<P> In 1941, the wheat industry began to adopt voluntary widespread enrichment (fortification) of wheat flour with vitamins, folic acid, and iron, the outcome of a recommendation by the National Nutrition Conference for Defense, charged with investigating the causes of poor health among many World War II recruits . By 1942, some 75 percent of breads in the United States were fortified . Mandatory fortification requirements went into effect in 1943, following the publication of the first U.S. government recommended dietary allowances . The removal of naturally occurring nutrients that occurs in grain processing led to a number of diseases caused by nutritional deficiency, including beriberi, pellagra, neural tube defect, and iron deficiency anemia . Enrichment helped eradicate or reduce the frequency of these conditions in the United States . </P> <P> Under the Wilson administration during World War I, the U.S. Food Administration, under the direction of Herbert Hoover, set a basic price of $2.20 per bushel . The end of the war led to "the closing of the bonanza export markets and the fall of sky - high farm prices", and wheat prices fell from more than $2.20 per bushel in 1919 to $1.01 in 1921 . The McNary--Haugen Farm Relief Bill failed in Congress, and was followed by the Agricultural Marketing Act of 1929, the establishment of the Federal Farm Board, and the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933 . The most important legislation for wheat production in the United States today are the farm bills which authorized farm subsidies, the Conservation Reserve Program, and other programs . Adopted around every five years, the most recent farm bills are the 1985 farm bill, 1990 farm bill, 1996 farm bill, 2002 farm bill, and 2008 farm bill . </P> <P> Wheat farmers are a major beneficiary of crop subsidies and other agricultural programs . According to U.S. Department of Agriculture data, from 1995 to 2012, the U.S. federal government paid over $39 billion in wheat subsidies, through direct payments (2003--present) and production flexibility contracts (1996 - 2002), deficiency payments, crop insurance premium subsidies, price support payments (including loan deficiency payments, marketing loan gains, and certificates), counter-cyclical programs, market loss assistance, and other wheat programs . In 2012, wheat was the third most - subsidized crop, after corn and soybeans . Wheat farmers received $1.1 billion in subsidies in 2012 . </P> <P> The United States is a major wheat - producing country, with output typically exceeded only by China, the European Union, and India . Acreage brought under wheat has, over the last several decades, varied with the wheat price . During the first decade of the 2000s, wheat ranked third among U.S. field crops in both planted acreage and gross farm income; the first two positions were held by corn and soybeans . The acreage has gone down by nearly 30% (to 48,653,000 acres in 2001, as against 60 - 63 million acres harvested annually in the previous years; 30 of this area is in Texas .) The amount exported has also declined . The acreage reduction was dictated by the Acreage Reduction Program (ARP), which was introduced for wheat, feed grains, and cotton; and production faces pressures from multiple factors . </P>

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