<Ul> <Li> Romberg Test: used to determine proprioceptive contributions to upright balance . Subject remains in quiet standing while eyes are open . If this test is not difficult enough, there is a Sharpened Romberg's test . Subjects would have to have their arms crossed, feet together and eyes closed . This decreases the base of support, raises the subject's center of mass, and prevents them from using their arms to help balance . </Li> <Li> Functional Reach Test: measures the maximal distance one can reach forward beyond arm's length while maintaining feet planted in a standing position . </Li> <Li> Berg Balance Scale: measures static and dynamic balance abilities using functional tasks commonly performed in everyday life . One study reports that the Berg Balance Scale is the most commonly used assessment tool throughout stroke rehabilitation, and found it to be a sound measure of balance impairment in patients following a stroke . </Li> <Li> Performance - Oriented Mobility Assessment (POMA): measures both static and dynamic balance using tasks testing balance and gait . </Li> <Li> Timed Get Up and Go Test: measures dynamic balance and mobility . </Li> <Li> Balance Efficacy Scale: self - report measure that examines an individual's confidence while performing daily tasks with or without assistance . </Li> <Li> Star Excursion Test: A dynamic balance test that measures single stance maximal reach in multiple directions . </Li> <Li> Balance Evolution Systems Test (BESTest): Tests for 6 unique balance control methods to create a specialized rehabilitation protocol by identifying specific balance deficits . </Li> <Li> BESS . The BESS (Balance Error Scoring System) is a commonly used way to assess balance . It is known as a simple and affordable way to get an accurate assessment of balance, although the validity of the BESS protocol has been questioned . The BESS is often used in sports settings to assess the effects of mild to moderate head injury on one's postural stability . The BESS tests three separate stances (double leg, single leg, tandem) on two different surfaces (firm surface and medium density foam) for a total of six tests . Each test is 20 seconds long, with the entire time of the assessment approximately 5--7 minutes . The first stance is the double leg stance . The participant is instructed to stand on a firm surface with feet side by side with hands on hips and eyes closed . The second stance is the single leg stance . In this stance the participant is instructed to stand on their non-dominant foot on a firm surface with hands on hips and eyes closed . The third stance is the tandem stance . The participant stands heel to toe on a firm surface with hands on hips and eyes closed . The fourth, fifth, and sixth stances repeat in order stances one, two, and three except the participant performs these stances on a medium density foam surface . The BESS is scored by an examiner who looks for deviations from the proper stances . A deviation is noted when any of the following occurs in the participant during testing: opening the eyes, removing hands from the hips, stumbling forward or falling, lifting the forefoot or heel off the testing surface, abduction or flexion of the hip beyond 30 degrees, or remaining out of the proper testing position for more than 5 seconds . </Li> </Ul> <Li> Romberg Test: used to determine proprioceptive contributions to upright balance . Subject remains in quiet standing while eyes are open . If this test is not difficult enough, there is a Sharpened Romberg's test . Subjects would have to have their arms crossed, feet together and eyes closed . This decreases the base of support, raises the subject's center of mass, and prevents them from using their arms to help balance . </Li> <Li> Functional Reach Test: measures the maximal distance one can reach forward beyond arm's length while maintaining feet planted in a standing position . </Li> <Li> Berg Balance Scale: measures static and dynamic balance abilities using functional tasks commonly performed in everyday life . One study reports that the Berg Balance Scale is the most commonly used assessment tool throughout stroke rehabilitation, and found it to be a sound measure of balance impairment in patients following a stroke . </Li>

Which of the following is caused by being too far from the body's center of balance