<P> The work on the enumeration of afterimages supports the view that different cognitive processes operate for the enumeration of elements inside and outside the subitizing range, and as such raises the possibility that subitizing and counting involve different brain circuits . However, functional imaging research has been interpreted both to support different and shared processes . </P> <P> Clinical evidence supporting the view that subitizing and counting may involve functionally and anatomically distinct brain areas comes from patients with simultanagnosia, one of the key components of Balint's syndrome . Patients with this disorder suffer from an inability to perceive visual scenes properly, being unable to localize objects in space, either by looking at the objects, pointing to them, or by verbally reporting their position . Despite these dramatic symptoms, such patients are able to correctly recognize individual objects . Crucially, people with simultanagnosia are unable to enumerate objects outside the subitizing range, either failing to count certain objects, or alternatively counting the same object several times . </P> <P> However, people with simultanagnosia have no difficulty enumerating objects within the subitizing range . The disorder is associated with bilateral damage to the parietal lobe, an area of the brain linked with spatial shifts of attention . These neuropsychological results are consistent with the view that the process of counting, but not that of subitizing, requires active shifts of attention . However, recent research has questioned this conclusion by finding that attention also affects subitizing . </P> <P> A further source of research upon the neural processes of subitizing compared to counting comes from positron emission tomography (PET) research upon normal observers . Such research compares the brain activity associated with enumeration processes inside (i.e., 1--4 items) for subitizing, and outside (i.e., 5--8 items) for counting . </P>

Which of the following is an example of subitizing