<P> The first people to occupy the area now known as New South Wales were Australian Aborigines . Their presence in Australia began around 40,000--60,000 years ago with the arrival of the first of their ancestors by boat from what is now Indonesia . Their descendants moved south and, though never large in numbers, occupied all areas of Australia, including the future New South Wales . </P> <P> Mungo Man and other remains have been found at the dried up Lake Mungo in New South Wales, some 3000 km south of the North Coast of Australia, and have been dated to approximately 40,000 years ago . These early humans appear to have been buried with ceremonial accompaniment and have been found close to stone tools and the bones of now extinct mega fauna (such as giant kangaroos and wombats). These are the earliest human remains yet found in Australia, though precise dating is difficult and debated . They nevertheless appear to confirm that New South Wales was populated some tens of thousands of years before the arrival of the British First Fleet at a time when the climate was far wetter and humans were conducting some of their earliest religious and artistic practices . Examples of Aboriginal stone tools and Aboriginal art (often recording the stories of the Dreamtime religion) can be found throughout New South Wales: even within the metropolis of modern Sydney, as in Ku - ring - gai Chase National Park . </P> <P> In 1770 Lieutenant (later Captain) James Cook, in command of the HMS Endeavour, sailed along the east coast of Australia, becoming the first known Europeans to do so . On 19 April 1770, the crew of the Endeavour sighted the east coast of Australia and ten days later landed at a bay in what is now southern Sydney . The ship's naturalist, Sir Joseph Banks, was so impressed by the volume of flora and fauna hitherto unknown to European science, that Cook named the inlet Botany Bay . Cook charted the East coast to its northern extent and, on 22 August, at Possession Island in the Torres Strait, Cook wrote in his journal: "I now once more hoisted English Coulers (sic) and in the Name of His Majesty King George the Third, took possession of the whole Eastern Coast from the above Latitude 38 ° S down to this place by the name of New South Wales ." This name was already applied to the south west coast of Hudson Bay, Canada, which had been called New South Wales after his native land, by the Welshman Thomas James on 20 August 1631, during a voyage of discovery in search of a Northwest Passage into the South Sea . It was 139 years later that James Cook gave the same name, without explanation, to the east coast of New Holland . Cook and Banks then reported favourably to London on the possibility of establishing a British colony at Botany Bay . </P> <P> The Kingdom of Great Britain thereby became the first European power to officially claim any area on the Australian mainland . "New South Wales", as defined by Cook's proclamation, covered most of eastern Australia, from 38 ° S 145 ° E ﻿ / ﻿ 38 ° S 145 ° E ﻿ / - 38; 145 ﻿ (Cook's proclamation of NSW) (near the later site of Mordialloc, Victoria), to the tip of Cape York, with an unspecified western boundary . By implication, the proclamation excluded: Van Diemen's Land (later Tasmania), which had been claimed for the Netherlands by Abel Tasman in 1642; a small part of the mainland south of 38 ° (later southern Victoria) and; the west coast of the continent (later Western Australia), which Jean Mengaud, an officer of Louis de Saint Aloüarn officially claimed for France in 1772--even though it had been mapped previously by Dutch mariners . </P>

British establish colony in new south wales australia