<P> In the United States, federal and state courts (at all levels, both appellate and trial) are able to review and declare the "constitutionality", or agreement with the Constitution (or lack thereof) of legislation by a process of judicial interpretation that is relevant to any case properly within their jurisdiction . In American legal language, "judicial review" refers primarily to the adjudication of constitutionality of statutes, especially by the Supreme Court of the United States . This is commonly held to have been established in the case of Marbury v. Madison, which was argued before the Supreme Court in 1803 . A similar system was also adopted in Australia . </P> <P> In 1920, Czechoslovakia adopted a system of judicial review by a specialized court, the Constitutional Court as written by Hans Kelsen, a leading jurist of the time . This system was later adopted by Austria and became known as the Austrian System, also under the primary authorship of Hans Kelsen, being emulated by a number of other countries . In these systems, other courts are not competent to question the constitutionality of primary legislation; they often may, however, initiate the process of review by the Constitutional Court . </P> <P> Russia adopts a mixed model since (as in the US) courts at all levels, both federal and state, are empowered to review primary legislation and declare its constitutionality; as in the Czech Republic, there is a constitutional court in charge of reviewing the constitutionality of primary legislation . The difference is that in the first case, the decision about the law ′ s adequacy to the Russian Constitution only binds the parties to the lawsuit; in the second, the Court's decision must be followed by judges and government officials at all levels . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Judicial review in Australia </Li> <Li> Judicial review in Austria </Li> <Li> Judicial review in Bangladesh </Li> <Li> Judicial review in Canada </Li> <Li> Judicial review in the Czech Republic </Li> <Li> Judicial review in Denmark </Li> <Li> Judicial review in Germany </Li> <Li> Judicial review in Hong Kong </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Judicial review in India </Li> <Li> Judicial review in Ireland </Li> <Li> Judicial review in Malaysia </Li> <Li> Judicial review in New Zealand </Li> <Li> Judicial review in the Philippines </Li> <Li> Judicial review in South Africa </Li> <Li> Judicial review in Sweden </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Judicial review in Switzerland </Li> <Li> Judicial Yuan - Taiwan </Li> <Li> Judicial review in English law--also similar in Wales </Li> <Li> Judicial review in Scotland </Li> <Li> Judicial review in the United States </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table>

Define judicial review. explain how the power of judicial review developed