<P> The causes of the Great Depression in the early 20th century have been extensively discussed by economists and remain a matter of active debate . They are part of the larger debate about economic crises . The specific economic events that took place during the Great Depression are well established . There was an initial stock market crash that triggered a "panic sell - off" of assets . This was followed by a deflation in asset and commodity prices, dramatic drops in demand and credit, and disruption of trade, ultimately resulting in widespread unemployment (over 13 million people were unemployed by 1932) and impoverishment . However, economists and historians have not reached a consensus on the causal relationships between various events and government economic policies in causing or ameliorating the Depression . </P> <P> Current mainstream theories may be broadly classified into two main points of view . There are also several heterodox explanations . Of the mainstream views, the first are the demand - driven theories, from Keynesian and institutional economists who argue that the depression was caused by a widespread loss of confidence that led to underconsumption . The demand - driven theories argue that the financial crisis following the 1929 crash led to a sudden and persistent reduction in consumption and investment spending . Once panic and deflation set in, many people believed they could avoid further losses by keeping clear of the markets . Holding money therefore became profitable as prices dropped lower and a given amount of money bought ever more goods, exacerbating the drop in demand . </P>

What were the primary causes of the great depression
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