<Tr> <Td> NMR spectroscopy </Td> <Td> To identify specific sugars, their sequence, linkages, and the anomeric nature of glycosidic chain . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Multi-angle light scattering </Td> <Td> In conjunction with size - exclusion chromatography, UV / Vis absorption and differential refractometry, provides information on molecular mass, protein - carbohydrate ratio, aggregation state, size, and sometimes branching of a glycan chain . In conjunction with composition - gradient analysis, analyzes self - and hetero - association to determine binding affinity and stoichiometry with proteins or carbohydrates in solution without labeling . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dual Polarisation Interferometry </Td> <Td> Measures the mechanisms underlying the biomolecular interactions, including reaction rates, affinities and associated conformational changes . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Methylation (linkage) analysis </Td> <Td> To determine linkage between sugars . </Td> </Tr>

Where are proteins not found in the cell