<P> In the table below, the range for α is from 10 K for hard solids to 10 K for organic liquids . The coefficient α varies with the temperature and some materials have a very high variation; see for example the variation vs. temperature of the volumetric coefficient for a semicrystalline polypropylene (PP) at different pressure, and the variation of the linear coefficient vs. temperature for some steel grades (from bottom to top: ferritic stainless steel, martensitic stainless steel, carbon steel, duplex stainless steel, austenitic steel). The highest linear coefficient in a solid has been reported for a Ti - Nb alloy . </P> <P> (The formula α ≈ 3α is usually used for solids .) </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Material </Th> <Th> Linear coefficient α at 20 ° C (10 K) </Th> <Th> Volumetric coefficient α at 20 ° C (10 K) </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Aluminium </Td> <Td> 23.1 </Td> <Td> 69 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Aluminium nitride </Td> <Td> 4.2 a-axis, 5.3 c - axis </Td> <Td> 13.7 </Td> <Td> AlN is anisotropic </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Benzocyclobutene </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> 126 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brass </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 57 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Carbon steel </Td> <Td> 10.8 </Td> <Td> 32.4 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> CFRP </Td> <Td>--0.8 </Td> <Td> Anisotropic </Td> <Td> Fiber direction </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Concrete </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Copper </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Diamond </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ethanol </Td> <Td> 250 </Td> <Td> 750 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gallium (III) arsenide </Td> <Td> 5.8 </Td> <Td> 17.4 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gasoline </Td> <Td> 317 </Td> <Td> 950 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Glass </Td> <Td> 8.5 </Td> <Td> 25.5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Glass, borosilicate </Td> <Td> 3.3 </Td> <Td> 9.9 </Td> <Td> matched sealing partner for tungsten, molybdenum and kovar . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Glass (Pyrex) </Td> <Td> 3.2 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Glycerine </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 485 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gold </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Helium </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 36.65 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ice </Td> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Indium phosphide </Td> <Td> 4.6 </Td> <Td> 13.8 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Invar </Td> <Td> 1.2 </Td> <Td> 3.6 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Iron </Td> <Td> 11.8 </Td> <Td> 35.4 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kapton </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> DuPont Kapton 200EN </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lead </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> 87 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Macor </Td> <Td> 9.3 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Magnesium </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 78 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mercury </Td> <Td> 61 </Td> <Td> 182 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Molybdenum </Td> <Td> 4.8 </Td> <Td> 14.4 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nickel </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Oak </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Perpendicular to the grain </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Douglas - fir </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> 75 </Td> <Td> radial </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Douglas - fir </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> 75 </Td> <Td> tangential </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Douglas - fir </Td> <Td> 3.5 </Td> <Td> 75 </Td> <Td> parallel to grain </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Platinum </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> PP </Td> <Td> 150 </Td> <Td> 450 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> PVC </Td> <Td> 52 </Td> <Td> 156 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Quartz (fused (pure glass)) </Td> <Td> 0.59 </Td> <Td> 1.77 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> alpha - Quartz </Td> <Td> 12 - 16 / 6 - 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Parallel to a-axis / c - axis T = - 50 to 150 C </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rubber </Td> <Td> disputed </Td> <Td> disputed </Td> <Td> see Talk </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sapphire </Td> <Td> 5.3 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Parallel to C axis, or (001) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Silicon Carbide </Td> <Td> 2.77 </Td> <Td> 8.31 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Silicon </Td> <Td> 2.56 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Silver </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sitall </Td> <Td> 0 ± 0.15 </Td> <Td> 0 ± 0.45 </Td> <Td> average for − 60 ° C to 60 ° C </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Stainless steel </Td> <Td> 10.1 ~ 17.3 </Td> <Td> 30.3 ~ 51.9 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Steel </Td> <Td> 11.0 ~ 13.0 </Td> <Td> 33.0 ~ 39.0 </Td> <Td> Depends on composition </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Titanium </Td> <Td> 8.6 </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tungsten </Td> <Td> 4.5 </Td> <Td> 13.5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Turpentine </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 90 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Water </Td> <Td> 69 </Td> <Td> 207 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> YbGaGe </Td> <Td> ≐ 0 </Td> <Td> ≐ 0 </Td> <Td> Refuted </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Zerodur </Td> <Td> ≈ 0.007 - 0.1 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> at 0...50 ° C </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Tr> <Th> Material </Th> <Th> Linear coefficient α at 20 ° C (10 K) </Th> <Th> Volumetric coefficient α at 20 ° C (10 K) </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr>

Volumetric coefficient of thermal expansion of carbon steel
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