<P> Goodale & Milner's innovation was to shift the perspective from an emphasis on input distinctions, such as object location versus properties, to an emphasis on the functional relevance of vision to behaviour, for perception or for action . Contemporary perspectives however, informed by empirical work over the past two decades, offer a more complex account than a simple separation of function into two - streams . Recent experimental work for instance has challenged these findings, and has suggested that the apparent dissociation between the effects of illusions on perception and action is due to differences in attention, task demands, and other confounds . There are other empirical findings, however, that cannot be so easily dismissed which provide strong support for the idea that skilled actions such as grasping are not affected by pictorial illusions . </P> <P> Moreover, recent neuropsychological research has questioned the validity of the dissociation of the two streams that has provided the cornerstone of evidence for the model . The dissociation between visual agnosia and optic ataxia has been challenged by several researchers as not as strong as originally portrayed; Hesse and colleagues demonstrated dorsal stream impairments in patient DF; Himmelbach and colleagues reassessed DF's abilities and applied more rigorous statistical analysis demonstrating that the dissociation wasn't as strong as first thought . </P> <P> A 2010 review of the accumulated evidence for the model concluded that whilst the spirit of the model has been vindicated the independence of the two streams has been overemphasised . Goodale & Milner themselves have proposed the analogy of tele - assistance, one of the most efficient schemes devised for the remote control of robots working in hostile environments . In this account, the dorsal stream is viewed as a semi-autonomous function that operates under guidance of executive functions which themselves are informed by ventral stream processing . </P> <P> Thus the emerging perspective within neuropsychology and neurophysiology is that, whilst a two - systems framework was a necessary advance to stimulate study of the highly complex and differentiated functions of the two neural pathways; the reality is more likely to involve considerable interaction between vision - for - action and vision - for - perception . Rob McIntosh and Thomas Schenk summarize this position as follows: </P>

The ventral stream of visual processing is important for identifying movement.​