<P> At Polding's request, the Christian Brothers arrived in Sydney in 1843 to assist in schools . Again jurisdictional tensions arose and the brothers returned to Ireland . In 1857, Polding founded an Australian religious institute in the Benedictine tradition--the Sisters of the Good Samaritan--to work in education and social work . While Polding was in office, construction began on the ambitious Gothic Revival designs for St Patrick's Cathedral, Melbourne and the final St Mary's Cathedral in Sydney . </P> <P> Establishing themselves first at Sevenhill, in the newly established colony of South Australia in 1848, the Jesuits were the first religious order of priests to enter and establish houses in South Australia, Victoria, Queensland and the Northern Territory--Austrian Jesuits established themselves in the south and north and Irish in the east . The goldrush saw an increase in the population and prosperity of the colonies and called for an increase in the number of episcopal sees . When gold was discovered in late 1851, there were an estimated 9,000 Catholics in the Colony of Victoria, increasing to 100,000 by the time the Jesuits arrived 14 years later . While the Austrian priests traversed the Outback on horseback to found missions and schools, the Irish priests arrived in the east in 1860 and had by 1880 established the major schools of Xavier College in Melbourne, St Aloysius' College and Saint Ignatius' College, Riverview in Sydney--which each survive to the present . </P> <P> In 1885, Patrick Francis Moran became Australia's first cardinal . St Patrick's College, Manly, intended to provide priests for all the colonies, was opened in 1889 . Moran believed that Catholics' political and civil rights were threatened in Australia and, in 1896, saw deliberate discrimination in a situation where "no office of first, or even second, rate importance is held by a Catholic". </P> <P> The Catholic Church also became involved in mission work among the Aboriginal people of Australia during the 19th century as Europeans came to control much of the continent . According to Aboriginal anthropologist Kathleen Butler - McIlwraith, there were many occasions when the Catholic Church attempted to advocate for Aboriginal rights, but the missionaries were also "functionaries of the Protection and Assimilation policies" of the government and so "directly contributed to the current disadvantage experienced by Indigenous Australians". The missionaries themselves argued that they protected children from dysfunctional aspects of indigenous culture . </P>

Who is the head of the catholic church in australia