<P> In the 1960s, elements of the expanding Beat movement were incorporated into the hippie and larger counterculture movements . Neal Cassady, as the driver for Ken Kesey's bus Further, was the primary bridge between these two generations . Allen Ginsberg's work also became an integral element of early 1960s hippie culture . </P> <P> Jack Kerouac introduced the phrase "Beat Generation" in 1948 to characterize a perceived underground, anti-conformist youth movement in New York . The name arose in a conversation with writer John Clellon Holmes . Kerouac allows that it was street hustler Herbert Huncke who originally used the phrase "beat", in an earlier discussion with him . The adjective "beat" could colloquially mean "tired" or "beaten down" within the African - American community of the period and had developed out of the image "beat to his socks", but Kerouac appropriated the image and altered the meaning to include the connotations "upbeat", "beatific", and the musical association of being "on the beat", and "the Beat to keep" from the Beat Generation poem . </P> <P> The origins of the Beat Generation can be traced to Columbia University and the meeting of Kerouac, Ginsberg, Lucien Carr, Hal Chase and others . Jack Kerouac attended Columbia on a football scholarship . Though the beats are usually regarded as anti-academic, many of their ideas were formed in response to professors like Lionel Trilling and Mark Van Doren . Classmates Carr and Ginsberg discussed the need for a "New Vision" (a term borrowed from W.B. Yeats), to counteract what they perceived as their teachers' conservative, formalistic literary ideals . </P> <P> Burroughs had an interest in criminal behavior and got involved in dealing stolen goods and narcotics . He was soon addicted to opiates . Burroughs' guide to the criminal underworld (centered in particular around New York's Times Square) was small - time criminal and drug - addict Herbert Huncke . The Beats were drawn to Huncke, who later started to write himself, convinced that he possessed a vital worldly knowledge unavailable to them from their largely middle - class upbringings . </P>

When did the beat generation start and end