<P> The Treaty of Westminster (1654) ended the impasse . The Dutch failed to have the Act repealed or amended, but it seems to have had relatively little influence on their trade . The Act offered England only limited solace . It could not limit the deterioration of England's overseas trading position, except in the cases where England herself was the principal consumer, such as the Canaries wine trade and the trade in Puglian olive oil . In the trade with the West Indies, the Dutch kept up a flourishing "smuggling" trade, thanks to the preference of English planters for Dutch import goods and the better deal the Dutch offered in the sugar trade . The Dutch colony of New Netherlands offered a loophole (through intercolonial trade) wide enough to drive a shipload of Virginian tobacco through . </P> <P> The 1651 Act (like other laws of the Commonwealth period) was declared void on the Restoration of Charles II, having been passed by' usurping powers' . Parliament therefore passed new legislation . This is generally referred to as the "Navigation Acts", and (with some amendments) remained in force for nearly two centuries . </P> <P> The Navigation Act 1660 (passed on 13 September) added a twist to Oliver Cromwell's Act: ships' crews had to be three - quarters English, and "enumerated" products not produced by the mother country, such as tobacco, cotton, and sugar were to be shipped from the colonies only to England or other English colonies . Ship captains were required to post a bond to ensure compliance and could recoup the funds upon arrival . </P> <P> The Navigation Act 1663 (also called the Act for the Encouragement of Trade, passed on 27 July) required all European goods bound for America (or other colonies) to be shipped through England first . In England, the goods would be unloaded, inspected, paid duties, approved, and finally reloaded . The trade had to be carried in English vessels ("bottoms"), which included those of its colonies . Furthermore, imports of' enumerated commodities' (such as sugar, rice, and tobacco) had to be landed and pay tax before going on to other countries . This increased the cost to the colonies, and increased the shipping time . "England" here includes Wales, though it was little involved in trade to distant parts . After the Act of Union 1707, Scotland enjoyed the same privileges . </P>

The navigation act of 1660 was intended to do which of the following