<P> Creatures such as Trolls, the Balrog, the Ents, the fell beasts, the Wargs, the mûmakil, and Shelob were created entirely within a computer . Creatures would spend months of creation and variation as sketches before approved designs were sculpted into five - foot maquettes and scanned into a computer . Animators would then rig skeletons and muscles before animation and final detailed colouring scanned from painted maquettes . Treebeard had a digital face composited upon the original animatronic, which was scanned for the digital model of his longshots . </P> <P> Along with the creatures, Weta also created highly realistic digital doubles for many miniature longshots, as well as numerous stunts, most notably Legolas . These doubles were scanned from having actors perform movements in a motion - capture suit, and with additional details created using ZBrush . There are even morphs between the doubles and actors at times . Horses also performed with mo - cap points on them, although deaths are keyframe animation . </P> <P> Weta began animating Gollum in late 1998, using a generic human muscle system, to convince New Line Cinema they could achieve it . Andy Serkis played Gollum by providing his voice and movements on set, as well as performing within the motion capture suit . His scenes were filmed twice, with and without him . Originally Gollum was set to solely be a CG character, but Jackson was so impressed by Andy Serkis' audition tape that they used him on set as well . A team led by Randy Cook performed the animation using both motion capture data and manual recreation of Serkis' facial reference . Gollum's CG model was also redesigned during 2001, now using a subdivision surface model instead of the NURBS model for Fellowship (a similar rebuild was also done for the digital doubles of the lead actors), when Serkis was cast as Sméagol, Gollum's form before he is cursed by the One Ring, so as to give the impression that Andy Serkis as Sméagol transforms into the CG Gollum . The original model can still be glimpsed briefly in the first film . Over Christmas 2001 the crew proceeded to reanimate all the previous shots accordingly within two months . Another problem was that the crew realized that the cast performed better in the versions of the film with Serkis . In the end, the CG Gollum was often animated on top of these scenes and Serkis would be painted out . Due to Gollum not being human, shots such as him crawling down a sheer cliff were shot with no live reference . Serkis also did motion - capture for the character which would drive the body of the model, whilst animators did all fingers and facial animation . Gino Acevedo supervised realistic skin tones, which for the first time used subsurface scattering shader, taking four hours per frame to render . Render time refers to the amount of time it took the computer to process the image into a usable format; it does not include the amount of time it took the texture artists to "draw" the frame . The hair dynamics of CG Gollum in The Two Towers were generated using Maya Cloth . Because of its technical limitations, Weta subsequently moved to the Syflex system for The Return of the King . </P> <P> Christoper Hery (ILM), Ken McGaugh and Joe Letteri (both Weta and previously ILM) received a 2003 Academy Award, Scientific or Technical for implementing the BSSRDF technique used for Gollum's skin in a production environment . Henrik Wann Jensen (Stanford University), Stephen Robert Marschner (Cornell University and previously Stanford University), and Pat Hanrahan (Stanford University) (but not the fourth coauthor Marc Levoy), who developed BSSRDF, won another the same year . </P>

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