<P> Academic dishonesty has been documented in every type of educational setting from elementary school to graduate school . Throughout history this type of dishonesty has been met with varying degrees of approbation . </P> <P> In antiquity, the notion of intellectual property was thought of differently than it is today . Ideas were the common property of the literate elite . Books were published by hand - copying them . Scholars shared digests or commentaries on other works, which could contain as much or as little original material as the author desired . There was no standard system of citation at this time . Scholars were an elite and small group who knew and generally trusted each other . This system continued through the European Middle Ages . Education was in Latin and occasionally Greek . Some scholars were monks, who used much of their time copying manuscripts . Other scholars were in urban universities connected to the Catholic Church . </P> <P> Academic dishonesty dates back to the first tests . Scholars note that cheating was prevalent on the Chinese civil service exams thousands of years ago, even when cheating carried the penalty of death for both examinee and examiner . Bribery of examiners was also common, as represented in works such as the Ming - dynasty story collection The Book of Swindles and Qing - dynasty novel Rulin waishi (The Unofficial History of the Scholars). </P> <P> Standards for citation and referencing began at the end of the 19th century with the emergence of guidance provided by scholarly societies that developed discipline - specific expectations for referencing such as the MLA and the APA . About the same time, scholars began researching issues related to cheating, with some early research dating back to the late 19th century and early 20th centuries, when cheating was identified as a widespread problem at college campuses in the United States . </P>

Explain various action of an engineer leading to dishonesty