<Li> Consistency Claim: while a person's moral character traits are relatively stable over time, this should be understood as consistency of situation specific traits, rather than robust traits . </Li> <Li> Fragmentation Claim: a person's moral character traits do not have the evaluative integrity suggested by the Integrity Claim . There may be considerable disunity in a person's moral character among his or her situation - specific character traits . </Li> <P> According to Situationists, the empirical evidence favors their view of moral character over the Traditional View . Hugh Hartshorne and M.A. May's study of the trait of honesty among school children found no cross-situational correlation . A child may be consistently honest with his friends, but not with his parents or teachers . From this and other studies, Hartshorne and May concluded that character traits are not robust but rather "specific functions of life situations". </P> <P> A second challenge to the traditional view can be found in the idea of moral luck . This idea is that moral luck occurs when the moral judgment of an agent depends on factors beyond the agent's control . Fiery Cushman clarifies that this is judgement of an outcome comprising both the agent's character and an unanticipated circumstance, rather than an agent's intent . There are number of ways that moral luck can motivate criticisms of moral character . It is similar to "the kind of problems and situations one faces" If all of an agent's moral character traits are situation - specific rather than robust, what traits an agent manifests will depend on the situation that she finds herself in . But what situations an agent finds herself in is often beyond her control and thus a matter of situational luck . Whether moral character traits are robust or situation - specific, some have suggested that what character traits one has is itself a matter of luck . If our having certain traits is itself a matter of luck, this would seem to undermine one's moral responsibility for one's moral character, and thus the concept of moral character altogether . As Owen Flanagan and Amélie Oksenberg Rorty write: </P>

Morals and values are the base of an individual character