<P> Based on their 2005 research, the Thomas B. Fordham Institute concluded that while inquiry - based learning is fine to some degree, it has been carried to excess . </P> <P> Richard E. Mayer from the University of California, Santa Barbara, wrote in 2004 that there was sufficient research evidence to make any reasonable person skeptical about the benefits of discovery learning--practiced under the guise of cognitive constructivism or social constructivism--as a preferred instructional method . He reviewed research on discovery of problem - solving rules culminating in the 1960s, discovery of conservation strategies culminating in the 1970s, and discovery of LOGO programming strategies culminating in the 1980s . In each case, guided discovery was more effective than pure discovery in helping students learn and transfer . </P> <P> It should be cautioned that inquiry - based learning takes a lot of planning before implementation . It is not something that can be put into place in the classroom quickly . Measurements must be put in place for how students knowledge and performance will be measured and how standards will be incorporated . The teacher's responsibility during inquiry exercises is to support and facilitate student learning (Bell et al., 769--770). A common mistake teachers make is lacking the vision to see where students' weaknesses lie . According to Bain, teachers cannot assume that students will hold the same assumptions and thinking processes as a professional within that discipline (p. 201). </P> <P> While some see inquiry - based teaching as increasingly mainstream, it can be perceived as in conflict with standardized testing common in standards - based assessment systems which emphasise the measurement of student knowledge, and meeting of pre-defined criteria, for example the shift towards "fact" in changes to the National Assessment of Educational Progress as a result of the American No Child Left Behind program . </P>

Explain four ways in which inquiry based learning focusing on montessori approach