<P> The Indian traditions subscribed to diverse philosophies, significantly disagreeing with each other as well as orthodox Hinduism and its six schools of Hindu philosophy . The differences ranged from a belief that every individual has a soul (self, atman) to asserting that there is no soul, from axiological merit in a frugal ascetic life to that of a hedonistic life, from a belief in rebirth to asserting that there is no rebirth . </P> <Table> Comparison of ancient Indian philosophies <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Ājīvika </Th> <Th> Early Buddhism </Th> <Th> Cārvāka </Th> <Th> Jainism </Th> <Th> Orthodox schools of Hinduism (Non-Śramaṇic) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Karma </Td> <Td> Denies </Td> <Td> Affirms </Td> <Td> Denies </Td> <Td> Affirms </Td> <Td> Affirms </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Samsara, Rebirth </Td> <Td> Affirms </Td> <Td> Affirms </Td> <Td> Denies </Td> <Td> Affirms </Td> <Td> Some school affirm, some not </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ascetic life </Td> <Td> Affirms </Td> <Td> Affirms </Td> <Td> Affirms </Td> <Td> Affirms </Td> <Td> Affirms as Sannyasa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rituals, Bhakti </Td> <Td> Affirms </Td> <Td> Affirms, optional (Pali: Bhatti) </Td> <Td> Denies </Td> <Td> Affirms, optional </Td> <Td> Theistic school: Affirms, optional Others: Deny </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ahimsa and Vegetarianism </Td> <Td> Affirms </Td> <Td> Affirms, Unclear on meat as food </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Strongest proponent of non-violence; Vegetarianism to avoid violence against animals </Td> <Td> Affirms as highest virtue, but Just War affirmed Vegetarianism encouraged, but choice left to the Hindu </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Free will </Td> <Td> Denies </Td> <Td> Affirms </Td> <Td> Affirms </Td> <Td> Affirms </Td> <Td> Affirms </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maya </Td> <Td> Affirms </Td> <Td> Affirms (prapañca) </Td> <Td> Denies </Td> <Td> Affirms </Td> <Td> Affirms </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Atman (Soul, Self) </Td> <Td> Affirms </Td> <Td> Denies </Td> <Td> Denies </Td> <Td> Affirms </Td> <Td> Affirms </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Creator God </Td> <Td> Denies </Td> <Td> Denies </Td> <Td> Denies </Td> <Td> Denies </Td> <Td> Theistic schools: Affirm Others: Deny </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Epistemology (Pramana) </Td> <Td> Pratyakṣa, Anumāṇa, Śabda </Td> <Td> Pratyakṣa, Anumāṇa </Td> <Td> Pratyakṣa </Td> <Td> Pratyakṣa, Anumāṇa, Śabda </Td> <Td> Various, Vaisheshika (two) to Vedanta (six): Pratyakṣa (perception), Anumāṇa (inference), Upamāṇa (comparison and analogy), Arthāpatti (postulation, derivation), Anupalabdi (non-perception, negative / cognitive proof), Śabda (Reliable testimony) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Epistemic authority </Td> <Td> Denies: Vedas </Td> <Td> Affirms: Buddha text Denies: Vedas </Td> <Td> Denies: Vedas </Td> <Td> Affirms: Jain Agamas Denies: Vedas </Td> <Td> Affirm: Vedas and Upanishads, Affirm: other texts </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Salvation (Soteriology) </Td> <Td> Samsdrasuddhi </Td> <Td> Nirvana (realize Śūnyatā) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Siddha </Td> <Td> Moksha, Nirvana, Kaivalya Advaita, Yoga, others: Jivanmukti Dvaita, theistic: Videhamukti </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Metaphysics (Ultimate Reality) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Śūnyatā </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Anekāntavāda </Td> <Td> Brahman </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Ājīvika </Th> <Th> Early Buddhism </Th> <Th> Cārvāka </Th> <Th> Jainism </Th> <Th> Orthodox schools of Hinduism (Non-Śramaṇic) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Karma </Td> <Td> Denies </Td> <Td> Affirms </Td> <Td> Denies </Td> <Td> Affirms </Td> <Td> Affirms </Td> </Tr>

Who was the first to develop social philosophy in india