<P> A greater density of grey matter in the inferior parietal cortex is present in multilingual individuals . It has been found that multilingualism affects the structure, and essentially, the cytoarchitecture of the brain . Learning multiple languages re-structures the brain and some researchers argue that it increases the brain's capacity for plasticity . Most of these differences in brain structures in multilinguals may be genetic at the core . Consensus is still muddled; it may be a mixture of both--experiential (acquiring languages during life) and genetic (predisposition to brain plasticity). </P> <P> Heightened brain plasticity in infants impacts later language development . Recent studies show that even brief exposure to a language in infancy changes how the brain processes a second - language acquisition . Participants in the studies who had transient language exposure as an infant or were multilingual showed greater brain activation in non-verbal working memory patterns, compared to monolingual speakers . The measure of uncommitted neural circuitry in infants can be accounted for in the perception of nonnative language at early stages of language acquisition . Research has shown that infants who show proficiency in nonnative phonetic perception at 7 months have slower language development than those who show proficiency in native phonetic perception . This research supports the Native Language Magnet / Neural Commitment Theory originally proposed by Patricia K. Kuhl . </P> <P> Insights into language storage in the brain have come from studying multilingual individuals afflicted with a form of aphasia . The symptoms and severity of aphasia in multilingual individuals depend on the number of languages the individual knows, what order they learned them, and thus have them stored in the brain, the age at which they learned them, how frequently each language is used, and how proficient the individual is in using those languages . Two primary theoretical approaches to studying and viewing multilingual aphasics exist--the localizationalist approach and the dynamic approach . The localizationalist approach views different languages as stored in different regions of the brain, explaining why multilingual aphasics may lose one language they know, but not the other (s). The dynamical theory (or shared representation) approach suggests that the language system is supervised by a dynamic equilibrium between the existing language capabilities and the constant alteration and adaptation to the communicative requirements of the environment . The dynamic approach views the representation and control aspects of the language system as compromised as a result of brain damage to the brain's language regions . The dynamic approach offers a satisfactory explanation for the various recovery times of each of the languages the aphasic has had impaired or lost because of the brain damage . Recovery of languages varies across aphasic patients . Some may recover all lost or impaired languages simultaneously . For some, one language is recovered before the others . In others, an involuntary mix of languages occurs in the recovery process; they intermix words from the various languages they know when speaking . Research affirms with the two approaches combined into the amalgamated hypothesis, it states that while languages do share some parts of the brain, they can also be allotted to some separate areas that are neutral . </P> <P> Aphasia in multilinguals (or bilinguals) is commonly assessed through a Bilingual Aphasia Test (or BAT). The BAT consists of 3 sections that patients are required to answer with continuously as the test administrators record their answers . Patients' performances are then documented and processed with computer programs that determine the percentages of correctness given the specific linguistic skill . With the BAT many clinical settings have a standardized system of determining the extent of aphasia in the multilingual patients . </P>

Where is a second language stored in the brain
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