<P> Studies are inconclusive as to how significantly smokeless tobacco affects users' cardiovascular systems, but it has been suggested that it may have less nicotine than cigarettes . One study states that, "Although the evidence is not conclusive, the adverse cardiovascular effects of smokeless tobacco use are less than those caused by smoking but are more than those found in non-users ." Other studies also indicate that smokeless tobacco related cardiovascular risks are lower than that of smoked tobacco . One study states that smokeless tobacco use has a "positive effect on cardiovascular risk factors in young physically fit men ." However, one Indian study from the state of Rajasthan states, "There is a significantly greater prevalence of multiple cardiovascular risk factors obesity, resting tachycardia, hypertension, high total and LDL cholesterol, and low HDL cholesterol, and electrocardiographic changes in tobacco users, chewing or smoking, as compared - to tobacco non-users . Chewing tobacco is associated with similar cardiovascular risk as smoking ." </P> <P> Due to contrasting results in studies, many conclude that further research should be done on the cardiovascular risks of smokeless tobacco . </P> <P> Smokeless tobacco contains nicotine, which is addictive thus the primary reinforcing agent . </P> <P> According to European Union policy advice, Scandinavian or some American smokeless tobaccos (specifically snus) may be up to 90% less hazardous than cigarette smoking . However, the habit is still addictive . </P>

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