<P> Some drawbacks of the "Jua Kali" are that it promotes smuggling, tax evasion, and lacks social protection . Most members of the informal sector have low education attainment but are responsible for providing all of their own skilled labour through apprenticeships while also training almost all of its skilled workforce . Many choose to join the informal for its lack of fees, shorter training sessions, and practical content that is otherwise absent from formal education . Rising cost of education and no guarantees of future employment have caused many workers to transfer to informal apprenticeships . </P> <P> Customary law has some adverse impacts on females in the informal sector . The impact of customary law on informal economy is illustrated in how it influences the participation and opportunities of women in this sector . The 1882 Married Women's Property Act gives married women equal property rights and the Law of Succession Act gives women inheritance rights, but the constitution exempts those who are considered "members of a particular race or tribe" and instead allows for their customary law to remain in practice . Some of the consequences are that customary law allows for discrimination against women and keeps them from accessing assets, land, and property that might otherwise allow them to have collateral for business finance . This barrier to business finance restrains the amount of credit that women entrepreneurs might otherwise use to enter both the formal and informal sector . Some examples of discriminatory statutes in the constitution are, the Law of Succession Act, the Divorce Laws, and the Children's Act 2001 . These statutes manifest themselves in very specific practices . For example, unmarried women inherit less than their brothers, married women are not expected to receive any inheritance, and women only have permission to manage their spouse's property as a surrogate for her sons . Furthermore, women without children are still omitted from inheritance that may come from the death of their husband and married women are given a disproportionate control of property as compared to their spouse . Because women have less assets and low education attainment, women are more likely to turn to the informal economy than men . </P> <P> The exchange rate of the Kenya shilling between 2003 and 2010 has averaged at about KSh74 - 78 to US $1 . </P> <P> The average inflation between 2005 and July 2015 is 8.5%, </P>

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