<P> Spinal manipulation does not appear to be helpful . Although claims have been made for chiropractic care, under the theory that treating subluxations in the spine may decrease symptoms, a 2006 systematic review found that overall no evidence suggests that spinal manipulation is effective for treatment of primary and secondary dysmenorrhea . </P> <P> Dysmenorrhea is estimated to affect approximately 25% of women . Reports of dysmenorrhea are greatest among individuals in their late teens and 20s, with reports usually declining with age . The prevalence in adolescent females has been reported to be 67.2% by one study and 90% by another . It has been stated that there is no significant difference in prevalence or incidence between races . Yet, a study of Hispanic adolescent females indicated a high prevalence and impact in this group . Another study indicated that dysmenorrhea was present in 36.4% of participants, and was significantly associated with lower age and lower parity . Childbearing is said to relieve dysmenorrhea, but this does not always occur . One study indicated that in nulliparous women with primary dysmenorrhea, the severity of menstrual pain decreased significantly after age 40 . A questionnaire concluded that menstrual problems, including dysmenorrhea, were more common in females who had been sexually abused . </P> <P> A survey in Norway showed that 14 percent of females between the ages of 20 to 35 experience symptoms so severe that they stay home from school or work . Among adolescent girls, dysmenorrhea is the leading cause of recurrent short - term school absence . </P>

Most common cause of dysmenorrhea in a 19 year old