<P> The lists vary, but Ralph Stone identified 16 in 1963: Borah, Frank B. Brandegee of Connecticut, Albert B. Fall of New Mexico, Bert M. Fernald of Maine, Joseph I. France of Maryland, Asle J. Gronna of North Dakota, Johnson, Philander C. Knox of Pennsylvania, La Follette, Medill McCormick of Illinois, George H. Moses of New Hampshire, Norris, Miles Poindexter of Washington, Reed, Lawrence Sherman of Illinois, and Charles S. Thomas of Colorado . Reed and Thomas were Democrats, the other 14 were Republicans </P> <P> McCormick's position can be traced to his Anglophobia and nationalistic attitudes, Sherman's to personal antipathy to President Woodrow Wilson and his domestic policies . Indeed, all of the Irreconcilables were bitter enemies of President Wilson, and he launched a nationwide speaking tour in the summer of 1919 to refute them . However, Wilson collapsed midway with a serious stroke that effectively ruined his leadership skills . </P> <P> According to Stone's 1970 book, the Irreconcilables in the Senate fell into three loosely defined factions . One group was composed of isolationists and extreme nationalists who proclaimed that America must be the sole commander of its destiny, and that membership in any international organization that might have power over the United States was unacceptable . A second group, the "realists", rejected narrow isolationism in favor of limited cooperation among nations with similar interests . They thought the League of Nations would be too strong . A third group, the "idealists", called for a truly democratic league to foster peace and justice in the world . The three factions cooperated to help defeat the treaty . All of them denounced the League as a tool of Britain and its nefarious empire . </P> <P> Among the American public as a whole, the Irish Catholics and the German Americans were intensely opposed to the Treaty . </P>

Which argument did the senators who opposed joining the league of nations make
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