<P> Cassius Dio wrote that after the fall of this city the rest of Pannonia surrendered . After this Octavian left Fufius Geminus there with a small force and returned to Rome . He set out to lead an expedition into Britain and had already reached Gaul in the winter of 34 BC when some of the newly conquered peoples in Pannonia and the Dalmatians rose in revolt . Appian wrote that there was a rumour that the garrison at Segesta had been massacred and Augustus made his way back . The rumour was exaggerated . There had been an uprising and the Romans had lost many men, but the next day they suppressed the rebellion . Octavian turned on the Dalmatians instead . They had been in arms since the rout of the troops of Aulus Gabinius in 48 BC . When he marched on them they formed a federation . They had up to 12,000 troops led by Versus, who had seized Promona (south of modern Knin, Croatia) from the Liburnians) and fortified it even though it was a tough mountain stronghold . Versus placed the bulk of his forces in the city and distributed the rest on the nearby hills to obstruct the Roman advance . Octavian begun to build a wall in the plain around the town and two hills held by the enemy as a cover for contingents which were heading to the highest hills through their woods . They overpowered the guards at night and at dawn Octavian attacked the city with the bulk of his army . He sent another force to reinforce the occupied heights . The enemy thought that they were attacked from all sides . Those on the hills were afraid that they would be cut off from the water supplies and fled to the town . Octavian continued to build the wall, which reached a length of seven kilometres . Testimus, another Dalmatian commander, brought a relief army . Octavian drove him back to the mountains . He seized Promona before the circumvallation was finished . A small force made a sortie . The Romans repulsed it, pursued it and entered the town with it . The enemy took refuge in the citadel . On the fourth night they attacked a Roman cohort which was keeping watch, putting it to flight . However, the attack was repulsed and the next day the city surrendered . The cohort which had fled was punished by decimation . The spared men were forced to subsist on barley instead of wheat for that summer . Testimus disbanded his troops and told them to scatter . The Romans did not pursue them . Cassius Dio wrote that Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa had conducted a campaign against the Dalmatians prior to this campaign . </P> <P> Still in 34 BC, the Romans seized the town of Sunodium at the edge of the forest in which the army of Aulus Gabinius had been entrapped by the Dalmatians in a long and deep gorge between two mountains . After Octavian had burned Sunodium the Dalmatians laid an ambush . However, he was protected by soldiers he had sent to the summits of the mountains to follow him on either side while he passed through the gorge . He cut down trees and captured and burned all the towns he found on his way . In 33 BC he besieged the city of Setovia . An enemy force came to its assistance, but he prevented it from entering the place . Octavian was struck by a stone on the knee and was confined for several days . He returned to Rome to take up his consulship and got Titus Statilius to continue the siege . He then went back to Dalmatia . The Dalmatians were cut off from foreign supplies and were hungry . They met Octavian while he was on his way and surrendered . He demanded 700 of their children as hostages, and the standards of the Roman legions which had been taken from Aulus Gabinius when he was routed . They complied and also promised to pay the tribute which had been in arrears since the time of Julius Caesar . Octavian then moved on the Derbani, who also sued for peace, gave hostages, and promised to pay the tribute in arrears . Other tribes did the same on his approach . He could not reach some tribes due to sickness . These gave no hostages and made no treaties . Appian wrote that it seemed that they were subjugated later and that Octavian subdued the whole Illyrian country, including both the tribes which had rebelled and those which had never before been under Roman rule . It is likely that Appian was referring to just Illyria / Dalmatia, rather or the whole of that was to become the province of Illyricum . With regard to Pannonia, some historians think that Octavian probably conquered the southern part of Pannonia and that the northern part was conquered in the Pannonian War (see below). </P> <P> Appian also wrote that Octavian overcame the Oxyaei, the Perthoneatae, the Bathiatae, the Taulantii, the Cambaei, the Cinambri, the Meromenni, and the Pyrissaei, the Docleatae, the Carui, the Interphrurini, the Naresii, the Glintidiones, the Taurisci, the Hippasini and the Bessi . The Moentini and the Avendeatae, two Iapyde tribes which lived on the Alps, surrendered on Octavian's approach . He took the city of the Arrepini, the largest and most warlike of the Iapydes, who had fled to the woods . He did not burn it hoping that they would surrender, which they did . He also seized the islands of Melite (Mljet) and Melaina Corcyra (Korčula) and destroyed its settlements because its inhabitants practiced piracy . He executed the young men and sold the rest into slavery . He deprived the Liburnians of their ships because they practiced piracy . </P> <P> After his campaigns in Illyricum, Octavian fought a war against Marc Antony and Cleopatra VII of Egypt in 31 / 30 BC . He won and became the sole ruler of Rome . After that he spent a few years laying the foundations for his personal rule . Illyricum became a province as a formal administrative unit in 27 BC, with the first settlement with the Roman senate . This formalised his personal rule . The senate bestowed of the honorary title of Augustus on him . He became the first Roman emperor . Historians use the name Augustus for this period . The settlement also divided the provinces of the empire into senatorial and imperial provinces . The former were under the authority of the senate, which chose their governors form among the senators . The latter were under Augustus, who appointed their governors . Augustus held the frontier provinces, which hosted the bulk of the Roman troops . Initially Illyricum was a senatorial propreatorial province . Rebellions in the province showed the necessity of maintaining a strong force there and in 11 BC it became an imperial province under the governorship of Publius Cornelius Dolabella . </P>

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