<P> For the first time, governments had access to a peace - time, centralized independent intelligence and counterintelligence bureaucracy with indexed registries and defined procedures, as opposed to the more ad hoc methods used previously . </P> <P> Collective counterintelligence is gaining information about an opponent's intelligence collection capabilities whose aim is at an entity . </P> <P> Defensive counterintelligence is thwarting efforts by hostile intelligence services to penetrate the service . </P> <P> Offensive counterintelligence is having identified an opponent's efforts against the system, trying to manipulate these attacks by either "turning" the opponent's agents into double agents or feeding them false information to report . </P>

Who has the greatest spectrum of police powers