<P> Both rhomboids (major and minor) also act to retract the scapula, pulling it towards the vertebral column . </P> <P> The rhomboids work collectively with the levator scapulae muscles to elevate the medial border of the scapula, downwardly rotating the scapula with respect to the glenohumeral joint . Antagonists to this function (upward rotators of the scapulae) are the serratus anterior and lower fibers of the trapezius . If the lower fibers are inactive, the serratus anterior and upper trapezius work in tandem with rhomboids and levators to elevate the entire scapula . </P> <P> If the rhomboid major is torn, wasted, or unable to contract, scapular instability may result . The implications of scapular instability caused by the rhomboid major include scapular winging during scapular protraction, excessive lateral rotation and depression of the scapula, as the antagonistic action of the rhomboid major is absent . With scapular instability, movement in the upper extremity is limited as the scapula cannot guide the desired movement of the arm and shoulders . Pain, discomfort, and limited range of motion of the shoulder are possible implications of scapular instability . </P> <P> Treatment for scapular instability may include surgery followed by physical therapy or occupational therapy . Physical therapy may consist of stretching and endurance exercises of the shoulder . Pilates and yoga have been also suggested as potential treatment and prevention of scapular instability . </P>

Rhomboid major and minor origin insertion and action