<P> Mantle convection is the slow creeping motion of Earth's solid silicate mantle caused by convection currents carrying heat from the interior of the Earth to the surface . The Earth's surface lithosphere, which rides atop the asthenosphere (the two components of the upper mantle), is divided into a number of plates that are continuously being created and consumed at their opposite plate boundaries . Accretion occurs as mantle is added to the growing edges of a plate, associated with seafloor spreading . This hot added material cools down by conduction and convection of heat . At the consumption edges of the plate, the material has thermally contracted to become dense, and it sinks under its own weight in the process of subduction usually at an ocean trench . </P> <P> This subducted material sinks through the Earth's interior . Some subducted material appears to reach the lower mantle, while in other regions, this material is impeded from sinking further, possibly due to a phase transition from spinel to silicate perovskite and magnesiowustite, an endothermic reaction . </P> <P> The subducted oceanic crust triggers volcanism, although the basic mechanisms are varied . Volcanism may occur due to processes that add buoyancy to partially melted mantle causing an upward flow due to a decrease in density of the partial melt . </P>

Convection in the mantle of the earth is responsible for which of these phenomena