<P> There was a slow consolidation in Roman Catholic strength in Mary's latter years . The reconciled Roman Catholic Edmund Bonner, Bishop of London, produced a catechism and a collection of homilies . Printing presses produced primers and other devotional materials, and recruitment to the English clergy began to rise after almost a decade . Repairs to long - neglected churches began . In the parishes "...restoration and repair continued, new bells were bought, and churches' ales produced their bucolic profits ." Commissioners visited to ensure that altars were restored, roods rebuilt and vestments and plate purchased . Moreover, Pole was determined to do more than remake the past . He insisted on scripture, teaching and education, and on improving the clergy's moral standards . </P> <P> It is difficult to determine how far previous reigns had broken Roman Catholic devotion, with its belief in the saints and in purgatory, but certainties--especially those that drew public financial support--had been shaken . Benefactions to the church did not return significantly . Trust in clergy who had changed their minds and were now willing to leave their new wives--as they were required to do--was bound to have weakened . </P> <P> Few monasteries, chantries, and guilds were reinstated . "Parish religion was marked by religious and cultural sterility," though some have observed enthusiasm, marred only by poor harvests that produced poverty and want . Full restoration of the Roman Catholic faith in England to its pre-Reformation state would take time . Consequently, Protestants secretly ministering to underground congregations, such as Thomas Bentham, were planning for a long haul, a ministry of survival . Mary's death in November 1558, childless and without having made provision for a Roman Catholic to succeed her, would undo her consolidation . </P> <P> Following Mary's childless death, her half - sister Elizabeth inherited the throne . One of the most important concerns during Elizabeth's early reign was religion . Elizabeth could not be Roman Catholic, as that church considered her illegitimate . At the same time, she had observed the turmoil brought about by Edward's introduction of radical Protestant reforms . Communion with the Roman Catholic Church was again severed by Elizabeth . She relied primarily on her chief advisors, Sir William Cecil, as her Secretary of State, and Sir Nicholas Bacon, as the Lord Keeper of the Great Seal, for direction on the matter . Chiefly she supported her father's idea of reforming the church but made some minor adjustments . In this way, Elizabeth and her advisors aimed at a church that included most opinions . </P>

The english ruler that attempted to restore catholicism was
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