<P> In "mechanical philosophy" no field or action at a distance is permitted, particles or corpuscles of matter are fundamentally inert . Motion is caused by direct physical collision . Where natural substances had previously been understood organically, the mechanical philosophers viewed them as machines . As a result, Isaac Newton's theory seemed like some kind of throwback to "spooky action at a distance". According to Thomas Kuhn, Newton and Descartes held the teleological principle that God conserved the amount of motion in the universe: </P> <P> Gravity, interpreted as an innate attraction between every pair of particles of matter, was an occult quality in the same sense as the scholastics' "tendency to fall" had been...By the mid eighteenth century that interpretation had been almost universally accepted, and the result was a genuine reversion (which is not the same as a retrogression) to a scholastic standard . Innate attractions and repulsions joined size, shape, position and motion as physically irreducible primary properties of matter . </P> <P> Newton had also specifically attributed the inherent power of inertia to matter, against the mechanist thesis that matter has no inherent powers . But whereas Newton vehemently denied gravity was an inherent power of matter, his collaborator Roger Cotes made gravity also an inherent power of matter, as set out in his famous preface to the Principia's 1713 second edition which he edited, and contradicted Newton himself . And it was Cotes's interpretation of gravity rather than Newton's that came to be accepted . </P> <P> The first moves towards the institutionalization of scientific investigation and dissemination took the form of the establishment of societies, where new discoveries were aired, discussed and published . The first scientific society to be established was the Royal Society of London . This grew out of an earlier group, centred around Gresham College in the 1640s and 1650s . According to a history of the College: </P>

What effect did the scientific revolution have on some philosophers