<Li> Gimbal: The gimbal is known as the' Cardan' suspension after Italian polymath Gerolamo Cardano (1501--1576), yet it was known long before him . The British scientist, sinologist, and historian Joseph Needham writes that the earliest confirmed use of gimbals in Europe is the 9th century recipe book Little Key of Painting and English antiquary and book collector Thomas Phillipps's Mappae clavicula, which mentioned a vase surrounded by rings which allowed it to be undisturbed when in a rolling motion . Needham and Belgian - born American chemist and historian of science George Sarton both write that an Arabic translation--dated to roughly the era of Al - Ma'mun (r . 813--833)--of an ancient Greek work now lost (i.e. Pneumatica) by 3rd - century BC Greek engineer, physicist, and writer Philo of Byzantium (c. 280--c. 220 BC) contains a description of gimbals used to support an inkpot that could wet a pen on any of its sides, yet Needham suspects Arabic interpolation and doubts total authenticity, while Belgian - born American chemist and historian of science George Sarton asserts that for the most part the Arabic translation is faithful to Philo's lost original, hence Philo should be credited with the invention of the gimbal . Around 180 AD, the Han Dynasty (202 BC--220 AD) inventor, craftsman and mechanical engineer Ding Huan (丁 緩)--who also created a rotary fan and zoetrope lamp--invented a' Perfume Burner for use among Cushions', or' Bedclothes Censer' . This incense burner had a series of metal rings which could be moved in any direction while the burner in the middle remained constantly level . This is the first clear reference in China of the gimbal, although there is a hint in the writing of the Western Han Dynasty Chinese poet, writer, and musician Sima Xiangru (179--117 BC) that this device existed in the 2nd century BC (i.e.,' the metal rings burning perfume'). The gimbal incense burner is mentioned in subsequent dynasties, while silverwork specimens of gimbal incense burners from the Tang Dynasty (618--907) still exist . In the Liang Dynasty (502--557) there is mention of gimbals used in hinges for doors and windows, while an unnamed artisan presented a warming stove to Empress Wu Zetian (r . 690--705) in 692 which employed gimbals to keep it constantly balanced . </Li> <Li> Go (board game) (圍棋 pinyin: wéiqí in Chinese): Although ancient Chinese legend (perhaps contrived during the Han Dynasty) has it that the mythological ruler Yao came down to earth from the Heavens around 2200 BC carrying with him a go board and stone player's pieces, it is known from existing literature that the go board game existed since at least the 10th century BC during the Zhou Dynasty (c. 1050--256 BC) and was even mentioned in writing by ancient Chinese philosophers Confucius (551--479 BC) and Mencius (371--289 BC), although the latter two had a slightly negative opinion of it . </Li> <Li> Goldfish domestication: In ancient China, various species of carp (collectively known as Asian carps) were domesticated and have been reared as food fish for thousands of years . Some of these normally gray or silver species have a tendency to produce red, orange or yellow color mutations; this was first recorded in the Jin Dynasty (265--420). During the Tang Dynasty (618--907), it was popular to raise carp in ornamental ponds and watergardens . A natural genetic mutation produced gold (actually yellowish orange) rather than silver coloration . People began to breed the gold variety instead of the silver variety, keeping them in ponds or other bodies of water . Goldfish were introduced into Europe during the 17th century, and into North America in the 19th century . </Li> <Li> Guqin (古琴 pinyin: gǔqín in Chinese): The guqin is one of the oldest stringed zither instruments from China and has existed since at least the Shang Dynasty (c. 1600--c. 1050 BC), as a Shang oracle bone contains the oldest known inscription of the Chinese character for qin (琴). The oldest example of a guqin comes from the tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng (433 BC); Bo Lawergren argues they may have developed from Middle Eastern harps like konghou, which was also found in Qiemo, Xinjiang dating to 400--200 BC . It was said to be popular in the Zhou Dynasty (c. 1050--256 BC), while the oldest known written tablature for the guqin dates to the Han Dynasty (202 BC--220 AD). The guqin became a musical instrument highly associated with China's gentry class when it was exalted as one of the Four Arts of the Chinese Scholar as well as one of the gentry's "nine guests" described by Song dynasty polymath Shen Kuo (1031--1095); it was even featured in painted artwork, such as in a 12th - century piece by Emperor Huizong himself . </Li>

Which of the following scenarios would have been possible for the first time during the song dynasty