<P> During the first half of the twentieth century, John B. Watson devised methodological behaviorism, which rejected introspective methods and sought to understand behavior by only measuring observable behaviors and events . It was not until the 1930s that B.F. Skinner suggested that private events--including thoughts and feelings--should be subjected to the same controlling variables as observable behavior which became the basis for his philosophy called radical behaviorism . While Watson and Ivan Pavlov investigated the stimulus - response procedures of classical conditioning, Skinner assessed the controlling nature of consequences and also the antecedents (or discriminative stimuli) that signal the behavior; the technique became known as operant conditioning . </P> <P> The application of radical behaviorism--known as applied behavior analysis--is used in a variety of settings, including, for example, organizational behavior management, to the treatment of mental disorders, such as autism and substance abuse . In addition, while behaviorism and cognitive schools of psychological thought may not agree theoretically, they have complemented each other in cognitive behavior therapies, which have demonstrated utility in treating certain pathologies, including simple phobias, PTSD, and mood disorders . </P> <P> There is no universally agreed - upon classification, but some titles given to the various branches of behaviorism include: </P> <Ul> <Li> Methodological behaviorism: Watson's behaviorism states that only public events (behaviors of an individual) can be objectively observed, and that therefore private events (thoughts and feelings) should be ignored . It also became the basis for the early approach behavior modification in the late 1970s and early 1980s . </Li> <Li> Radical behaviorism: Skinner's behaviorism theorizes that processes within the organism should be acknowledged, particularly the presence of private events (such as thoughts and feelings), and suggests that environmental variables also control these internal events just as they control observable behaviors . Radical behaviorism forms the core philosophy behind behavior analysis . Willard Van Orman Quine used many of radical behaviorism's ideas in his study of knowledge and language . </Li> <Li> Teleological behaviorism: Post-Skinnerian, purposive, close to microeconomics . Focuses on objective observation as opposed to cognitive processes . </Li> <Li> Theoretical behaviorism: Post-Skinnerian, accepts observable internal states ("within the skin" once meant "unobservable", but with modern technology we are not so constrained); dynamic, but eclectic in choice of theoretical structures, emphasizes parsimony . </Li> <Li> Biological behaviorism: Post-Skinnerian, centered on perceptual and motor modules of behavior, theory of behavior systems . </Li> <Li> Psychological behaviorism: As proposed by Arthur W. Staats, this version of behaviorism centers on the practical control of human behavior . It is noted for its use of time - outs, token - reinforcement and other methods, which importantly influenced modern approaches to child development, education, and abnormal psychology . </Li> </Ul>

What are the 4 important aspects of classical conditioning