<Tr> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> I, II </Td> <Td> 36.1% </Td> <Td> − 7% </Td> <Td> none </Td> <Td> 12 November 1998 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <P> As of 2017 there are four UN member states or Observers which are not Party to the Protocol: </P> <Ul> <Li> members of the UNFCCC: Andorra, Palestine, South Sudan </Li> <Li> observers of the UNFCCC (UNFCCC ratification required first): Holy See </Li> </Ul> <Li> members of the UNFCCC: Andorra, Palestine, South Sudan </Li>

Who is not involved in the kyoto protocol