<P> The Berne Convention focuses on authors as the key figure in copyright law and the stated purpose of the convention is "the protection of the rights of authors in their literary and artistic works" (Article 1), rather than the protection of publishers and other actors in the process of disseminating works to the public . In the 1928 revision the concept of moral rights was introduced (Article 6bis), giving authors the right to be identified as a such and to object to derogatory treatment of their works . These rights, unlike economic rights such as preventing reproduction, could not be transferred to others . </P> <P> The Berne Convention also enshrined limitations and exceptions to copyright, enabling the reproduction of literary and artistic works without the copyright owners prior permission . The detail of these exceptions was left to national copyright legislation, but the guiding principle is stated in Article 9 of the convention . The so - called three - step test holds that an exception is only permitted "in certain special cases, provided that such reproduction does not conflict with a normal exploitation of the work and does not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the author". Free use of copyrighted work is expressly permitted in the case of quotations from lawfully published works, illustration for teaching purposes, and news reporting (Article 10). </P> <Ul> <Li> Digital technology introduces a new level of controversy into copyright policy . </Li> <Li> Inclusion of software as copyright subject matter on the recommendation of CONTU and then later with the EU Computer Programs Directive . </Li> <Li> Enactment of Agreement on Trade - Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). </Li> <Li> Controversy over the copyrightability of databases (Feist Publications v. Rural Telephone Service and contradictory cases); links to the debate over sui generis Database rights . </Li> <Li> Enactment of the World Intellectual Property Organization Copyright Treaty; nations begin passing anti-circumvention laws . </Li> </Ul> <Li> Digital technology introduces a new level of controversy into copyright policy . </Li>

Who printed gin lane and helped established the first copyright laws