<Tr> <Th> 1937 </Th> <Th> 1939 </Th> <Th> 1940 </Th> <Th> 1941 </Th> <Th> 1942 </Th> <Th> 1943 </Th> <Th> 1944 </Th> <Th> 1945 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> 100 </Td> <Td> 107 </Td> <Td> 109 </Td> <Td> 111 </Td> <Td> 108 </Td> <Td> 99 </Td> <Td> 93 </Td> <Td> 78 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> 100 </Td> <Td> 108 </Td> <Td> 117 </Td> <Td> 108 </Td> <Td> 105 </Td> <Td> 95 </Td> <Td> 94 </Td> <Td> 85 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US </Td> <Td> 100 </Td> <Td> 96 </Td> <Td> 103 </Td> <Td> 108 </Td> <Td> 116 </Td> <Td> 115 </Td> <Td> 118 </Td> <Td> 122 </Td> </Tr>

What improved technologies and institutions were important to european economies