<P> Sometimes called Close Quarters Combat (CQC or close combat), World War II - era American combatives were largely developed by Britain's William E. Fairbairn and Eric A. Sykes . Also known for their eponymous Fairbairn - Sykes Fighting Knife, Fairbairn and Sykes had worked in the British Armed Forces and helped teach the Shanghai Municipal Police (SMP) quick, effective, and simple techniques for fighting with or without weapons in melee situations . Similar training was provided to British Commandos, the First Special Service Force, Office of Strategic Services, Army Rangers, and Marine Raiders . Fairbairn at one point called this system Defendu and published on it, as did their American colleague Rex Applegate . Fairbairn often referred to the technique as "gutter fighting," a term which Applegate used, along with "the Fairbairn system ." </P> <P> Other combatives systems having their origins in the modern military include Chinese Sanshou, Soviet Bojewoje (Combat) Sambo, and Israeli Kapap . The prevalence and style of combatives training often changes based on perceived need, and even in times of peace, special forces and commando units tend to have a much higher emphasis on close combat than most personnel, as may embassy guards or paramilitary units such as police SWAT teams . </P> <P> De-emphasized in the United States after World War II, insurgency conflicts such as the Vietnam War, low intensity conflict, and urban warfare tend to encourage more attention to combatives . While the United States Marine Corps replaced its LINE combat system with Marine Corps Martial Arts Program in 2002, The United States Army adopted the Modern Army Combatives (MAC) program the same year with the publishing of Field Manual 3 - 25.150 . MAC draws from systems such as Brazilian Jiu - Jitsu, Judo, Muay Thai, Boxing and Eskrima, which could be trained "live" and can be fully integrated into current Close Quarters Battle tactics and training methods . </P> <P> In August 2007, MAC training became required in every Army unit by Army regulation 350 - 1 . The Modern Army Combatives Program was adopted as the basis for the Air Force Combatives Program in January 2008 . </P>

When was the first combatives field manual written