<P> In 1975, pemoline (Cylert) was approved by the U.S. FDA for use in the treatment of ADHD . While an effective agent for managing the symptoms, the development of liver failure in 14 cases over the next 27 years would result in the manufacturer withdrawing this medication from the market . New delivery systems for medications were invented in 1999 that eliminated the need for multiple doses across the day or taking medication at school . These new systems include pellets of medication coated with various time - release substances to permit medications to dissolve hourly across an 8--12 hour period (Metadate CD, Adderall XR, Focalin XR) and an osmotic pump that extrudes a liquid methylphenidate sludge across an 8--12 hour period after ingestion (Concerta). </P> <P> In 2003, atomoxetine (Strattera) received the first FDA approval for a nonstimulant drug to be used specifically for ADHD . In 2007, lisdexamfetamine (Vyvanse) became the first prodrug for ADHD to receive FDA approval . </P> <P> Stimulants are the most commonly prescribed medications for ADHD . The stimulant medications indicated to treat ADHD are methylphenidate (Ritalin, Concerta), dexmethylphenidate (Focalin), mixed amphetamine salts (Adderall), dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine), lisdexamfetamine (Vyvanse), and in rare cases methamphetamine (Desoxyn). Controlled - release pharmaceuticals may allow once daily administration of medication in the morning . This is especially helpful for children who do not like taking their medication in the middle of the school day . Several controlled - release methods are used . </P> <P> Stimulants used to treat ADHD raise the extracellular concentrations of the neurotransmitters dopamine and norepinephrine, which increases cellular communication between neurons that utilize these compounds . The therapeutic benefits are due to noradrenergic effects at the locus coeruleus and the prefrontal cortex and dopaminergic effects at the ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens, and prefrontal cortex . </P>

What are the two widely prescribed drugs for the treatment of adhd
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