<P> Since the inception of the UN, only one member state (excluding those that dissolved or merged with other member states) has unilaterally withdrawn from the UN . During the Indonesia--Malaysia confrontation, and in response to the election of Malaysia as a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, in a letter dated 20 January 1965, Indonesia informed the United Nations Secretary - General that it had decided "at this stage and under the present circumstances" to withdraw from the UN . However, following the overthrow of President Sukarno, in a telegram dated 19 September 1966, Indonesia notified the Secretary - General of its decision "to resume full cooperation with the United Nations and to resume participation in its activities starting with the twenty - first session of the General Assembly". On 28 September 1966, the United Nations General Assembly took note of the decision of the Government of Indonesia and the President invited the representatives of that country to take their seats in the Assembly . </P> <P> Unlike suspension and expulsion, no express provision is made in the United Nations Charter of whether or how a member can legally withdraw from the UN (largely to prevent the threat of withdrawal from being used as a form of political blackmail, or to evade obligations under the Charter, similar to withdrawals that weakened the UN's predecessor, the League of Nations), or on whether a request for readmission by a withdrawn member should be treated the same as an application for membership, i.e., requiring Security Council as well as General Assembly approval . Indonesia's return to the UN would suggest that this is not required; however, scholars have argued that the course of action taken by the General Assembly was not in accordance with the Charter from a legal point of view . </P> <P> In addition to the member states, there are two non-member permanent observer states: the Holy See and the State of Palestine . </P> <Ul> <Li> The Holy See holds sovereignty over the state of Vatican City and maintains diplomatic relations with 180 other states . It has been an observer state since 6 April 1964, and gained all the rights of full membership except voting on 1 July 2004 . </Li> <Li> The Palestine Liberation Organization was granted observer status as a "non-member entity" on 22 November 1974 . Acknowledging the proclamation of the State of Palestine by the Palestine National Council on 15 November 1988, the United Nations General Assembly decided that, effective as of 15 December 1988, the designation "Palestine" should be used in place of the designation "Palestine Liberation Organization" in the United Nations System . On 23 September 2011, Palestinian National Authority President Mahmoud Abbas submitted the application for UN membership for the State of Palestine to United Nations Secretary - General Ban Ki - moon; the application has not been voted on by the UN Security Council . On 31 October 2011, the General Assembly of UNESCO voted to admit Palestine as a member, becoming the first UN agency to admit Palestine as a full member . The State of Palestine was recognized as a "non-member state" on 29 November 2012, when the UN General Assembly passed United Nations General Assembly resolution 67 / 19 by a vote of 138 to 9, with 41 abstentions . The change in status was described by The Independent as "de facto recognition of the sovereign state of Palestine". On 17 December 2012, UN Chief of Protocol Yeocheol Yoon decided that "the designation of' State of Palestine' shall be used by the Secretariat in all official United Nations documents". </Li> </Ul>

Which countries are non members of the un