<P> In 1927, Alfred North Whitehead gave the Gifford Lectures at the University of Edinburgh, later published as Process and Reality . He is credited with having coined the term "creativity" to serve as the ultimate category of his metaphysical scheme: "Whitehead actually coined the term--our term, still the preferred currency of exchange among literature, science, and the arts...a term that quickly became so popular, so omnipresent, that its invention within living memory, and by Alfred North Whitehead of all people, quickly became occluded". </P> <P> The formal psychometric measurement of creativity, from the standpoint of orthodox psychological literature, is usually considered to have begun with J.P. Guilford's 1950 address to the American Psychological Association, which helped popularize the topic and focus attention on a scientific approach to conceptualizing creativity . (It should be noted that the London School of Psychology had instigated psychometric studies of creativity as early as 1927 with the work of H.L. Hargreaves into the Faculty of Imagination, but it did not have the same impact .) Statistical analysis led to the recognition of creativity (as measured) as a separate aspect of human cognition to IQ - type intelligence, into which it had previously been subsumed . Guilford's work suggested that above a threshold level of IQ, the relationship between creativity and classically measured intelligence broke down . </P> <P> James C. Kaufman and Beghetto introduced a "four C" model of creativity; mini-c ("transformative learning" involving "personally meaningful interpretations of experiences, actions, and insights"), little - c (everyday problem solving and creative expression), Pro-C (exhibited by people who are professionally or vocationally creative though not necessarily eminent) and Big - C (creativity considered great in the given field). This model was intended to help accommodate models and theories of creativity that stressed competence as an essential component and the historical transformation of a creative domain as the highest mark of creativity . It also, the authors argued, made a useful framework for analyzing creative processes in individuals . </P> <P> The contrast of terms "Big C" and "Little c" has been widely used . Kozbelt, Beghetto and Runco use a little - c / Big - C model to review major theories of creativity . Margaret Boden distinguishes between h - creativity (historical) and p - creativity (personal). </P>

Who introduced four c mode 1 of creativity