<P> For certain terrorist and organised crime offences the Director of Public Prosecutions may issue a certificate that the accused be tried by the Special Criminal Court composed of three judges instead of a jury, one from the District Court, Circuit Court and High Court . </P> <P> The Corte d'Assise is composed of 2 judges and 6 laypersons chosen at random among Italian citizens 30 to 65 years old . Only serious crimes like murder can be tried by the Corte d'Assise . </P> <P> On May 28, 2004, the Diet of Japan enacted a law requiring selected citizens to take part in criminal court trials of certain severe crimes to make decisions together with professional judges, both on guilt and on the sentence . These citizens are called saiban - in (裁判 員 "lay judge"). The saiban - in system was implemented in May 2009 . </P> <P> New Zealand previously required jury verdicts to be passed unanimously, but since the passing of the Criminal Procedure Bill in 2009 the Juries Act 1981 has permitted verdicts to be passed by a majority of one less than the full jury (that is an 11 - 1 or a 10 - 1 majority) under certain circumstances . </P>

When was the institution of the jury established in japan legally and in practice
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