<P> Some researchers take an intermediate position: that both the authors used the same sources, but that Tolkien was influenced by Wagner's development of the mythology, especially the "concept of the Ring as giving the owner mastery of the world that was Wagner's own contribution to the myth of the Ring". Wagner probably developed this element by combining the ring with a magical wand mentioned in the Nibelungenlied that could give to its wearer the control "over the race of men". In addition, the corrupting power of Tolkien's One Ring has a central role in Wagner's operas but was not present in the mythical sources . </P> <P> Some argue that Tolkien's denial of a Wagnerian influence was an over-reaction to the statements of Åke Ohlmarks, Tolkien's Swedish translator, who in the introduction to his much - criticized translation of The Lord of the Rings "mixed material from various legends, some which mention no ring and one which concerns a totally different ring". Furthermore, critics believe that Tolkien was reacting against the links between Wagner's work and Nazism . </P> <P> Some locations and characters were inspired by Tolkien's childhood in Birmingham, where he first lived near Sarehole Mill, and later near Edgbaston Reservoir . There are also hints of the Black Country, which is within easy reach of north west Edgbaston . This shows in such names as "Underhill", and the description of Saruman's industrialization of Isengard and The Shire is explicitly stated by Tolkien to have been based on the industrialization of England . It has also been suggested that The Shire and its surroundings were influenced by the Iron Age and Roman mineral workings and remains which Tolkien saw in 1929 when working with archaeologists Tessa and Mortimer Wheeler at Lydney Park in the Forest of Dean; or alternatively were based on the countryside around Stonyhurst College in Lancashire where he frequently stayed during the 1940s . </P> <P> The Lord of the Rings was crucially influenced by Tolkien's experiences during World War I and his son's during World War II . </P>

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