<P> Nonetheless other 19th century contemporaries were much more skeptical; for example, British jurist Sir Robert Phillimore discussed the partition as a violation of international law; German jurist Heinrich Bernhard Oppenheim presented similar views . Other older historians who challenged such justifications for the Partitions included French historian Jules Michelet, British historian and politician Thomas Babington Macaulay, and Edmund Burke . Edmund Burke was alone in criticizing the immorality of this act . </P> <P> Several scholars focused on the economic motivations of the partitioning powers . Jerzy Czajewski wrote that the Russian peasants were escaping from Russia to the Polish--Lithuanian Commonwealth in significant enough numbers to become a major concern for the Russian Government sufficient to play a role in its decision to partition the Commonwealth . Increasingly in the 18th century until the partitions solved this problem, Russian armies raided territories of the Commonwealth, officially to recover the escapees, but in fact kidnapping many locals . Hajo Holborn noted that Prussia aimed to take control of the lucrative Baltic grain trade through Danzig (Gdańsk). </P> <P> Some scholars use the term' sector' in reference to Commonwealth territories consisting of Polish (not Polish - Lithuanian) cultural heritage as well as historical monuments dating as far back as the first days of Poland's statehood . </P> <P> The Ottoman Empire was one of only two countries in the world that refused to accept the partitions and reserved a place in its diplomatic corps for an Ambassador of Lehistan (Poland). </P>

Which of the following countries did not participate in the partition of poland