<P> Monuments and memorials are listed below alphabetically by state, and by city within each state . States not listed have no known qualifying items for the list . Cemeteries and museums are not included in this list . </P> <P> For removed Confederate monuments and memorials, not all of which are included in this list, see Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials . </P> <P> Monuments and memorials began to be dedicated during the Civil War, with several more being planned for shortly after the war . Many monuments were dedicated in the years after 1890, when Congress established the first National Military Park at Chickamauga and Chattanooga, and by the turn of the twentieth century, five battlefields from the Civil War had been preserved: Chickamauga - Chattanooga, Antietam, Gettysburg, Shiloh, and Vicksburg . At Vicksburg National Military Park, more than 95 percent of the park's monuments were erected in the first eighteen years after the park was established in 1899 . Many memorials were dedicated in the early 20th century, decades after the Civil War, and some have been built in the early 21st century, 150 years after the war . Memorials have been dedicated on public spaces (including on courthouse grounds) either at public expense or funded by private organizations and donors . Numerous private memorials were also dedicated . Art historians Cynthia Mills and Pamela Simpson argued in their critical volume Monuments to the Lost Cause that the majority of Confederate monuments, of the type they define, were "commissioned by white women, in hope of preserving a positive vision of antebellum life ." </P> <P> Confederate monument - building has often been part of widespread campaigns to promote and justify Jim Crow laws in the South, and assert white supremacy . According to the American Historical Association (AHA), the erection of Confederate monuments during the early twentieth century was "part and parcel of the initiation of legally mandated segregation and widespread disenfranchisement across the South ." According to the AHA, memorials to the Confederacy erected during this period "were intended, in part, to obscure the terrorism required to overthrow Reconstruction, and to intimidate African Americans politically and isolate them from the mainstream of public life ." A later wave of monument building coincided with the civil rights movement, and according to the AHA "these symbols of white supremacy are still being invoked for similar purposes ." </P>

When were most of the confederate statues erected in the south
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