<P> Russian schools have two types of teachers: primary school teachers and teachers who specialize in a single subject . Educational requirements for teachers vary, however teachers with a certified degree are preferred . Primary school teachers teach subjects such as grammar, reading and arithmetic . A high level of specialist knowledge is not required at the primary school level, however child pedagogy is very important . Pedagogical skills and knowledge are taught in Pedagogical Universities Teachers who specialise in a single subject usually have a degree in the field in which they teach, for example a teacher of physics will have a technical degree in physics or mathematics . </P> <P> In India, the National Council for Teacher Education (NCTE) determines the qualifications required for being a school teacher (e.g. B. Ed., B. El. Ed., D. El. Ed., etc. for different types and levels of teaching) and the Right to Education Act requires that all teachers have to hold one of these qualifications . </P> <P> State governments as well as school chains under the Central Government (for example, Kendriya Vidyalayas, Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalayas) generally insist on teachers holding these qualifications . However, many private schools recruit teachers without these qualifications, often citing the poor quality of the qualification as a reason . In - service training of government teachers is done by the District Institutes of Education and Training (DIETs). </P> <P> In colleges, faculty appointment is based on the national / state level examinations and qualifications decided by University Grants Commission India (UGC). </P>

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