<Dt> The last Khalji sultans </Dt> <P> Aladdin Khalji died in December 1315 . Thereafter, the sultanate witnessed chaos, coup and succession of assassinations . Malik Kafur became the sultan but lacked support from Muslim amirs and was killed within a few months . Within the next three years, three more Khalji successors violently assumed power but were in turn, all violently put to death in coups . After Malik Kafur's death, the Muslim amirs installed Shihab - ud - din Omar - a six - year - old as Sultan, with his elder teenage brother Qutb ud din Mubarak Shah as regent . Qutb ud din Mubarak Shah killed his younger brother and then appointed himself as the Sultan . To win over the loyalty of the amirs and the Malik clan in the Sultanate, Mubarak Shah offered Ghazi Malik the command of Punjab and others various offices or death . The amirs chose the office . Mubarak Shah ruled for less than 4 years, then was murdered in 1320 by his army general Khusraw Khan . The Muslim amirs in Delhi reached out and invited Ghazi Malik, then Muslim army commander in Punjab to lead a coup against Khusraw Khan . Ghazi Malik attacked Khusraw Khan in Delhi, beheaded him, and rechristened himself as Sultan Ghiyath al - Din Tughluq, the first ruler of the Tughluq dynasty . </P> <P> Alauddin Khalji changed the tax policies to strengthen his treasury to help pay the keep of his growing army and fund his wars of expansion . He raised agriculture taxes from 20% to 50%--payable in grain and agricultural produce (or cash), eliminating payments and commissions on taxes collected by local chiefs, banned socialization among his officials as well as inter-marriage between noble families to help prevent any opposition forming against him; he cut salaries of officials, poets and scholars in his kingdom . </P> <P> Alauddin Khalji enforced four taxes on non-Muslims in the Sultanate - jizya (poll tax), kharaj (land tax), kari (house tax) and chari (pasture tax). He also decreed that his Delhi - based revenue officers assisted by local Muslim jagirdars, khuts, mukkadims, chaudharis and zamindars seize by force half of all produce any farmer generates, as a tax on standing crop, so as to fill sultanate granaries . His officers enforced tax payment by beating up Hindu and Muslim middlemen responsible for rural tax collection . Furthermore, Alauddin Khalji demanded, state Kulke and Rothermund, from his "wise men in the court" to create "rules and regulations in order to grind down the Hindus, so as to reduce them to abject poverty and deprive them of wealth and any form of surplus property that could foster a rebellion; the Hindu was to be so reduced as to be left unable to keep a horse to ride on, to carry arms, to wear fine clothes, or to enjoy any of the luxuries of life". At the same time, he confiscated all landed property from his courtiers and officers . Revenue assignments to Muslim jagirdars were also cancelled and the revenue was collected by the central administration . Henceforth, state Kulke and Rothermund, "everybody was busy with earning a living so that nobody could even think of rebellion ." </P>

The sultanate of delhi was founded by the descendents of slaves from what region