythonic name Din Eidyn (Fort of Eidyn) for Edinburgh and describes it as the capital of Gododdin . It is not until around 638 that the city starts being referred to as Edin - burh or Edinburgh, after the city was conquered by the Angles of Bernicia . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kraków (Wawel Hill) </Td> <Td> Lesser Poland </Td> <Td> Poland </Td> <Td> 8th century </Td> <Td> The first written record dates back to the 10th century . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ribe </Td> <Td> Jutland </Td> <Td> Denmark </Td> <Td> 704--710 </Td> <Td> Oldest town in Denmark . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Staraya Ladoga </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Russia </Td> <Td> 753 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Aarhus </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Denmark </Td> <Td> c. 770 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kalisz </Td> <Td> Greater Poland </Td> <Td> Poland </Td> <Td> 9th century </Td> <Td> Founded as a provincial capital castellany and a minor fort . Kalisz has long been considered the oldest city of Poland, having been mentioned by Ptolemy in the 2nd century AD, but the claim is now doubted by some (cf . Calisia). </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Heraklion </Td> <Td> Crete </Td> <Td> Greece </Td> <Td> 824 </Td> <Td> Founded by the Saracens . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nitra </Td> <Td> Principality of Nitra </Td> <Td> Slovakia </Td> <Td> 828 </Td> <Td> Slavic settlement since 5th century reached its peak when it became centre of Principality of Nitra . There was built first known Christian church in Central and Eastern Europe . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dublin </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Ire Ireland </Td> <Td> 841 </Td> <Td> Dublin was founded as a city by the Vikings in the 9th century, but there were two older Irish settlements which existed on the same spot several centuries before they arrived; Áth Cliath ("ford of hurdles") and Duiblinn ("Black Pool"). </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Madrid </Td> <Td> Castile </Td> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> mid . 9th century </Td> <Td> Developed around a fortress built by emir Muhammad I of Cordoba . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Veliky Novgorod </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Russia </Td> <Td> 859 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Polatsk </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Belarus </Td> <Td> 862 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Xanthi </Td> <Td> Thrace </Td> <Td> Greece </Td> <Td> before 879 </Td> <Td> First medieval reference as Xantheia . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Uzhhorod (as Ungvár) </Td> <Td> Duchy of Laborec </Td> <Td> Ukraine </Td> <Td> before 895 </Td> <Td> First mentioned in Gesta Hungarorum . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Halych </Td> <Td> Galicia </Td> <Td> Ukraine </Td> <Td> 898 </Td> <Td> First mentioned in Gesta Hungarorum . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gniezno </Td> <Td> Greater Poland </Td> <Td> Poland </Td> <Td> before 940 </Td> <Td> Early Slavonic settlements are dated to the 8th century . An important Piast stronghold that gave birth to a medieval town is believed to be erected at least around 940 AD </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vitebsk </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Belarus </Td> <Td> 947 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Poznań </Td> <Td> Greater Poland </Td> <Td> Poland </Td> <Td> before 968 </Td> <Td> Settled from at least the 9th century AD, Poznań is one of the suggested places of the AD 966 Baptism of Poland . Poznań Cathedral was raised to the status of a cathedral around 968 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Székesfehérvár </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Hungary </Td> <Td> 972 </Td> <Td> Founded by Grand Prince Géza . The first catholic temple of the Kingdom of Hungary was built here after the foundation of the city . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brussels </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> 979 </Td> <Td> Founded by Charles, duke of Lower Lorraine . A chapel on an island in the river Senne was built around 580 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sigtuna </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> 980 </Td> <Td> Is reputed as the oldest town in Sweden, the name is derived from an old royal estate Fornsigtuna situated nearby . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Skara </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> 988 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lund </Td> <Td> Denmark </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> c. 990 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Västerås </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> 990 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Trondheim </Td> <Td> Norway </Td> <Td> Norway </Td> <Td> 997 </Td> <Td> Founded by king Olav Tryggvason . Archaeological findings of city settlement back to the 8th century . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gdańsk </Td> <Td> Pomerania </Td> <Td> Poland </Td> <Td> 997 </Td> <Td> Gdańsk became capital of Duchy of Pomerania (approximate date). </Td> </Tr> </Table>

Which of the following cities is the oldest in the united states