<P> Other conditions that can be predicted in children or people with ODD are learning disorders in which the person has significant impairments in regard to the academic area and language disorders in which problems can be observed related to language production and / or comprehension . </P> <P> Oppositional defiant disorder has a prevalence of 1% to 11% . The average prevalence is approximately 3.3% . Gender and age play an important role in the rate of the disorder . In fact, ODD gradually develops and becomes apparent in preschool years; often before the age of eight years old . However, it is very unlikely to emerge following early adolescence . There is difference in prevalence between boys and girls . The ratio of this prevalence is 1.4 to 1 in favor of boys being more prevalent than girls before adolescence . On the other hand, girls' prevalence tends to increase after puberty . When researchers observed the general prevalence of oppositional defiant disorder throughout cultures, they noticed that it remained constant . However, the sex difference in ODD prevalence is only significant in Western cultures . There are two possible explanations for this difference which are that in non-Western cultures there is a decrease prevalence of ODD in boys or an increase prevalence of ODD in girls . There are other factors that can influence the prevalence of the disorder . One of these factors is the socioeconomic status . Youths living in families of low socioeconomic status have a higher prevalence . Another factor is based on the criteria used to diagnose an individual . When the disorder was first included in the DSM - III, the prevalence was 25% higher than when the DSM - IV revised the criteria of diagnosis . The DSM - V made more changes to the criteria grouping certain characteristics together in order to demonstrate that ODD display both emotional and behavioral symptomatology . In addition, criteria was added to help guide clinicians in diagnosis because of the difficulty found in identifying whether the behaviors or symptoms are directly related to the disorder or simply a phase in a child's life . Consequently, future studies may obtain results indicating a declination in prevalence between the DSM - IV and the DSM - V due to these changes . </P> <P> Oppositional defiant disorder was first defined in the DSM - III (1980). Since the introduction of ODD as an independent disorder, the field trials to inform the definition of this disorder have included predominantly male subjects . Some clinicians have debated whether the diagnostic criteria presented above would be clinically relevant for use with females . Furthermore, some have questioned whether gender - specific criteria and thresholds should be included . Additionally, some clinicians have questioned the preclusion of ODD when conduct disorder is present . According to Dickstein, the DSM - 5 attempts to: </P> <Dl> <Dd> "redefine ODD by emphasizing a' persistent pattern of angry and irritable mood along with vindictive behavior,' rather than DSM - IV's focus exclusively on' negativistic, hostile, and defiant behavior .' Although DSM - IV implied, but did not mention, irritability, DSM - 5 now includes three symptom clusters, one of which is' angry / irritable mood'--defined as' loses temper, is touchy / easily annoyed by others, and is angry / resentful .' This suggests that the process of clinically relevant research driving nosology, and vice versa, has ensured that the future will bring greater understanding of ODD". </Dd> </Dl>

When did oppositional defiant disorder become a diagnosis