<P> The theory of quantum chromodynamics was formulated beginning in the early 1960s . The theory as we know it today was formulated by Politzer, Gross and Wilczek in 1975 . </P> <P> Building on pioneering work by Schwinger, Higgs and Goldstone, the physicists Glashow, Weinberg and Salam independently showed how the weak nuclear force and quantum electrodynamics could be merged into a single electroweak force, for which they received the 1979 Nobel Prize in Physics . </P> <Ul> <Li> Thomas Young's double - slit experiment demonstrating the wave nature of light . (c. 1805) </Li> <Li> Henri Becquerel discovers radioactivity. (1896) </Li> <Li> J.J. Thomson's cathode ray tube experiments (discovers the electron and its negative charge). (1897) </Li> <Li> The study of black - body radiation between 1850 and 1900, which could not be explained without quantum concepts . </Li> <Li> The photoelectric effect: Einstein explained this in 1905 (and later received a Nobel prize for it) using the concept of photons, particles of light with quantized energy . </Li> <Li> Robert Millikan's oil - drop experiment, which showed that electric charge occurs as quanta (whole units). (1909) </Li> <Li> Ernest Rutherford's gold foil experiment disproved the plum pudding model of the atom which suggested that the mass and positive charge of the atom are almost uniformly distributed . This led to the planetary model of the atom (1911). </Li> <Li> James Franck and Gustav Hertz's electron collision experiment shows that energy absorption by mercury atoms is quantized. (1914) </Li> <Li> Otto Stern and Walther Gerlach conduct the Stern--Gerlach experiment, which demonstrates the quantized nature of particle spin . (1920) </Li> <Li> Clinton Davisson and Lester Germer demonstrate the wave nature of the electron in the Electron diffraction experiment . (1927) </Li> <Li> Clyde L. Cowan and Frederick Reines confirm the existence of the neutrino in the neutrino experiment . (1955) </Li> <Li> Clauss Jönsson's double - slit experiment with electrons . (1961) </Li> <Li> The Quantum Hall effect, discovered in 1980 by Klaus von Klitzing . The quantized version of the Hall effect has allowed for the definition of a new practical standard for electrical resistance and for an extremely precise independent determination of the fine structure constant . </Li> <Li> The experimental verification of quantum entanglement by Alain Aspect. (1982) </Li> <Li> The Mach - Zehnder Interferometer experiment conducted by Paul Kwiat, Harold Wienfurter, Thomas Herzog, Anton Zeilinger, and Mark Kasevich, providing experimental verification of the Elitzur - Vaidman bomb tester, proving interaction - free measurement is possible . (1994) </Li> </Ul> <Li> Thomas Young's double - slit experiment demonstrating the wave nature of light . (c. 1805) </Li>

Who founded the modern quantum theory of matter