<P> Eliot wrote that he produced the title "The Hollow Men" by combining the titles of the romance "The Hollow Land" by William Morris with the poem "The Broken Men" by Rudyard Kipling: but it is possible that this is one of Eliot's many constructed allusions, and that the title originates more transparently from Shakespeare's Julius Caesar or from the character Kurtz in Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness who is referred to as a "hollow sham" and "hollow at the core". </P> <P> The two epigraphs to the poem, "Mistah Kurtz--he dead" and "A penny for the Old Guy", are allusions to Conrad's character and to Guy Fawkes, attempted arsonist of the English house of Parliament, and his straw - man effigy that is burned each year in the United Kingdom on Guy Fawkes Night . </P> <P> Some critics read the poem as told from three perspectives, each representing a phase of the passing of a soul into one of death's kingdoms ("death's dream kingdom", "death's twilight kingdom", and "death's other kingdom"). Eliot describes how we, the living, will be seen by "Those who have crossed / With direct eyes (...) not as lost / Violent souls, but only / As the hollow men / The stuffed men ." The image of eyes figures prominently in the poem, notably in one of Eliot's most famous lines "Eyes I dare not meet in dreams". Such eyes are also generally accepted to be in reference to Dante's Beatrice (see below). </P> <P> The poet depicts figures "Gathered on this beach of the tumid river"--drawing considerable influence from Dante's third and fourth cantos of the Inferno which describes Limbo, the first circle of Hell--showing man in his inability to cross into Hell itself or to even beg redemption, unable to speak with God . Dancing "round the prickly pear," the figures worship false gods, recalling children and reflecting Eliot's interpretation of Western culture after World War I . </P>

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