<P> The grit measure has been compared to the Big Five personality model, which are a group of broad personality dimensions consisting of openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism . In one study by Duckworth and Quinn (2009), the Short Grit Scale (Grit--S) and 12 - item self - report measure of grit (Grit--O) measuring grit was strongly correlated with conscientiousness (r = . 77, p <. 001 and r = . 73, p <. 001). A large study of twins measuring both conscientiousness and grit found that they had a genetic correlation of 0.86 . A subsequent meta - analysis found that the grit was functionally a measure of conscientiousness . Despite these high correlations with conscientiousness, it is suggested that grit is more strongly associated with longer term and multi-year goals such as education . Large studies suggest only weak links of grit to these long term goals, much smaller than links to IQ and to conscientiousness . Grit is also similar to need for achievement, but is suggested to relate to extremely long - term goals pursued without positive feedback, while need for achievement is suggested to lack this long - term component . </P> <P> Traditional constructs in this area include perseverance, hardiness, resilience, ambition, self - control, and need for achievement . Grit has been argued to be distinguishable from each of these in the following ways . </P> <P> Perseverance is the steadfast pursuit of a task, mission, or journey in spite of obstacles, discouragement, or distraction . In contrast, grit is argued to be a trait of perseverance . Grit enables an individual to persevere in accomplishing a goal despite obstacles over an extended period . When compared with the construct of persistence, grit adds a component of passion for the goal . This goal passion also contributes to the ability of the individual to sustain effort over the long term . </P> <P> Salvatore Maddi (2006) defines hardiness as a combination of attitudes that provide the courage and motivation to do the hard, strategic work of turning stressful circumstances from potential disasters into growth opportunities . While grit is primarily a measure of an individual's ability to persist in obtaining a specific goal over an extended time period (Duckworth et al., 2007), hardiness refers to an individual's ability to persist through difficult circumstances and does not address the individual's long term persistence toward a specific goal . Maddi (2006) developed a theoretical model of hardiness as a tool for developing resilience . </P>

Which of the following is not included as a key component of grit