<P> In Reform Judaism, Harry Orlinsky analyzes the Hebrew word nefesh in Genesis 2: 7 where "God breathes into the man's nostrils and he becomes nefesh hayya ." Orlinsky argues that the earlier translation of the phrase "living soul" is incorrect . He points out that "nefesh" signifies something like the English word "being", in the sense of a corporeal body capable of life; the concept of a "soul" in the modern sense, did not exist in Hebrew thought until around the 2nd century B.C., when the idea of a bodily resurrection gained popularity . </P> <P> Some early fathers of the Christian church held Eve responsible for the Fall of man and all subsequent women to be the first sinners because Eve tempted Adam to commit the taboo . "You are the devil's gateway" Tertullian told his female listeners, and went on to explain that they were responsible for the death of Christ: "On account of your desert (i.e., punishment for sin, that is, death), even the Son of God had to die ." In 1486, the Dominicans Kramer and Sprengler used similar tracts in Malleus Maleficarum ("Hammer of Witches") to justify the persecution of "witches". </P> <P> Medieval Christian art often depicted the Edenic Serpent as a woman (often identified as Lilith), thus both emphasizing the Serpent's seductiveness as well as its relationship to Eve . Several early Church Fathers, including Clement of Alexandria and Eusebius of Caesarea, interpreted the Hebrew "Heva" as not only the name of Eve, but in its aspirated form as "female serpent ." </P> <P> Based on the Christian doctrine of the Fall of man, came the doctrine of original sin . St Augustine of Hippo (354--430), working with a Latin translation of the Epistle to the Romans, interpreted the Apostle Paul as having said that Adam's sin was hereditary: "Death passed upon (i.e., spread to) all men because of Adam, (in whom) all sinned", Romans 5: 12 Original sin became a concept that man is born into a condition of sinfulness and must await redemption . This doctrine became a cornerstone of Western Christian theological tradition, however, not shared by Judaism or the Orthodox churches . </P>

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