<P> Delaying the clamping of the umbilical cord until at least one minute after birth improves outcomes as long as there is the ability to treat jaundice if it occurs . In some birthing centers, this may be delayed by 5 minutes or more, or omitted entirely . Delayed clamping of the cord decreases the risk of anemia but may increase risk of jaundice . Clamping is followed by cutting of the cord, which is painless due to the absence of nerves . </P> <P> The "fourth stage of labour" is the period beginning immediately after the birth of a child and extending for about six weeks . The terms postpartum and postnatal are often used to describe this period . The woman's body, including hormone levels and uterus size, return to a non-pregnant state and the newborn adjusts to life outside the mother's body . The World Health Organization (WHO) describes the postnatal period as the most critical and yet the most neglected phase in the lives of mothers and babies; most deaths occur during the postnatal period . </P> <P> Following the birth, if the mother had an episiotomy or a tearing of the perineum, it is stitched . The mother has regular assessments for uterine contraction and fundal height, vaginal bleeding, heart rate and blood pressure, and temperature, for the first 24 hours after birth . The first passing of urine should be documented within 6 hours . Afterpains (pains similar to menstrual cramps), contractions of the uterus to prevent excessive blood flow, continue for several days . Vaginal discharge, termed "lochia", can be expected to continue for several weeks; initially bright red, it gradually becomes pink, changing to brown, and finally to yellow or white . Some women experience an uncontrolled episode of shivering or postpartum chills, after the birth . </P> <P> Most authorities suggest the infant be placed in skin - to - skin contact with the mother for 1--2 hours immediately after birth, putting routine cares off till later . </P>

When does the first stage of labor begin