<P> Since 1992, the Supreme Court has declared laws unconstitutional for violating the Tenth Amendment when the federal government compelled the states to enforce federal statutes . </P> <P> In New York v. United States (1992), the Supreme Court invalidated a portion of a federal law for violating the Tenth Amendment . The case challenged a portion of the Low - Level Radioactive Waste Policy Amendments Act of 1985 . The act provided three incentives for states to comply with statutory obligations to provide for the disposal of low - level radioactive waste . The first two incentives were monetary . The third, which was challenged in the case, obliged states to take title to any waste within their borders that was not disposed of prior to January 1, 1996, and made each state liable for all damages directly related to the waste . The Court ruled that the imposition of that obligation on the states violated the Tenth Amendment . Justice Sandra Day O'Connor wrote that the federal government can encourage the states to adopt certain regulations through the spending power (e.g. by attaching conditions to the receipt of federal funds, see South Dakota v. Dole, or through the commerce power (by directly pre-empting state law). However, Congress cannot directly compel states to enforce federal regulations . </P> <P> In Printz v. United States (1997), the Court ruled that part of the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act violated the Tenth Amendment . The act required state and local law enforcement officials to conduct background checks on people attempting to purchase handguns . Justice Antonin Scalia, writing for the majority, applied New York v. United States to show that the act violated the Tenth Amendment . Since the act "forced participation of the State's executive in the actual administration of a federal program", it was unconstitutional . </P> <P> In Murphy v. National Collegiate Athletic Association (2018), the Supreme Court ruled that the Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act of 1992, which prohibited states that banned sports betting when the law was enacted from legalizing it, violated the anti-commandeering doctrine and invalided the entire law . The Court ruled that the anti-commandeering doctrine applied to congressional attempts to prevent the states from taking a certain action as much as it applied in New York and Printz to Congress requiring states to enforce federal law . </P>

Which of the following is not a reserved power given to the states