<Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Summary </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Provides for curtailment of fundamental rights, imposes fundamental duties and changes to the basic structure of the constitution by making India a "Socialist Secular" Republic . </Td> </Tr> <P> The 42nd amendment to Constitution of India, officially known as The Constitution (Forty - second amendment) Act, 1976, was enacted during the Emergency (25 June 1975--21 March 1977) by the Indian National Congress government headed by Indira Gandhi . Most provisions of the amendment came into effect on 3 January 1977, others were enforced from 1 February and Section 27 came into force on 1 April 1977 . The 42nd Amendment is regarded as the most controversial constitutional amendment in Indian history . It attempted to reduce the power of the Supreme Court and High Courts to pronounce upon the constitutional validity of laws . It laid down the Fundamental Duties of Indian citizens to the nation . This amendment brought about the most widespread changes to the Constitution in its history, and is sometimes called a "mini-Constitution" or the "Constitution of Indira". </P> <P> Almost all parts of the Constitution, including the Preamble and amending clause, were changed by the 42nd Amendment, and some new articles and sections were inserted . The amendment's fifty - nine clauses stripped the Supreme Court of many of its powers and moved the political system toward parliamentary sovereignty . It curtailed democratic rights in the country, and gave sweeping powers to the Prime Minister's Office . The amendment gave Parliament unrestrained power to amend any parts of the Constitution, without judicial review . It transferred more power from the state governments to the central government, eroding India's federal structure . The 42nd Amendment also amended Preamble and changed the description of India from "sovereign democratic republic" to a "sovereign, socialist secular democratic republic", and also changed the words "unity of the nation" to "unity and integrity of the nation". </P>

What is the significance of the 42nd constitutional amendment act of 1976
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