<P> Between 1788 and 1868, about 162,000 convicts were transported by the British government to various penal colonies in Australia . </P> <P> The British government began transporting convicts overseas to American colonies in the early 17th century . When transportation ended with the start of the American Revolution, an alternative site was needed to relieve further overcrowding of British prisons and hulks . Earlier in 1770, James Cook charted and claimed possession of the east coast of Australia for Britain . Seeking to pre-empt the French colonial empire from expanding into the region, Britain chose Australia as the site of a penal colony, and in 1787, the First Fleet of eleven convict ships set sail for Botany Bay, arriving on 20 January 1788 to found Sydney, New South Wales, the first European settlement on the continent . Other penal colonies were later established in Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania) in 1803 and Queensland in 1824, while Western Australia, founded in 1829 as a free colony, received convicts from 1850 . Victoria and South Australia remained free colonies . Penal transportation to Australia peaked in the 1830s and dropped off significantly the following decade . The last convict ship arrived in Western Australia on 10 January 1868 . </P> <P> Many convicts were transported for petty crimes, while a significant number were political prisoners . More serious crimes, such as rape and murder, were punishable by death, and therefore not transportable offences . Once emancipated, most ex-convicts stayed in Australia and joined the free settlers, with some rising to prominent positions in Australian society . However, convictism carried a social stigma, and for some later Australians, convict origins would be a source of shame . Attitudes became more accepting in the 20th century and it is now considered by many Australians to be a cause for celebration to have a convict in one's lineage . Around 20% of modern Australians are descended from transported convicts . The convict era has inspired famous novels, films, and other cultural works, and the extent to which it has shaped Australia's national character has been studied by many writers and historians . </P> <P> According to Robert Hughes in The Fatal Shore, the population of England and Wales, which had remained steady at 6 million from 1700 to 1740, began rising considerably after 1740 . By the time of the American Revolution, London was overcrowded, filled with the unemployed, and flooded with cheap gin . Poverty, social injustice, child labor, harsh and dirty living conditions and long working hours were prevalent in 19th - century Britain . Dickens' novels perhaps best illustrate this; even some government officials were horrified by what they saw . Only in 1833 and 1844 were the first general laws against child labour (the Factory Acts) passed in the United Kingdom . Crime had become a major problem and in 1784 a French observer noted that "from sunset to dawn the environs of London became the patrimony of brigands for twenty miles around ." </P>

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