<P> Two aspects of the transduction pathway process are explained below: insulin secretion and insulin action on the cell . </P> <P> The glucose that goes in the bloodstream after food consumption also enters the beta cells in the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas . The glucose passively diffuses in the beta cell through a GLUT - 2 vesicle . Inside the beta cell, the following process occurs: </P> <P> Glucose gets converted to Glucose - 6 - Phosphate (G6P) through Glucokinase; and G6P is subsequently oxidized to form ATP . This process inhibits the ATP - sensitive potassium ion channels of the cell causing the Potassium ion channel to close and not function anymore . The closure of the ATP - sensitive potassium channels causes depolarization of the cell membrane causing the cell membrane to stretch which causes the voltage - gated calcium channel on the membrane to open causing an influx of Ca2+ ions . This influx then stimulates fusion of the insulin vesicles to the cell membrane and secretion of insulin in the extracellular fluid outside the beta cell; thus making it enter the bloodstream . (Also Illustrated in Figure 1.1. 1). </P> <P> There are 3 subfamilies of Ca + 2 channels; L - type Ca + 2 channels, Non-L - Type Ca + 2 channels (including R - Type) and the T - type Ca + 2 channels . There are two phases of the insulin secretion, the first phase involves the L - type Ca + 2 channels and the second phase involves the R - type Ca + 2 channels . The Ca + 2 influx generated by R - type Ca + 2 channels is not enough to cause insulin exocytosis, however, it increases the mobilization of the vesicles towards the cell membrane . </P>

The release of the protein insulin from pancreatic cells occurs by
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