<P> In Brazil, the "Praieira Revolt," a movement in Pernambuco, lasted from November 1848 to 1852 . Unresolved conflicts left over from the period of the regency and local resistance to the consolidation of the Brazilian Empire that had been proclaimed in 1822 helped to plant the seeds of the revolution . </P> <P> We have been beaten and humiliated...scattered, imprisoned, disarmed and gagged . The fate of European democracy has slipped from our hands . </P> <P> Democrats looked to 1848 as a democratic revolution, which in the long run ensured liberty, equality, and fraternity . For nationalists, 1848 was the springtime of hope, when newly emerging nationalities rejected the old multinational empires . But the end results were not as comprehensive as many had hoped . </P> <P> Many governments engaged in a partial reversal of the revolutionary reforms of 1848--1849, as well as heightened repression and censorship . The Hanoverian nobility successfully appealed to the Confederal Diet in 1851 over the loss of their noble privileges, while the Prussian Junkers recovered their manorial police powers from 1852 to 1855 . In the Austrian Empire, the Sylvester Patents (1851) discarded Franz Stadion's constitution and the Statute of Basic Rights, while the number of arrests in Habsburg territories increased from 70,000 in 1850 to one million by 1854 . Nicholas I's rule in Russia after 1848 was particularly repressive, marked by an expansion of the secret police (the Tretiye Otdeleniye) and stricter censorship; there were more Russians working for censorship organs than actual books published in the period immediately after 1848 . In France, the works of Ledru - Rollin, Hugo, Baudelaire and Proudhon were confiscated . </P>

What caused the revolution of 1848 in europe