<Li> Affricate, which begins like a stop, but this releases into a fricative rather than having a separate release of its own . The English letters "ch" (t͡ʃ) and "j" (d͡ʒ) represent affricates . Affricates are quite common around the world, though less common than fricatives . </Li> <Li> Flap, often called a tap, is a momentary closure of the oral cavity . The "tt" of "utter" and the "dd" of "udder" are pronounced as a flap (ɾ) in North American and Australian English . Many linguists distinguish taps from flaps, but there is no consensus on what the difference might be . No language relies on such a difference . There are also lateral flaps . </Li> <Li> Trill, in which the articulator (usually the tip of the tongue) is held in place, and the airstream causes it to vibrate . The double "r" of Spanish "perro" is a trill . Trills and flaps, where there are one or more brief occlusions, constitute a class of consonant called rhotics . </Li> <Li> Approximant, where there is very little obstruction . Examples include English / w / and / r / . In some languages, such as Spanish, there are sounds that seem to fall between fricative and approximant . </Li>

Classification of consonants by place and manner of articulation