<Li> guarantee freed slaves the right to vote </Li> <P> On January 31, 1866, the House of Representatives voted in favor of a proposed constitutional amendment that would reduce a state's representation in the House in proportion to which that state used "race or color" as a basis to deny the right to vote in that state . The amendment failed in the Senate, partly because radical Republicans foresaw that states would be able to use ostensibly race - neutral criteria, such as educational and property qualifications, to disenfranchise the freed slaves without negative consequence . So the amendment was changed to penalize states that denied the vote to male citizens over twenty - one for any reason other than participation in crime . Later, the Fifteenth Amendment was adopted to guarantee the right to vote could not be denied based on race or color . </P> <P> The effect of Section 2 was twofold: </P> <Ul> <Li> Although the three - fifths clause was not formally repealed, it was effectively removed from the Constitution . In the words of the Supreme Court in Elk v. Wilkins, Section 2 "abrogated so much of the corresponding clause of the original Constitution as counted only three - fifths of such persons (slaves)". </Li> <Li> It was intended to penalize, by means of reduced Congressional representation, states that withheld the franchise from adult male citizens for any reason other than participation in crime . This, it was hoped, would induce the former slave states to recognize the political rights of the former slaves, without directly forcing them to do so--something that it was thought the states would not accept . </Li> </Ul>

What was the outcome of the ratification of the 14th amendment