<P> The restrictive nature of the abortion law led others to challenge it, including Henry Morgantaler, a prominent Montreal doctor who attempted to establish abortion clinics . In 1973, Morgentaler was charged under the Criminal Code for providing abortions . The case went to the Supreme Court of Canada . In Morgentaler v R, the Court unanimously held that the criminal law provisions were within the constitutional jurisdiction of the federal Parliament . The Court also unanimously held that the provisions did not infringe the Canadian Bill of Rights . The Supreme Court upheld his conviction . </P> <P> A decade later, after the passage of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, Morgentaler was again convicted under the abortion provision . This time, when the case reached the Supreme Court, he was successful, in R. v. Morgentaler in 1988 . The Court ruled, by a 5 - 2 majority, that the abortion provision of the Criminal Code infringed the Charter's guarantee of security of the person under section 7 . There was no single majority decision . Justice Bertha Wilson, the first woman on the Supreme Court (appointed in 1982) wrote one of the strongest opinions striking down the provision . </P> <P> The third wave of Canadian feminism, which is largely perceived to have started in the early 1990s, is closely tied to notions of anti-racism, anti-colonialism, and anti-capitalism . The notion of a sisterhood among women prevalent in the second wave, is critiqued by third - wave feminists, who have perceived this seeming universalism to be dismissive of women's diverse experiences, and the ways that women can discriminate against and dominate one another . Third wave feminism is associated with decentralized, grassroots organizing, as opposed to the national feminist organizations prevalent in the second wave . </P> <P> Canada recognized female genital mutilation as a form of persecution in July 1994, when it granted refugee status to Khadra Hassan Farah, who had fled Somalia to avoid her daughter being cut . In 1997 section 268 of its Criminal Code was amended to ban FGM, except where "the person is at least eighteen years of age and there is no resulting bodily harm". </P>

Who started the women's rights movement in canada