<P> Homo stupidus (Haeckel 1866) Homo mousteriensis (Klaatsch 1909) Palaeoanthropus neanderthalensis </P> <P> Neanderthals (UK: / niˈændərˌtɑːl /, also US: / neɪ -, - ˈɑːn -, - ˌtɔːl, - ˌθɔːl /;) Homo neanderthalensis or Homo sapiens neanderthalensis are an extinct species or subspecies of archaic humans in the genus Homo, who lived in Eurasia until 40,000 years ago . </P> <P> Currently earliest fossils of Neanderthals in Europe are dated between 430,000 to 450,000 years ago, and thereafter Neanderthals expanded into Southwest and Central Asia . They are known from numerous fossils, as well as stone tool assemblages . Almost all assemblages younger than 160,000 years are of the so - called Mousterian techno - complex, which is characterised by tools made out of stone flakes . The type specimen is Neanderthal 1, found in Neander Valley in the German Rhineland, in 1856 . </P> <P> Compared to modern humans, Neanderthals were stockier, with shorter legs and bigger bodies . In conformance with Bergmann's rule, this likely was an adaptation to preserve heat in cold climates . Male and female Neanderthals had cranial capacities averaging 1,600 cm (98 cu in) and 1,300 cm (79 cu in), respectively, within the range of the values for anatomically modern humans . Average males stood around 164 to 168 cm (65 to 66 in) and females 152 to 156 cm (60 to 61 in) tall . </P>

The stone tools associated with neandertal populations were first identified at the site of
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