<P> Some authors, like James Lennox, have argued that Darwin was a teleologist, while others like Michael Ghiselin described this claim as a myth promoted by misinterpretations of his discussions and emphasized the distinction between using teleological metaphors and being teleological . </P> <P> Biologist philosopher Francisco Ayala has argued that all statements about processes can be trivially translated into teleological statements, and vice versa, but that teleological statements are more explanatory and cannot be disposed of . Karen Neander has argued that the modern concept of biological' function' is dependent upon selection . So, for example, it is not possible to say that anything that simply winks into existence without going through a process of selection has functions . We decide whether an appendage has a function by analysing the process of selection that led to it . Therefore, any talk of functions must be posterior to natural selection and function cannot be defined in the manner advocated by Reiss and Dawkins . Ernst Mayr states that "adaptedness...is an a posteriori result rather than an a priori goal - seeking ." Various commentators view the teleological phrases used in modern evolutionary biology as a type of shorthand . For example, S.H.P. Madrell writes that "the proper but cumbersome way of describing change by evolutionary adaptation (may be) substituted by shorter overtly teleological statements" for the sake of saving space, but that this "should not be taken to imply that evolution proceeds by anything other than from mutations arising by chance, with those that impart an advantage being retained by natural selection ." J.B.S. Haldane said, "Teleology is like a mistress to a biologist: he cannot live without her but he's unwilling to be seen with her in public ." </P> <P> Julian Bigelow, Arturo Rosenblueth, and Norbert Wiener have conceived of feedback mechanisms as lending a teleology to machinery . Wiener, a mathematician, coined the term' cybernetics' to denote the study of "teleological mechanisms ." Cybernetics is the study of the communication and control of regulatory feedback both in living beings and machines, and in combinations of the two . In the cybernetic classification presented in "Behavior, Purpose and Teleology", teleology is feedback controlled purpose . </P> <P> The classification system underlying cybernetics was criticized by Frank Honywill George, who cited the need for an external observability to the purposeful behavior in order to establish and validate the goal - seeking behavior . In this view, the purpose of observing and observed systems is respectively distinguished by the system's subjective autonomy and objective control . </P>

Which of the following is true about the concept of worldview