<Tr> <Th> Related items </Th> <Td> Van de Graaff, linear particle accelerator </Td> </Tr> <P> A Van de Graaff generator is an electrostatic generator which uses a moving belt to accumulate electric charge on a hollow metal globe on the top of an insulated column, creating very high electric potentials . It produces very high voltage direct current (DC) electricity at low current levels . It was invented by American physicist Robert J. Van de Graaff in 1929 . The potential difference achieved by modern Van de Graaff generators can be as much as 5 megavolts . A tabletop version can produce on the order of 100,000 volts and can store enough energy to produce a visible spark . Small Van de Graaff machines are produced for entertainment, and for physics education to teach electrostatics; larger ones are displayed in some science museums . </P> <P> The Van de Graaff generator was developed as a particle accelerator for physics research; its high potential is used to accelerate subatomic particles to great speeds in an evacuated tube . It was the most powerful type of accelerator of the 1930s until the cyclotron was developed . Van de Graaff generators are still used as accelerators to generate energetic particle and x-ray beams for nuclear research and nuclear medicine . </P> <P> Particle beam Van de Graaff accelerators are often used in a "Tandem" configuration: first, negatively charged ions are injected at one end towards the high potential terminal where they are accelerated by attractive force towards the terminal . When the particles reach the terminal they are stripped of some electrons to make them positively charged and are subsequently accelerated by repulsive forces away from the terminal . This configuration results in two accelerations for the cost of one Van de Graaff generator and has the added advantage of leaving the complicated ion source instrumentation accessible near ground potential . </P>

Discuss the merits of using high energy electrons