<P> Alhazen disproved Ptolemy's theory of vision, but did not make any corresponding changes to Aristotle's metaphysics . The scientific revolution ran concurrently to a process where elements of Aristotle's metaphysics such as ethics, teleology and formal causality slowly fell out of favour . Scholars slowly came to realize that the universe itself might well be devoid of both purpose and ethical imperatives . The development from a physics infused with goals, ethics, and spirit, toward a physics where these elements do not play an integral role, took centuries . This development was enhanced by the Condemnations of 1277, where Aristotle's books were banned by the Catholic church . This allowed the theoretical possibility of vacuum and motion in a vacuum . A direct result was the emergence of the science of dynamics . </P> <P> New developments in optics played a role in the inception of the Renaissance, both by challenging long - held metaphysical ideas on perception, as well as by contributing to the improvement and development of technology such as the camera obscura and the telescope . Before what we now know as the Renaissance started, Roger Bacon, Vitello, and John Peckham each built up a scholastic ontology upon a causal chain beginning with sensation, perception, and finally apperception of the individual and universal forms of Aristotle . A model of vision later known as perspectivism was exploited and studied by the artists of the Renaissance . This theory utilizes only three of Aristotle's four causes: formal, material, and final . </P> <P> In the sixteenth century, Copernicus formulated a heliocentric model of the solar system unlike the geocentric model of Ptolemy's Almagest . This was based on a theorem that the orbital periods of the planets are longer as their orbs are farther from the centre of motion, which he found not to agree with Ptolemy's model . </P> <P> Kepler and others challenged the notion that the only function of the eye is perception, and shifted the main focus in optics from the eye to the propagation of light . Kepler modelled the eye as a water - filled glass sphere with an aperture in front of it to model the entrance pupil . He found that all the light from a single point of the scene was imaged at a single point at the back of the glass sphere . The optical chain ends on the retina at the back of the eye . Kepler is best known, however, for improving Copernicus' heliocentric model through the discovery of Kepler's laws of planetary motion . Kepler did not reject Aristotelian metaphysics, and described his work as a search for the Harmony of the Spheres . </P>

What are the 6 concepts that make up the nature of science