<P> Born in Baltimore, Maryland, Marshall graduated from the Howard University School of Law in 1933 . He established a private legal practice in Baltimore before founding the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, where he served as executive director . In that position, he argued several cases before the Supreme Court, including Smith v. Allwright, Shelley v. Kraemer, and Brown v. Board of Education, which held that racial segregation in public education is a violation of the Equal Protection Clause . </P> <P> In 1961, President John F. Kennedy appointed Marshall to United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit . Four years later, President Lyndon B. Johnson appointed Marshall as the United States Solicitor General . In 1967, Johnson successfully nominated Marshall to succeed retiring Associate Justice Tom C. Clark . Marshall retired during the administration of President George H.W. Bush, and was succeeded by Clarence Thomas . </P> <P> Marshall was born in Baltimore, Maryland, on July 2, 1908 . He was descended from slaves on both sides of his family . His original name was Thoroughgood, but he shortened it to Thurgood . His father, William Marshall, worked as a railroad porter, and his mother Norma, as a teacher; they instilled in him an appreciation for the United States Constitution and the rule of law . </P> <P> Marshall first learned how to debate from his father, who took Marshall and his brother to watch court cases; they would later debate what they had seen . The family also debated current events after dinner . Marshall said that although his father never told him to became a lawyer, he "turned me into one . He did it by teaching me to argue, by challenging my logic on every point, by making me prove every statement I made ." </P>

Who was the first person to argue for a new civil rights act