<P> In a 1964 article, educator and historian Henry Littlefield outlined an allegory in the book of the late 19th - century debate regarding monetary policy . According to this view, for instance, the Yellow Brick Road represents the gold standard, and the silver slippers (ruby in the 1939 film version) represent the Silverite sixteen to one silver ratio (dancing down the road). The City of Oz earns its name from the abbreviation of ounces "Oz" in which gold and silver are measured . </P> <P> The thesis achieved considerable popular interest and elaboration by many scholars in history, economics and other fields, but that thesis has been challenged . Certainly the 1901 musical version of Oz written by Baum, was for an adult audience and had numerous explicit references to contemporary politics, though in these references Baum seems just to have been "playing for laughs". The 1902 stage adaptation mentioned, by name, President Theodore Roosevelt and other political celebrities . For example, the Tin Woodman wonders what he would do if he ran out of oil . "You wouldn't be as badly off as John D. Rockefeller", the Scarecrow responds, "He'd lose six thousand dollars a minute if that happened ." </P> <P> Littlefield's knowledge of the 1890s was thin, and he made numerous errors, but since his article was published, scholars in history, political science, and economics have asserted that the images and characters used by Baum closely resemble political images that were well known in the 1890s . Quentin Taylor, for example, claimed that many of the events and characters of the book resemble the actual political personalities, events and ideas of the 1890s . Dorothy--naïve, young and simple--represents the American people . She is Everyman, led astray and seeking the way back home . Moreover, following the road of gold leads eventually only to the Emerald City, which may symbolize the fraudulent world of greenback paper money that only pretends to have value . It is ruled by a scheming politician (the Wizard) who uses publicity devices and tricks to fool the people (and even the Good Witches) into believing he is benevolent, wise, and powerful when really he is a selfish, evil humbug . He sends Dorothy into severe danger hoping she will rid him of his enemy the Wicked Witch of the West . He is powerless and, as he admits to Dorothy, "I'm a very bad Wizard". </P> <P> Hugh Rockoff suggested in 1990 that the novel was an allegory about the demonetization of silver in 1873, whereby "the cyclone that carried Dorothy to the Land of Oz represents the economic and political upheaval, the yellow brick road stands for the gold standard, and the silver shoes Dorothy inherits from the Wicked Witch of the East represents the pro-silver movement . When Dorothy is taken to the Emerald Palace before her audience with the Wizard she is led through seven passages and up three flights of stairs, a subtle reference to the (Coinage Act of 1873) which started the class conflict in America ." </P>

What do the flying monkeys in the wizard of oz represent