<P> In an essay titled "The spirit of terrorism", Jean Baudrillard described 9 / 11 as the first global event that "questions the very process of globalization". </P> <P> Some Middle East scholars--such as Michael Scott Doran and Peter Bergen--have argued that 9 / 11 was a strategic way to provoke America into a war that incites a pan-Islamist revolution . Doran argued that the attacks are best understood as being part of a religious conflict within the Muslim world . In an essay, Doran argued that Bin Laden's followers "consider themselves an island of true believers surrounded by a sea of iniquity". Doran further argued that bin Laden hoped that US retaliation would unite the faithful against the West, sparking revolutions in Arab nations and elsewhere, and that the Osama bin Laden videos were attempting to provoke a visceral reaction in the Middle East aimed at a violent reaction by Muslim citizens to increased US involvement in their region . </P> <P> Bergen argued that the attacks were part of a plan to cause the United States to increase its military and cultural presence in the Middle East, thereby forcing Muslims to confront the idea of a non-Muslim government and establish conservative Islamic governments in the region . </P> <P> Robert Pape identified 315 incidents, all but 14 of which they classified as part of 18 different campaigns . These 18 shared two elements and all but one shared a third: 1) A foreign occupation; 2) by a democracy; 3) of a different religion . Mia Bloom interviewed relatives and acquaintances of suicide terrorists . Her conclusions largely support Pape's, suggesting that it is much more difficult to get people to volunteer for a suicide mission without such a foreign occupation . </P>

What was the source of al-qaeda’s hostility toward the united states