<P> In years in which the Nobel Prize is not awarded due to external events or a lack of nominations, the prize money is returned to the funds delegated to the relevant prize . The Nobel Prize was not awarded between 1940 and 1942 due to the outbreak of World War II . </P> <P> Between 1901 and 2017, the Nobel Prizes and the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences were awarded 585 times to 923 people and organizations . With some receiving the Nobel Prize more than once, this makes a total of 892 individuals (including 844 men, 48 women) and 24 organizations . Four Nobel laureates were not permitted by their governments to accept the Nobel Prize . Adolf Hitler forbade three Germans, Richard Kuhn (Chemistry, 1938), Adolf Butenandt (Chemistry, 1939), and Gerhard Domagk (Physiology or Medicine, 1939), from accepting their Nobel Prizes, and the government of the Soviet Union pressured Boris Pasternak (Literature, 1958) to decline his award . Two Nobel laureates, Jean - Paul Sartre (Literature, 1964) and Lê Ðức Thọ (Peace, 1973), declined the award; Sartre declined the award as he declined all official honors, and Lê declined the award due to the situation Vietnam was in at the time . </P> <P> Six laureates have received more than one prize; of the six, the International Committee of the Red Cross has received the Nobel Peace Prize three times, more than any other . UNHCR has been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize twice . Also the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to John Bardeen twice, and the Nobel Prize in Chemistry to Frederick Sanger . Two laureates have been awarded twice but not in the same field: Marie Curie (Physics and Chemistry) and Linus Pauling (Chemistry and Peace). Among the 892 Nobel laureates, 48 have been women; the first woman to receive a Nobel Prize was Marie Curie, who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903 . She was also the first person (male or female) to be awarded two Nobel Prizes, the second award being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, given in 1911 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Physics </Th> <Th> Chemistry </Th> <Th> Physiology or Medicine </Th> <Th> Literature </Th> <Th> Peace </Th> <Th> Economics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1901 </Td> <Td> Röntgen, Wilhelm Wilhelm Röntgen </Td> <Td> Hoff, Jacobus Henricus van' tJacobus Henricus van' t Hoff </Td> <Td> von Behring, Emil Adolf Emil Adolf von Behring </Td> <Td> Prudhomme, Sully Sully Prudhomme </Td> <Td> Dunant, Henry Henry Dunant; Passy, Frédéric Frédéric Passy </Td> <Td>--</Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1902 </Td> <Td> Lorentz, Hendrik Hendrik Lorentz; Zeeman, Pieter Pieter Zeeman </Td> <Td> Fischer, Hermann Emil Hermann Emil Fischer </Td> <Td> Ross, Ronald Ronald Ross </Td> <Td> Mommsen, Theodor Theodor Mommsen </Td> <Td> Ducommun, Élie Élie Ducommun; Gobat, Charles Albert Charles Albert Gobat </Td> <Td>--</Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1903 </Td> <Td> Becquerel, Henri Henri Becquerel; Curie, Pierre Pierre Curie; Curie, Marie Marie Curie </Td> <Td> Arrhenius, Svante Svante Arrhenius </Td> <Td> Finsen, Niels Ryberg Niels Ryberg Finsen </Td> <Td> Bjørnson, Bjørnstjerne Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson </Td> <Td> Cremer, Randal Randal Cremer </Td> <Td>--</Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1904 </Td> <Td> Rayleigh, Lord Lord Rayleigh </Td> <Td> Ramsay, William William Ramsay </Td> <Td> Pavlov, Ivan Ivan Pavlov </Td> <Td> Mistral, Frédéric Frédéric Mistral; Echegaray, José José Echegaray </Td> <Td> Institut de Droit International </Td> <Td>--</Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1905 </Td> <Td> Lenard, Philipp Philipp Lenard </Td> <Td> Baeyer, Adolf von Adolf von Baeyer </Td> <Td> Koch, Robert Robert Koch </Td> <Td> Sienkiewicz, Henryk Henryk Sienkiewicz </Td> <Td> Suttner, Bertha von Bertha von Suttner </Td> <Td>--</Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1906 </Td> <Td> Thomson, J.J. J.J. Thomson </Td> <Td> Moissan, Henri Henri Moissan </Td> <Td> Golgi, Camillo Camillo Golgi; Ramón y Cajal, Santiago Santiago Ramón y Cajal </Td> <Td> Carducci, Giosuè Giosuè Carducci </Td> <Td> Roosevelt, Theodore Theodore Roosevelt </Td> <Td>--</Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1907 </Td> <Td> Michelson, Albert Abraham Albert Abraham Michelson </Td> <Td> Buchner, Eduard Eduard Buchner </Td> <Td> Laveran, Charles Louis Alphonse Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran </Td> <Td> Kipling, Rudyard Rudyard Kipling </Td> <Td> Moneta, Ernesto Teodoro Ernesto Teodoro Moneta; Renault, Louis Louis Renault </Td> <Td>--</Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1908 </Td> <Td> Lippmann, Gabriel Gabriel Lippmann </Td> <Td> Rutherford, Ernest Ernest Rutherford </Td> <Td> Metchnikoff, Élie Élie Metchnikoff; Ehrlich, Paul Paul Ehrlich </Td> <Td> Eucken, Rudolf Christoph Rudolf Christoph Eucken </Td> <Td> Arnoldson, Klas Pontus Klas Pontus Arnoldson; Bajer, Fredrik Fredrik Bajer </Td> <Td>--</Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1909 </Td> <Td> Braun, Karl Ferdinand Karl Ferdinand Braun; Marconi, Guglielmo Guglielmo Marconi </Td> <Td> Ostwald, Wilhelm Wilhelm Ostwald </Td> <Td> Kocher, Emil Theodor Emil Theodor Kocher </Td> <Td> Lagerlöf, Selma Selma Lagerlöf </Td> <Td> Beernaert, Auguste Marie François Auguste Marie François Beernaert; d'Estournelles de Constant, Paul - Henri - Benjamin Paul - Henri - Benjamin d'Estournelles de Constant </Td> <Td>--</Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1910 </Td> <Td> Waals, Johannes Diderik van der Johannes Diderik van der Waals </Td> <Td> Wallach, Otto Otto Wallach </Td> <Td> Kossel, Albrecht Albrecht Kossel </Td> <Td> Heyse, Paul Paul Heyse </Td> <Td> International Peace Bureau </Td> <Td>--</Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1911 </Td> <Td> Wien, Wilhelm Wilhelm Wien </Td> <Td> Skłodowska - Curie, Marie Marie Skłodowska - Curie </Td> <Td> Gullstrand, Allvar Allvar Gullstrand </Td> <Td> Maeterlinck, Maurice Maurice Maeterlinck </Td> <Td> Asser, Tobias Tobias Asser; Fried, Alfred Hermann Alfred Hermann Fried </Td> <Td>--</Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1912 </Td> <Td> Dalén, Gustaf Gustaf Dalén </Td> <Td> Grignard, Victor Victor Grignard; Sabatier, Paul Paul Sabatier </Td> <Td> Carrel, Alexis Alexis Carrel </Td> <Td> Hauptmann, Gerhart Gerhart Hauptmann </Td> <Td> Root, Elihu Elihu Root </Td> <Td>--</Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1913 </Td> <Td> Kamerlingh Onnes, Heike Heike Kamerlingh Onnes </Td> <Td> Werner, Alfred Alfred Werner </Td> <Td> Richet, Charles Charles Richet </Td> <Td> Tagore, Rabindranath Rabindranath Tagore </Td> <Td> La Fontaine, Henri Henri La Fontaine </Td> <Td>--</Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1914 </Td> <Td> von Laue, Max Max von Laue </Td> <Td> Richards, Theodore William Theodore William Richards </Td> <Td> Bárány, Robert Robert Bárány </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td>--</Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1915 </Td> <Td> Bragg, William Henry William Henry Bragg; Bragg, William Lawrence William Lawrence Bragg </Td> <Td> Willstätter, Richard Richard Willstätter </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Rolland, Romain Romain Rolland </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td>--</Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1916 </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Heidenstam, Verner von Verner von Heidenstam </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td>--</Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1917 </Td> <Td> Barkla, Charles Glover Charles Glover Barkla </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Gjellerup, Karl Adolph Karl Adolph Gjellerup; Pontoppidan, Henrik Henrik Pontoppidan </Td> <Td> International Committee of the Red Cross </Td> <Td>--</Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1918 </Td> <Td> Planck, Max Max Planck </Td> <Td> Haber, Fritz Fritz Haber </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td>--</Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1919 </Td> <Td> Stark, Johannes Johannes Stark </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Bordet, Jules Jules Bordet </Td> <Td> Spitteler, Carl Carl Spitteler </Td> <Td> Wilson, Woodrow Woodrow Wilson </Td> <Td>--</Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1920 </Td> <Td> Guillaume, Charles Édouard Charles Édouard Guillaume </Td> <Td> Nernst, Walther Walther Nernst </Td> <Td> Krogh, August August Krogh </Td> <Td> Hamsun, Knut Knut Hamsun </Td> <Td> Bourgeois, Léon Léon Bourgeois </Td> <Td>--</Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1921 </Td> <Td> Einstein, Albert Albert Einstein </Td> <Td> Soddy, Frederick Frederick Soddy </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> France, Anatole Anatole France </Td> <Td> Branting, Hjalmar Hjalmar Branting; Lange, Christian Lous Christian Lous Lange </Td> <Td>--</Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1922 </Td> <Td> Bohr, Niels Niels Bohr </Td> <Td> Aston, Francis William Francis William Aston </Td> <Td> Hill, Archibald Archibald Hill; Meyerhof, Otto Fritz Otto Fritz Meyerhof </Td> <Td> Benavente, Jacinto Jacinto Benavente </Td> <Td> Nansen, Fridtjof Fridtjof Nansen </Td> <Td>--</Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1923 </Td> <Td> Millikan, Robert Andrews Robert Andrews Millikan </Td> <Td> Pregl, Fritz Fritz Pregl </Td> <Td> Banting, Frederick Frederick Banting; Macleod, John James Rickard John James Rickard Macleod </Td> <Td> Yeats, W.B. W.B. Yeats </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td>--</Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1924 </Td> <Td> Siegbahn, Manne Manne Siegbahn </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Einthoven, Willem Willem Einthoven </Td> <Td> Reymont, Władysław Władysław Reymont </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td>--</Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1925 </Td> <Td> Franck, James James Franck; Hertz, Gustav Ludwig Gustav Ludwig Hertz </Td> <Td> Zsigmondy, Richard Adolf Richard Adolf Zsigmondy </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Shaw, George Bernard George Bernard Shaw </Td> <Td> Chamberlain, Austen Austen Chamberlain; Dawes, Charles G. Charles G. Dawes </Td> <Td>--</Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1926 </Td> <Td> Perrin, Jean Baptiste Jean Baptiste Perrin </Td> <Td> Svedberg, Theodor Theodor Svedberg </Td> <Td> Fibiger, Johannes Johannes Fibiger </Td> <Td> Deledda, Grazia Grazia Deledda </Td> <Td> Briand, Aristide Aristide Briand; Stresemann, Gustav Gustav Stresemann </Td> <Td>--</Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1927 </Td> <Td> Compton, Arthur Arthur Compton; Wilson, Charles Thomson Rees Charles Thomson Rees Wilson </Td> <Td> Wieland, Heinrich Otto Heinrich Otto Wieland </Td> <Td> Wagner - Jauregg, Julius Julius Wagner - Jauregg </Td> <Td> Bergson, Henri Henri Bergson </Td> <Td> Buisson, Ferdinand Ferdinand Buisson; Quidde, Ludwig Ludwig Quidde </Td> <Td>--</Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1928 </Td> <Td> Richardson, Owen Willans Owen Willans Richardson </Td> <Td> Windaus, Adolf Otto Reinhold Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus </Td> <Td> Nicolle, Charles Charles Nicolle </Td> <Td> Undset, Sigrid Sigrid Undset </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td>--</Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1929 </Td> <Td> Broglie, Louis de Louis de Broglie </Td> <Td> Harden, Arthur Arthur Harden; von Euler - Chelpin, Hans Hans von Euler - Chelpin </Td> <Td> Eijkman, Christiaan Christiaan Eijkman; Hopkins, Frederick Gowland Frederick Gowland Hopkins </Td> <Td> Mann, Thomas Thomas Mann </Td> <Td> Kellogg, Frank B. Frank B. Kellogg </Td> <Td>--</Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1930 </Td> <Td> Raman, C.V. C.V. Raman </Td> <Td> Fischer, Hans Hans Fischer </Td> <Td> Landsteiner, Karl Karl Landsteiner </Td> <Td> Lewis, Sinclair Sinclair Lewis </Td> <Td> Söderblom, Nathan Nathan Söderblom </Td> <Td>--</Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1931 </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Bosch, Carl Carl Bosch; Bergius, Friedrich Friedrich Bergius </Td> <Td> Warburg, Otto Heinrich Otto Heinrich Warburg </Td> <Td> Karlfeldt, Erik Axel Erik Axel Karlfeldt </Td> <Td> Addams, Jane Jane Addams; Butler, Nicholas Murray Nicholas Murray Butler </Td> <Td>--</Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1932 </Td> <Td> Heisenberg, Werner Werner Heisenberg </Td> <Td> Langmuir, Irving Irving Langmuir </Td> <Td> Sherrington, Charles Scott Charles Scott Sherrington; Adrian, Edgar Edgar Adrian </Td> <Td> Galsworthy, John John Galsworthy </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td>--</Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1933 </Td> <Td> Schrödinger, Erwin Erwin Schrödinger; Dirac, Paul Paul Dirac </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Morgan, Thomas Hunt Thomas Hunt Morgan </Td> <Td> Bunin, Ivan Ivan Bunin </Td> <Td> Angell, Norman Norman Angell </Td> <Td>--</Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1934 </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Urey, Harold Harold Urey </Td> <Td> Whipple, George George Whipple; Minot, George George Minot; Murphy, William P. William P. Murphy </Td> <Td> Pirandello, Luigi Luigi Pirandello </Td> <Td> Henderson, Arthur Arthur Henderson </Td> <Td>--</Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1935 </Td> <Td> Chadwick, James James Chadwick </Td> <Td> Joliot - Curie, Frédéric Frédéric Joliot - Curie; Joliot - Curie, Irène Irène Joliot - Curie </Td> <Td> Spemann, Hans Hans Spemann </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> von Ossietzky, Carl Carl von Ossietzky </Td> <Td>--</Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1936 </Td> <Td> Hess, Victor Francis Victor Francis Hess; Anderson, Carl David Carl David Anderson </Td> <Td> Debye, Peter Peter Debye </Td> <Td> Dale, Henry Hallett Henry Hallett Dale; Loewi, Otto Otto Loewi </Td> <Td> O'Neill, Eugene Eugene O'Neill </Td> <Td> Lamas, Carlos Saavedra Carlos Saavedra Lamas </Td> <Td>--</Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1937 </Td> <Td> Davisson, Clinton Clinton Davisson; Thomson, George Paget George Paget Thomson </Td> <Td> Haworth, Norman Norman Haworth; Karrer, Paul Paul Karrer </Td> <Td> Szent - Györgyi, Albert Albert Szent - Györgyi </Td> <Td> du Gard, Roger Martin Roger Martin du Gard </Td> <Td> Cecil of Chelwood, The Viscount The Viscount Cecil of Chelwood </Td> <Td>--</Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1938 </Td> <Td> Fermi, Enrico Enrico Fermi </Td> <Td> Kuhn, Richard Richard Kuhn </Td> <Td> Heymans, Corneille Corneille Heymans </Td> <Td> Buck, Pearl S. Pearl S. Buck </Td> <Td> Nansen International Office For Refugees </Td> <Td>--</Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1939 </Td> <Td> Lawrence, Ernest Ernest Lawrence </Td> <Td> Butenandt, Adolf Adolf Butenandt; Ružička, Leopold Leopold Ružička </Td> <Td> Domagk, Gerhard Gerhard Domagk </Td> <Td> Sillanpää, Frans Eemil Frans Eemil Sillanpää </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td>--</Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1940 </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td>--</Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1941 </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td>--</Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1942 </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td>--</Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1943 </Td> <Td> Stern, Otto Otto Stern </Td> <Td> Hevesy, George de George de Hevesy </Td> <Td> Dam, Henrik Henrik Dam; Doisy, Edward Adelbert Edward Adelbert Doisy </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td>--</Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1944 </Td> <Td> Rabi, Isidor Isaac Isidor Isaac Rabi </Td> <Td> Hahn, Otto Otto Hahn </Td> <Td> Erlanger, Joseph Joseph Erlanger; Gasser, Herbert Spencer Herbert Spencer Gasser </Td> <Td> Jensen, Johannes Vilhelm Johannes Vilhelm Jensen </Td> <Td> International Committee of the Red Cross </Td> <Td>--</Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1945 </Td> <Td> Pauli, Wolfgang Wolfgang Pauli </Td> <Td> Virtanen, Artturi Ilmari Artturi Ilmari Virtanen </Td> <Td> Fleming, Alexander Alexander Fleming; Chain, Ernst Boris Ernst Boris Chain; Florey, Howard Howard Florey </Td> <Td> Mistral, Gabriela Gabriela Mistral </Td> <Td> Hull, Cordell Cordell Hull </Td> <Td>--</Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1946 </Td> <Td> Bridgman, Percy Williams Percy Williams Bridgman </Td> <Td> Sumner, James B. James B. Sumner; Northrop, John Howard John Howard Northrop; Stanley, Wendell Meredith Wendell Meredith Stanley </Td> <Td> Muller, Hermann Joseph Hermann Joseph Muller </Td> <Td> Hesse, Hermann Hermann Hesse </Td> <Td> Balch, Emily Greene Emily Greene Balch; Mott, John John Mott </Td> <Td>--</Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1947 </Td> <Td> Appleton, Edward Victor Edward Victor Appleton </Td> <Td> Robinson, Robert Robert Robinson </Td> <Td> Cori, Carl Ferdinand Carl Ferdinand Cori; Cori, Gerty Gerty Cori; Houssay, Bernardo Bernardo Houssay </Td> <Td> Gide, André André Gide </Td> <Td> Friends Service Council; American Friends Service Committee </Td> <Td>--</Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1948 </Td> <Td> Blackett, Patrick Patrick Blackett </Td> <Td> Tiselius, Arne Arne Tiselius </Td> <Td> Müller, Paul Hermann Paul Hermann Müller </Td> <Td> Eliot, T.S. T.S. Eliot </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td>--</Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1949 </Td> <Td> Yukawa, Hideki Hideki Yukawa </Td> <Td> Giauque, William William Giauque </Td> <Td> Hess, Walter Rudolf Walter Rudolf Hess; Moniz, António Egas António Egas Moniz </Td> <Td> Faulkner, William William Faulkner </Td> <Td> Boyd Orr, John John Boyd Orr </Td> <Td>--</Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1950 </Td> <Td> Powell, C.F. C.F. Powell </Td> <Td> Diels, Otto Otto Diels; Alder, Kurt Kurt Alder </Td> <Td> Hench, Philip Showalter Philip Showalter Hench; Kendall, Edward Calvin Edward Calvin Kendall; Reichstein, Tadeus Tadeus Reichstein </Td> <Td> Russell, Bertrand Bertrand Russell </Td> <Td> Bunche, Ralph Ralph Bunche </Td> <Td>--</Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1951 </Td> <Td> Cockcroft, John John Cockcroft; Walton, Ernest Ernest Walton </Td> <Td> McMillan, Edwin Edwin McMillan; Seaborg, Glenn T. Glenn T. Seaborg </Td> <Td> Theiler, Max Max Theiler </Td> <Td> Lagerkvist, Pär Pär Lagerkvist </Td> <Td> Jouhaux, Léon Léon Jouhaux </Td> <Td>--</Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1952 </Td> <Td> Bloch, Felix Felix Bloch; Purcell, Edward Mills Edward Mills Purcell </Td> <Td> Martin, Archer John Porter Archer John Porter Martin; Synge, Richard Laurence Millington Richard Laurence Millington Synge </Td> <Td> Waksman, Selman Selman Waksman </Td> <Td> Mauriac, François François Mauriac </Td> <Td> Schweitzer, Albert Albert Schweitzer </Td> <Td>--</Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1953 </Td> <Td> Zernike, Frits Frits Zernike </Td> <Td> Staudinger, Hermann Hermann Staudinger </Td> <Td> Krebs, Hans Adolf Hans Adolf Krebs; Lipmann, Fritz Albert Fritz Albert Lipmann </Td> <Td> Churchill, Winston Winston Churchill </Td> <Td> Marshall, George George Marshall </Td> <Td>--</Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1954 </Td> <Td> Born, Max Max Born; Bothe, Walther Walther Bothe </Td> <Td> Pauling, Linus Linus Pauling </Td> <Td> Enders, John Franklin John Franklin Enders; Robbins, Frederick Chapman Frederick Chapman Robbins; Weller, Thomas Huckle Thomas Huckle Weller </Td> <Td> Hemingway, Ernest Ernest Hemingway </Td> <Td> United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees </Td> <Td>--</Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1955 </Td> <Td> Lamb, Willis Willis Lamb; Kusch, Polykarp Polykarp Kusch </Td> <Td> du Vigneaud, Vincent Vincent du Vigneaud </Td> <Td> Theorell, Hugo Hugo Theorell </Td> <Td> Laxness, Halldór Halldór Laxness </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td>--</Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1956 </Td> <Td> Bardeen, John John Bardeen; Brattain, Walter Houser Walter Houser Brattain; Shockley, William William Shockley </Td> <Td> Hinshelwood, Cyril Norman Cyril Norman Hinshelwood; Semyonov, Nikolay Nikolay Semyonov </Td> <Td> Cournand, André Frédéric André Frédéric Cournand; Forssmann, Werner Werner Forssmann; Richards, Dickinson W. Dickinson W. Richards </Td> <Td> Jiménez, Juan Ramón Juan Ramón Jiménez </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td>--</Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1957 </Td> <Td> Yang, Chen Ning Chen Ning Yang; Lee, Tsung - Dao Tsung - Dao Lee </Td> <Td> Todd, The Lord The Lord Todd </Td> <Td> Bovet, Daniel Daniel Bovet </Td> <Td> Camus, Albert Albert Camus </Td> <Td> Pearson, Lester B. Lester B. Pearson </Td> <Td>--</Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1958 </Td> <Td> Cherenkov, Pavel Pavel Cherenkov; Frank, Ilya Ilya Frank; Tamm, Igor Igor Tamm </Td> <Td> Sanger, Frederick Frederick Sanger </Td> <Td> Beadle, George Wells George Wells Beadle; Tatum, Edward Lawrie Edward Lawrie Tatum; Lederberg, Joshua Joshua Lederberg </Td> <Td> Pasternak, Boris Boris Pasternak </Td> <Td> Pire, Dominique Dominique Pire </Td> <Td>--</Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1959 </Td> <Td> Segrè, Emilio G. Emilio G. Segrè; Chamberlain, Owen Owen Chamberlain </Td> <Td> Heyrovský, Jaroslav Jaroslav Heyrovský </Td> <Td> Kornberg, Arthur Arthur Kornberg; Ochoa, Severo Severo Ochoa </Td> <Td> Quasimodo, Salvatore Salvatore Quasimodo </Td> <Td> Noel - Baker, Philip Philip Noel - Baker </Td> <Td>--</Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1960 </Td> <Td> Glaser, Donald A. Donald A. Glaser </Td> <Td> Libby, Willard Willard Libby </Td> <Td> Burnet, Frank Macfarlane Frank Macfarlane Burnet; Medawar, Peter Peter Medawar </Td> <Td> Perse, Saint - John Saint - John Perse </Td> <Td> Lutuli, Albert Albert Lutuli </Td> <Td>--</Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1961 </Td> <Td> Hofstadter, Robert Robert Hofstadter; Mössbauer, Rudolf Rudolf Mössbauer </Td> <Td> Calvin, Melvin Melvin Calvin </Td> <Td> von Békésy, Georg Georg von Békésy </Td> <Td> Andrić, Ivo Ivo Andrić </Td> <Td> Hammarskjöld, Dag Dag Hammarskjöld </Td> <Td>--</Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1962 </Td> <Td> Landau, Lev Lev Landau </Td> <Td> Perutz, Max Max Perutz; Kendrew, John John Kendrew </Td> <Td> Crick, Francis Francis Crick; Watson, James D. James D. Watson; Wilkins, Maurice Maurice Wilkins </Td> <Td> Steinbeck, John John Steinbeck </Td> <Td> Pauling, Linus Linus Pauling </Td> <Td>--</Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1963 </Td> <Td> Wigner, Eugene Eugene Wigner; Goeppert - Mayer, Maria Maria Goeppert - Mayer; Jensen, J. Hans D. J. Hans D. Jensen </Td> <Td> Ziegler, Karl Karl Ziegler; Natta, Giulio Giulio Natta </Td> <Td> Eccles, John John Eccles; Hodgkin, Alan Lloyd Alan Lloyd Hodgkin; Huxley, Andrew Andrew Huxley </Td> <Td> Seferis, Giorgos Giorgos Seferis </Td> <Td> International Committee of the Red Cross; League of Red Cross societies </Td> <Td>--</Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1964 </Td> <Td> Townes, Charles Hard Charles Hard Townes; Basov, Nikolay Nikolay Basov; Prokhorov, Alexander Alexander Prokhorov </Td> <Td> Hodgkin, Dorothy Dorothy Hodgkin </Td> <Td> Bloch, Konrad Emil Konrad Emil Bloch; Lynen, Feodor Felix Konrad Feodor Felix Konrad Lynen </Td> <Td> Sartre, Jean - Paul Jean - Paul Sartre </Td> <Td> King, Jr., Martin Luther Martin Luther King, Jr . </Td> <Td>--</Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1965 </Td> <Td> Tomonaga, Sin - Itiro Sin - Itiro Tomonaga; Schwinger, Julian Julian Schwinger; Feynman, Richard Richard Feynman </Td> <Td> Woodward, Robert Burns Robert Burns Woodward </Td> <Td> Jacob, François François Jacob; Lwoff, André Michel André Michel Lwoff; Monod, Jacques Jacques Monod </Td> <Td> Sholokhov, Mikhail Mikhail Sholokhov </Td> <Td> United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) </Td> <Td>--</Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1966 </Td> <Td> Kastler, Alfred Alfred Kastler </Td> <Td> Mulliken, Robert S. Robert S. Mulliken </Td> <Td> Rous, Francis Peyton Francis Peyton Rous; Huggins, Charles Brenton Charles Brenton Huggins </Td> <Td> Agnon, Shmuel Yosef Shmuel Yosef Agnon; Sachs, Nelly Nelly Sachs </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td>--</Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1967 </Td> <Td> Bethe, Hans Hans Bethe </Td> <Td> Eigen, Manfred Manfred Eigen; Norrish, Ronald George Wreyford Ronald George Wreyford Norrish; Porter, George George Porter </Td> <Td> Granit, Ragnar Ragnar Granit; Hartline, Haldan Keffer Haldan Keffer Hartline; Wald, George George Wald </Td> <Td> Asturias, Miguel Ángel Miguel Ángel Asturias </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td>--</Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1968 </Td> <Td> Alvarez, Luis Walter Luis Walter Alvarez </Td> <Td> Onsager, Lars Lars Onsager </Td> <Td> Holley, Robert W. Robert W. Holley; Khorana, Har Gobind Har Gobind Khorana; Nirenberg, Marshall Warren Marshall Warren Nirenberg </Td> <Td> Kawabata, Yasunari Yasunari Kawabata </Td> <Td> Cassin, René René Cassin </Td> <Td>--</Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1969 </Td> <Td> Gell - Mann, Murray Murray Gell - Mann </Td> <Td> Barton, Derek Derek Barton; Hassel, Odd Odd Hassel </Td> <Td> Delbrück, Max Max Delbrück; Hershey, Alfred Alfred Hershey; Luria, Salvador Salvador Luria </Td> <Td> Beckett, Samuel Samuel Beckett </Td> <Td> International Labour Organization </Td> <Td> Frisch, Ragnar Ragnar Frisch; Tinbergen, Jan Jan Tinbergen </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1970 </Td> <Td> Alfvén, Hannes Hannes Alfvén; Néel, Louis Louis Néel </Td> <Td> Leloir, Luis Federico Luis Federico Leloir </Td> <Td> Axelrod, Julius Julius Axelrod; von Euler, Ulf Ulf von Euler; Katz, Bernard Bernard Katz </Td> <Td> Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn </Td> <Td> Borlaug, Norman Norman Borlaug </Td> <Td> Samuelson, Paul Paul Samuelson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1971 </Td> <Td> Gabor, Dennis Dennis Gabor </Td> <Td> Herzberg, Gerhard Gerhard Herzberg </Td> <Td> Sutherland, Jr., Earl Wilbur Earl Wilbur Sutherland, Jr . </Td> <Td> Neruda, Pablo Pablo Neruda </Td> <Td> Brandt, Willy Willy Brandt </Td> <Td> Kuznets, Simon Simon Kuznets </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1972 </Td> <Td> Bardeen, John John Bardeen; Cooper, Leon Leon Cooper; Schrieffer, John Robert John Robert Schrieffer </Td> <Td> Anfinsen, Christian B. Christian B. Anfinsen; Moore, Stanford Stanford Moore; Stein, William Howard William Howard Stein </Td> <Td> Edelman, Gerald Gerald Edelman; Porter, Rodney Robert Rodney Robert Porter </Td> <Td> Böll, Heinrich Heinrich Böll </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Hicks, John John Hicks; Arrow, Kenneth Kenneth Arrow </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> Esaki, Leo Leo Esaki; Giaever, Ivar Ivar Giaever; Josephson, Brian David Brian David Josephson </Td> <Td> Fischer, Ernst Otto Ernst Otto Fischer; Wilkinson, Geoffrey Geoffrey Wilkinson </Td> <Td> von Frisch, Karl Karl von Frisch; Lorenz, Konrad Konrad Lorenz; Tinbergen, Nikolaas Nikolaas Tinbergen </Td> <Td> White, Patrick Patrick White </Td> <Td> Kissinger, Henry Henry Kissinger; Duc Tho, Le Le Duc Tho </Td> <Td> Leontief, Wassily Wassily Leontief </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ryle, Martin Martin Ryle; Hewish, Antony Antony Hewish </Td> <Td> Flory, Paul Paul Flory </Td> <Td> Claude, Albert Albert Claude; de Duve, Christian Christian de Duve; Palade, George Emil George Emil Palade </Td> <Td> Johnson, Eyvind Eyvind Johnson; Martinson, Harry Harry Martinson </Td> <Td> MacBride, Seán Seán MacBride; Satō, Eisaku Eisaku Satō </Td> <Td> Myrdal, Gunnar Gunnar Myrdal; Hayek, Friedrich Friedrich Hayek </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bohr, Aage Aage Bohr; Mottelson, Ben Roy Ben Roy Mottelson; Rainwater, James James Rainwater </Td> <Td> Cornforth, John John Cornforth; Prelog, Vladimir Vladimir Prelog </Td> <Td> Baltimore, David David Baltimore; Dulbecco, Renato Renato Dulbecco; Temin, Howard Martin Howard Martin Temin </Td> <Td> Montale, Eugenio Eugenio Montale </Td> <Td> Sakharov, Andrei Andrei Sakharov </Td> <Td> Kantorovich, Leonid Leonid Kantorovich; Koopmans, Tjalling Tjalling Koopmans </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1976 </Td> <Td> Richter, Burton Burton Richter; Ting, Samuel C.C. Samuel C.C. Ting </Td> <Td> Lipscomb, William William Lipscomb </Td> <Td> Blumberg, Baruch Samuel Baruch Samuel Blumberg; Gajdusek, Daniel Carleton Daniel Carleton Gajdusek </Td> <Td> Bellow, Saul Saul Bellow </Td> <Td> Williams, Betty Betty Williams; Maguire, Mairead Mairead Maguire </Td> <Td> Friedman, Milton Milton Friedman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1977 </Td> <Td> Anderson, Philip Warren Philip Warren Anderson; Mott, Nevill Francis Nevill Francis Mott; Van Vleck, John Hasbrouck John Hasbrouck Van Vleck </Td> <Td> Prigogine, Ilya Ilya Prigogine </Td> <Td> Guillemin, Roger Roger Guillemin; Schally, Andrew Andrew Schally; Yalow, Rosalyn Sussman Rosalyn Sussman Yalow </Td> <Td> Aleixandre, Vicente Vicente Aleixandre </Td> <Td> Amnesty International </Td> <Td> Ohlin, Bertil Bertil Ohlin; Meade, James James Meade </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1978 </Td> <Td> Kapitsa, Pyotr Pyotr Kapitsa; Penzias, Arno Allan Arno Allan Penzias; Wilson, Robert Woodrow Robert Woodrow Wilson </Td> <Td> Mitchell, Peter D. Peter D. Mitchell </Td> <Td> Arber, Werner Werner Arber; Nathans, Daniel Daniel Nathans; Smith, Hamilton O. Hamilton O. Smith </Td> <Td> Singer, Isaac Bashevis Isaac Bashevis Singer </Td> <Td> Sadat, Anwar Anwar Sadat; Begin, Menachem Menachem Begin </Td> <Td> Simon, Herbert A. Herbert A. Simon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1979 </Td> <Td> Glashow, Sheldon Lee Sheldon Lee Glashow; Salam, Abdus Abdus Salam; Weinberg, Steven Steven Weinberg </Td> <Td> Brown, Herbert C. Herbert C. Brown; Wittig, Georg Georg Wittig </Td> <Td> Cormack, Allan McLeod Allan McLeod Cormack; Hounsfield, Godfrey Godfrey Hounsfield </Td> <Td> Elytis, Odysseas Odysseas Elytis </Td> <Td> Teresa, Mother Mother Teresa </Td> <Td> Schultz, Theodore Theodore Schultz; Lewis, Arthur Arthur Lewis </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1980 </Td> <Td> Cronin, James James Cronin; Fitch, Val Logsdon Val Logsdon Fitch </Td> <Td> Berg, Paul Paul Berg; Gilbert, Walter Walter Gilbert; Sanger, Frederick Frederick Sanger </Td> <Td> Benacerraf, Baruj Baruj Benacerraf; Dausset, Jean Jean Dausset; Snell, George Davis George Davis Snell </Td> <Td> Miłosz, Czesław Czesław Miłosz </Td> <Td> Esquivel, Adolfo Pérez Adolfo Pérez Esquivel </Td> <Td> Klein, Lawrence Lawrence Klein </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> Bloembergen, Nicolaas Nicolaas Bloembergen; Schawlow, Arthur Leonard Arthur Leonard Schawlow; Siegbahn, Kai Kai Siegbahn </Td> <Td> Fukui, Kenichi Kenichi Fukui; Hoffmann, Roald Roald Hoffmann </Td> <Td> Sperry, Roger Wolcott Roger Wolcott Sperry; Hubel, David H. David H. Hubel; Wiesel, Torsten Torsten Wiesel </Td> <Td> Canetti, Elias Elias Canetti </Td> <Td> United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees </Td> <Td> Tobin, James James Tobin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1982 </Td> <Td> Wilson, Kenneth G. Kenneth G. Wilson </Td> <Td> Klug, Aaron Aaron Klug </Td> <Td> Bergström, Sune Sune Bergström; Samuelsson, Bengt I. Bengt I. Samuelsson; Vane, John John Vane </Td> <Td> Márquez, Gabriel García Gabriel García Márquez </Td> <Td> Myrdal, Alva Alva Myrdal; Robles, Alfonso García Alfonso García Robles </Td> <Td> Stigler, George George Stigler </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Chandrasekhar, Subrahmanyan Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar; Fowler, William Alfred William Alfred Fowler </Td> <Td> Taube, Henry Henry Taube </Td> <Td> McClintock, Barbara Barbara McClintock </Td> <Td> Golding, William William Golding </Td> <Td> Wałęsa, Lech Lech Wałęsa </Td> <Td> Debreu, Gérard Gérard Debreu </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> Rubbia, Carlo Carlo Rubbia; van der Meer, Simon Simon van der Meer </Td> <Td> Merrifield, Robert Bruce Robert Bruce Merrifield </Td> <Td> Jerne, Niels Kaj Niels Kaj Jerne; Köhler, Georges J.F. Georges J.F. Köhler; Milstein, César César Milstein </Td> <Td> Seifert, Jaroslav Jaroslav Seifert </Td> <Td> Tutu, Desmond Desmond Tutu </Td> <Td> Stone, Richard Richard Stone </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1985 </Td> <Td> von Klitzing, Klaus Klaus von Klitzing </Td> <Td> Hauptman, Herbert A. Herbert A. Hauptman; Karle, Jerome Jerome Karle </Td> <Td> Brown, Michael Stuart Michael Stuart Brown; Goldstein, Joseph L. Joseph L. Goldstein </Td> <Td> Simon, Claude Claude Simon </Td> <Td> International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War </Td> <Td> Modigliani, Franco Franco Modigliani </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> Ruska, Ernst Ernst Ruska; Binnig, Gerd Gerd Binnig; Rohrer, Heinrich Heinrich Rohrer </Td> <Td> Herschbach, Dudley R. Dudley R. Herschbach; Lee, Yuan T. Yuan T. Lee; Polanyi, John John Polanyi </Td> <Td> Cohen, Stanley Stanley Cohen; Levi - Montalcini, Rita Rita Levi - Montalcini </Td> <Td> Soyinka, Wole Wole Soyinka </Td> <Td> Wiesel, Elie Elie Wiesel </Td> <Td> Buchanan, James M. James M. Buchanan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bednorz, Johannes Georg Johannes Georg Bednorz; Müller, Karl Alexander Karl Alexander Müller </Td> <Td> Cram, Donald J. Donald J. Cram; Lehn, Jean - Marie Jean - Marie Lehn; Pedersen, Charles J. Charles J. Pedersen </Td> <Td> Tonegawa, Susumu Susumu Tonegawa </Td> <Td> Brodsky, Joseph Joseph Brodsky </Td> <Td> Arias, Óscar Óscar Arias </Td> <Td> Solow, Robert Robert Solow </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lederman, Leon M. Leon M. Lederman; Schwartz, Melvin Melvin Schwartz; Steinberger, Jack Jack Steinberger </Td> <Td> Deisenhofer, Johann Johann Deisenhofer; Huber, Robert Robert Huber; Michel, Hartmut Hartmut Michel </Td> <Td> Black, James W. James W. Black; Elion, Gertrude B. Gertrude B. Elion; Hitchings, George H. George H. Hitchings </Td> <Td> Mahfouz, Naguib Naguib Mahfouz </Td> <Td> United Nations Peace - Keeping Forces </Td> <Td> Allais, Maurice Maurice Allais </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ramsey, Jr., Norman Foster Norman Foster Ramsey, Jr.; Dehmelt, Hans Georg Hans Georg Dehmelt; Paul, Wolfgang Wolfgang Paul </Td> <Td> Altman, Sidney Sidney Altman; Cech, Thomas Thomas Cech </Td> <Td> Bishop, J. Michael J. Michael Bishop; Varmus, Harold E. Harold E. Varmus </Td> <Td> Cela, Camilo José Camilo José Cela </Td> <Td> Gyatso (The 14th Dalai Lama), Tenzin Tenzin Gyatso (The 14th Dalai Lama) </Td> <Td> Haavelmo, Trygve Trygve Haavelmo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Friedman, Jerome Isaac Jerome Isaac Friedman; Kendall, Henry Way Henry Way Kendall; Taylor, Richard E. Richard E. Taylor </Td> <Td> Corey, Elias James Elias James Corey </Td> <Td> Murray, Joseph Joseph Murray; Thomas, E. Donnall E. Donnall Thomas </Td> <Td> Paz, Octavio Octavio Paz </Td> <Td> Gorbachev, Mikhail Mikhail Gorbachev </Td> <Td> Markowitz, Harry Harry Markowitz; Miller, Merton Merton Miller; Sharpe, William F. William F. Sharpe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> Gennes, Pierre - Gilles de Pierre - Gilles de Gennes </Td> <Td> Ernst, Richard R. Richard R. Ernst </Td> <Td> Neher, Erwin Erwin Neher; Sakmann, Bert Bert Sakmann </Td> <Td> Gordimer, Nadine Nadine Gordimer </Td> <Td> Suu Kyi, Aung San Aung San Suu Kyi </Td> <Td> Coase, Ronald Ronald Coase </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Charpak, Georges Georges Charpak </Td> <Td> Marcus, Rudolph A. Rudolph A. Marcus </Td> <Td> Fischer, Edmond H. Edmond H. Fischer; Krebs, Edwin G. Edwin G. Krebs </Td> <Td> Walcott, Derek Derek Walcott </Td> <Td> Menchú, Rigoberta Rigoberta Menchú </Td> <Td> Becker, Gary Gary Becker </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Hulse, Russell Alan Russell Alan Hulse; Taylor, Jr., Joseph Hooton Joseph Hooton Taylor, Jr . </Td> <Td> Mullis, Kary Kary Mullis; Smith, Michael Michael Smith </Td> <Td> Roberts, Richard J. Richard J. Roberts; Sharp, Phillip Allen Phillip Allen Sharp </Td> <Td> Morrison, Toni Toni Morrison </Td> <Td> Mandela, Nelson Nelson Mandela; de Klerk, F.W. F.W. de Klerk </Td> <Td> Fogel, Robert Robert Fogel; North, Douglass Douglass North </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Brockhouse, Bertram Bertram Brockhouse; Shull, Clifford Clifford Shull </Td> <Td> Olah, George Andrew George Andrew Olah </Td> <Td> Gilman, Alfred G. Alfred G. Gilman; Rodbell, Martin Martin Rodbell </Td> <Td> Ōe, Kenzaburō Kenzaburō Ōe </Td> <Td> Arafat, Yasser Yasser Arafat; Peres, Shimon Shimon Peres; Rabin, Yitzhak Yitzhak Rabin </Td> <Td> Harsanyi, John John Harsanyi; Nash, Jr., John Forbes John Forbes Nash, Jr.; Selten, Reinhard Reinhard Selten </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> Perl, Martin Lewis Martin Lewis Perl; Reines, Frederick Frederick Reines </Td> <Td> Crutzen, Paul J. Paul J. Crutzen; Molina, Mario J. Mario J. Molina; Rowland, Frank Sherwood Frank Sherwood Rowland </Td> <Td> Lewis, Edward B. Edward B. Lewis; Nüsslein - Volhard, Christiane Christiane Nüsslein - Volhard; Wieschaus, Eric F. Eric F. Wieschaus </Td> <Td> Heaney, Seamus Seamus Heaney </Td> <Td> Rotblat, Joseph Joseph Rotblat; Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs </Td> <Td> Lucas, Jr., Robert Robert Lucas, Jr . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lee, David David Lee; Osheroff, Douglas Douglas Osheroff; Richardson, Robert Coleman Robert Coleman Richardson </Td> <Td> Curl Jr., Robert F. Robert F. Curl Jr.; Kroto, Harry Harry Kroto; Smalley, Richard Richard Smalley </Td> <Td> Doherty, Peter C. Peter C. Doherty; Zinkernagel, Rolf M. Rolf M. Zinkernagel </Td> <Td> Szymborska, Wisława Wisława Szymborska </Td> <Td> Belo, Carlos Filipe Ximenes Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo; Ramos - Horta, José José Ramos - Horta </Td> <Td> Mirrlees, James James Mirrlees; Vickrey, William William Vickrey </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Chu, Steven Steven Chu; Cohen - Tannoudji, Claude Claude Cohen - Tannoudji; Phillips, William Daniel William Daniel Phillips </Td> <Td> Boyer, Paul D. Paul D. Boyer; Walker, John E. John E. Walker; Skou, Jens Christian Jens Christian Skou </Td> <Td> Prusiner, Stanley B. Stanley B. Prusiner </Td> <Td> Fo, Dario Dario Fo </Td> <Td> International Campaign to Ban Landmines; Williams, Jody Jody Williams </Td> <Td> Merton, Robert C. Robert C. Merton; Scholes, Myron Myron Scholes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Laughlin, Robert B. Robert B. Laughlin; Störmer, Horst Ludwig Horst Ludwig Störmer; Tsui, Daniel C. Daniel C. Tsui </Td> <Td> Kohn, Walter Walter Kohn; Pople, John John Pople </Td> <Td> Furchgott, Robert F. Robert F. Furchgott; Ignarro, Louis Louis Ignarro; Murad, Ferid Ferid Murad </Td> <Td> Saramago, José José Saramago </Td> <Td> Hume, John John Hume; Trimble, David David Trimble </Td> <Td> Sen, Amartya Amartya Sen </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> Hooft, Gerard' tGerard' t Hooft; Veltman, Martinus J.G. Martinus J.G. Veltman </Td> <Td> Zewail, Ahmed Ahmed Zewail </Td> <Td> Blobel, Günter Günter Blobel </Td> <Td> Grass, Günter Günter Grass </Td> <Td> Médecins Sans Frontières </Td> <Td> Mundell, Robert Robert Mundell </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Alferov, Zhores Zhores Alferov; Kroemer, Herbert Herbert Kroemer; Kilby, Jack Jack Kilby </Td> <Td> Heeger, Alan J. Alan J. Heeger; MacDiarmid, Alan Alan MacDiarmid; Shirakawa, Hideki Hideki Shirakawa </Td> <Td> Carlsson, Arvid Arvid Carlsson; Greengard, Paul Paul Greengard; Kandel, Eric Eric Kandel </Td> <Td> Xingjian, Gao Gao Xingjian </Td> <Td> Dae - jung, Kim Kim Dae - jung </Td> <Td> Heckman, James James Heckman; McFadden, Daniel Daniel McFadden </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cornell, Eric Allin Eric Allin Cornell; Ketterle, Wolfgang Wolfgang Ketterle; Wieman, Carl Carl Wieman </Td> <Td> Knowles, William Standish William Standish Knowles; Noyori, Ryōji Ryōji Noyori; Sharpless, Karl Barry Karl Barry Sharpless </Td> <Td> Hartwell, Leland H. Leland H. Hartwell; Hunt, Tim Tim Hunt; Nurse, Paul Paul Nurse </Td> <Td> Naipaul, V.S. V.S. Naipaul </Td> <Td> United Nations; Annan, Kofi Kofi Annan </Td> <Td> Akerlof, George George Akerlof; Spence, Michael Michael Spence; Stiglitz, Joseph Joseph Stiglitz </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Davis, Jr., Raymond Raymond Davis, Jr.; Koshiba, Masatoshi Masatoshi Koshiba; Giacconi, Riccardo Riccardo Giacconi </Td> <Td> Fenn, John John Fenn; Tanaka, Koichi Koichi Tanaka; Wüthrich, Kurt Kurt Wüthrich </Td> <Td> Brenner, Sydney Sydney Brenner; Horvitz, H. Robert H. Robert Horvitz; Sulston, John John Sulston </Td> <Td> Kertész, Imre Imre Kertész </Td> <Td> Carter, Jimmy Jimmy Carter </Td> <Td> Kahneman, Daniel Daniel Kahneman; Smith, Vernon L. Vernon L. Smith </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Abrikosov, Alexei Alexeyevich Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov; Ginzburg, Vitaly Vitaly Ginzburg; Leggett, Anthony James Anthony James Leggett </Td> <Td> Agre, Peter Peter Agre; MacKinnon, Roderick Roderick MacKinnon </Td> <Td> Lauterbur, Paul Paul Lauterbur; Mansfield, Peter Peter Mansfield </Td> <Td> Coetzee, J.M. J.M. Coetzee </Td> <Td> Ebadi, Shirin Shirin Ebadi </Td> <Td> Engle, Robert F. Robert F. Engle; Granger, Clive Clive Granger </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Gross, David David Gross; Politzer, Hugh David Hugh David Politzer; Wilczek, Frank Frank Wilczek </Td> <Td> Ciechanover, Aaron Aaron Ciechanover; Hershko, Avram Avram Hershko; Rose, Irwin Irwin Rose </Td> <Td> Axel, Richard Richard Axel; Buck, Linda B. Linda B. Buck </Td> <Td> Jelinek, Elfriede Elfriede Jelinek </Td> <Td> Maathai, Wangari Wangari Maathai </Td> <Td> Kydland, Finn E. Finn E. Kydland; Prescott, Edward C. Edward C. Prescott </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Glauber, Roy J. Roy J. Glauber; Hall, John L. John L. Hall; Hänsch, Theodor W. Theodor W. Hänsch </Td> <Td> Chauvin, Yves Yves Chauvin; Grubbs, Robert H. Robert H. Grubbs; Schrock, Richard R. Richard R. Schrock </Td> <Td> Marshall, Barry Barry Marshall; Warren, Robin Robin Warren </Td> <Td> Pinter, Harold Harold Pinter </Td> <Td> International Atomic Energy Agency; ElBaradei, Mohamed Mohamed ElBaradei </Td> <Td> Aumann, Robert Robert Aumann; Schelling, Thomas Thomas Schelling </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Mather, John C. John C. Mather; Smoot, George George Smoot </Td> <Td> Kornberg, Roger D. Roger D. Kornberg </Td> <Td> Fire, Andrew Andrew Fire; Mello, Craig Craig Mello </Td> <Td> Pamuk, Orhan Orhan Pamuk </Td> <Td> Yunus, Muhammad Muhammad Yunus; Grameen Bank </Td> <Td> Phelps, Edmund Edmund Phelps </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Fert, Albert Albert Fert; Grünberg, Peter Peter Grünberg </Td> <Td> Ertl, Gerhard Gerhard Ertl </Td> <Td> Capecchi, Mario Mario Capecchi; Evans, Martin Martin Evans; Smithies, Oliver Oliver Smithies </Td> <Td> Lessing, Doris Doris Lessing </Td> <Td> Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; Gore, Al Al Gore </Td> <Td> Hurwicz, Leonid Leonid Hurwicz; Maskin, Eric Eric Maskin; Myerson, Roger Roger Myerson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Nambu, Yoichiro Yoichiro Nambu; Kobayashi, Makoto Makoto Kobayashi; Maskawa, Toshihide Toshihide Maskawa </Td> <Td> Shimomura, Osamu Osamu Shimomura; Chalfie, Martin Martin Chalfie; Tsien, Roger Y. Roger Y . Tsien </Td> <Td> zur Hausen, Harald Harald zur Hausen; Barré - Sinoussi, Françoise Françoise Barré - Sinoussi; Montagnier, Luc Luc Montagnier </Td> <Td> Le Clézio, J.M.G. J.M.G. Le Clézio </Td> <Td> Ahtisaari, Martti Martti Ahtisaari </Td> <Td> Krugman, Paul Paul Krugman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Kao, Charles K. Charles K. Kao; Boyle, Willard S. Willard S. Boyle; Smith, George E. George E. Smith </Td> <Td> Ramakrishnan, Venkatraman Venkatraman Ramakrishnan; Steitz, Thomas A. Thomas A. Steitz; Yonath, Ada Ada Yonath </Td> <Td> Blackburn, Elizabeth Elizabeth Blackburn; Greider, Carol W. Carol W. Greider; Szostak, Jack W. Jack W. Szostak </Td> <Td> Müller, Herta Herta Müller </Td> <Td> Obama, Barack Barack Obama </Td> <Td> Ostrom, Elinor Elinor Ostrom; Williamson, Oliver E. Oliver E. Williamson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Geim, Andre Andre Geim; Novoselov, Konstantin Konstantin Novoselov </Td> <Td> Heck, Richard F. Richard F. Heck; Negishi, Ei - ichi Ei - ichi Negishi; Suzuki, Akira Akira Suzuki </Td> <Td> Edwards, Robert G. Robert G. Edwards </Td> <Td> Vargas Llosa, Mario Mario Vargas Llosa </Td> <Td> Xiaobo, Liu Liu Xiaobo </Td> <Td> Diamond, Peter A. Peter A. Diamond; Mortensen, Dale T. Dale T. Mortensen; Pissarides, Christopher A. Christopher A. Pissarides </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Perlmutter, Saul Saul Perlmutter; Riess, Adam G. Adam G. Riess; Schmidt, Brian Brian Schmidt </Td> <Td> Shechtman, Dan Dan Shechtman </Td> <Td> Beutler, Bruce Bruce Beutler; Hoffmann, Jules A. Jules A. Hoffmann; Steinman, Ralph M. Ralph M. Steinman </Td> <Td> Tranströmer, Tomas Tomas Tranströmer </Td> <Td> Sirleaf, Ellen Johnson Ellen Johnson Sirleaf; Gbowee, Leymah Leymah Gbowee; Karman, Tawakel Tawakel Karman </Td> <Td> Sargent, Thomas J. Thomas J. Sargent; Sims, Christopher A. Christopher A. Sims </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Haroche, Serge Serge Haroche; J. Wineland, David David J. Wineland </Td> <Td> Kobilka, Brian K. Brian K. Kobilka; Lefkowitz, Robert J. Robert J. Lefkowitz </Td> <Td> Gurdon, John B. John B. Gurdon; Yamanaka, Shinya Shinya Yamanaka </Td> <Td> Yan, Mo Mo Yan </Td> <Td> Union, European European Union </Td> <Td> Roth, Alvin E. Alvin E. Roth; Shapley, Lloyd S. Lloyd S. Shapley </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Englert, François François Englert; Higgs, Peter W. Peter W. Higgs </Td> <Td> Karplus, Martin Martin Karplus; Levitt, Michael Michael Levitt; Warshel, Arieh Arieh Warshel </Td> <Td> Rothman, James E. James E. Rothman; Schekman, Randy W. Randy W. Schekman; Südhof, Thomas C. Thomas C. Südhof </Td> <Td> Munro, Alice Alice Munro </Td> <Td> for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, Organisation Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons </Td> <Td> Fama, Eugene F. Eugene F. Fama; Hansen, Lars Peter Lars Peter Hansen; Shiller, Robert J. Robert J. Shiller </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Akasaki, Isamu Isamu Akasaki; Amano, Hiroshi Hiroshi Amano; Nakamura, Shuji Shuji Nakamura </Td> <Td> Betzig, Eric Eric Betzig; Hell, Stefan Stefan Hell; Moerner, William William Moerner </Td> <Td> O'Keefe, John John O'Keefe; Moser, May - Britt May - Britt Moser; Moser, Edvard Edvard Moser </Td> <Td> Modiano, Patrick Patrick Modiano </Td> <Td> Satyarthi, Kailash Kailash Satyarthi; Yousafzai, Malala Malala Yousafzai </Td> <Td> Tirole, Jean Jean Tirole </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Kajita, Takaaki Takaaki Kajita; McDonald, Arthur B. Arthur B. McDonald </Td> <Td> Lindahl, Tomas Tomas Lindahl; Modrich, Paul L. Paul L. Modrich; Sancar, Aziz Aziz Sancar </Td> <Td> Campbell, William C. William C. Campbell; Ōmura, Satoshi Satoshi Ōmura; Youyou, Tu Tu Youyou </Td> <Td> Alexievich, Svetlana Svetlana Alexievich </Td> <Td> National Dialogue Quartet, Tunisian Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet </Td> <Td> Deaton, Angus Angus Deaton </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> J. Thouless, David David J. Thouless; Haldane, Duncan Duncan Haldane; Kosterlitz, John M. John M. Kosterlitz </Td> <Td> Sauvage, Jean - Pierre Jean - Pierre Sauvage; Stoddart, Fraser Fraser Stoddart; Feringa, Ben Ben Feringa </Td> <Td> Ohsumi, Yoshinori Yoshinori Ohsumi </Td> <Td> Dylan, Bob Bob Dylan </Td> <Td> Santos, Juan Manuel Juan Manuel Santos </Td> <Td> Hart, Oliver Oliver Hart; Holmström, Bengt R. Bengt R. Holmström </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Weiss, Rainer Rainer Weiss; Barish, Barry Barry Barish; Thorne, Kip Kip Thorne </Td> <Td> Dubochet, Jacques Jacques Dubochet; Frank, Joachim Joachim Frank; Henderson, Richard Richard Henderson </Td> <Td> Hall, Jeffrey C. Jeffrey C. Hall; Rosbash, Michael Michael Rosbash; Young, Michael W. Michael W. Young </Td> <Td> Ishiguro, Kazuo Kazuo Ishiguro </Td> <Td> Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons, International International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons </Td> <Td> Thaler, Richard Richard Thaler </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Physics </Th> <Th> Chemistry </Th> <Th> Physiology or Medicine </Th> <Th> Literature </Th> <Th> Peace </Th> <Th> Economics </Th> </Tr> </Table>

Who has won the most nobel prizes in science
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