<P> A major critique came during the 19th century from James Clerk Maxwell (1831 - 1879), who maintained that different rotation between the inner and outer parts of a ring could not allow condensation of material . Astronomer Sir David Brewster also rejected Laplace, writing in 1876 that "those who believe in the Nebular Theory consider it as certain that our Earth derived its solid matter and its atmosphere from a ring thrown from the Solar atmosphere, which afterwards contracted into a solid terraqueous sphere, from which the Moon was thrown off by the same process". He argued that under such view, "the Moon must necessarily have carried off water and air from the watery and aerial parts of the Earth and must have an atmosphere". Brewster claimed that Sir Isaac Newton's religious beliefs had previously considered nebular ideas as tending to atheism, and quoted him as saying that "the growth of new systems out of old ones, without the mediation of a Divine power, seemed to him apparently absurd". </P> <P> The perceived deficiencies of the Laplacian model stimulated scientists to find a replacement for it . During the 20th century many theories addressed the issue, including the planetesimal theory of Thomas Chamberlin and Forest Moulton (1901), the tidal model of Jeans (1917), the accretion model of Otto Schmidt (1944), the protoplanet theory of William McCrea (1960) and finally the capture theory of Michael Woolfson . In 1978 Andrew Prentice resurrected the initial Laplacian ideas about planet formation and developed the modern Laplacian theory . None of these attempts proved completely successful, and many of the proposed theories were descriptive . </P> <P> The birth of the modern widely accepted theory of planetary formation--the solar nebular disk model (SNDM)--can be traced to the Soviet astronomer Victor Safronov . His 1969 book Evolution of the protoplanetary cloud and formation of the Earth and the planets, which was translated to English in 1972, had a long - lasting effect on the way scientists think about the formation of the planets . In this book almost all major problems of the planetary formation process were formulated and some of them solved . Safronov's ideas were further developed in the works of George Wetherill, who discovered runaway accretion . While originally applied only to the Solar System, the SNDM was subsequently thought by theorists to be at work throughout the Universe; as of 1 December 2017 astronomers have discovered 3,710 extrasolar planets in our galaxy . </P> <P> The star formation process naturally results in the appearance of accretion disks around young stellar objects . At the age of about 1 million years, 100% of stars may have such disks . This conclusion is supported by the discovery of the gaseous and dusty disks around protostars and T Tauri stars as well as by theoretical considerations . Observations of these disks show that the dust grains inside them grow in size on short (thousand - year) time scales, producing 1 centimeter sized particles . </P>

Who proposed the modern model of the solar system