<P> The earliest evidence of using occupations as a method of therapy can be found in ancient times . In c. 100 BCE, Greek physician Asclepiades treated patients with a mental illness humanely using therapeutic baths, massage, exercise, and music . Later, the Roman Celsus prescribed music, travel, conversation and exercise to his patients . However, by medieval times the use of these interventions with people with mental illness was rare, if not nonexistent . </P> <P> In 18th - century Europe, revolutionaries such as Philippe Pinel and Johann Christian Reil reformed the hospital system . Instead of the use of metal chains and restraints, their institutions used rigorous work and leisure activities in the late 18th century . This was the Moral Treatment era, developed in Europe during the Age of Enlightenment, where the roots of occupational therapy lie . Although it was thriving in Europe, interest in the reform movement fluctuated in the United States throughout the 19th century . It re-emerged in the early decades of the 20th century as Occupational Therapy . </P> <P> The Arts and Crafts movement that took place between 1860 and 1910 also impacted occupational therapy . In the US, a recently industrialized country, the arts and crafts societies emerged against the monotony and lost autonomy of factory work . Arts and crafts were used as a way of promoting learning through doing, provided a creative outlet, and served as a way to avoid boredom during long hospital stays . </P> <P> The health profession of occupational therapy was conceived in the early 1910s as a reflection of the Progressive Era . Early professionals merged highly valued ideals, such as having a strong work ethic and the importance of crafting with one's own hands with scientific and medical principles . The National Society for the Promotion of Occupational Therapy, now called the American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA), was founded in 1917 and the profession of Occupational Therapy was officially named in 1920 . </P>

When did arts and crafts became tools used in occupational therapy