<P> In May 2004, Kenneth Brown of the Alexis de Tocqueville Institution made the accusation that major parts of the Linux kernel had been copied from the MINIX codebase, in a book called Samizdat . These accusations were rebutted universally--most prominently by Andrew Tanenbaum himself, who strongly criticised Kenneth Brown and published a long rebuttal on his own personal Web site, also pointing out that Brown was funded by Microsoft . </P> <P> At the time of its original development, the license for MINIX was considered to be rather liberal . Its licensing fee was very small ($69) compared to those of other operating systems . Although Tanenbaum wished for MINIX to be as accessible as possible to students, his publisher was not prepared to offer material (such as the source code) that could be copied freely, so a restrictive license requiring a nominal fee (included in the price of Tanenbaum's book) was applied as a compromise . This prevented the use of MINIX as the basis for a freely distributed software system . </P> <P> When free and open - source Unix - like operating systems such as Linux and 386BSD became available in the early 1990s, many volunteer software developers abandoned MINIX in favor of these . In April 2000, MINIX became free / open source software under a permissive free software license, but by this time other operating systems had surpassed its capabilities, and it remained primarily an operating system for students and hobbyists . </P>

The kernel serves which of the following purposes