<P> There followed a series of electronic calculator models from these and other manufacturers, including Canon, Mathatronics, Olivetti, SCM (Smith - Corona - Marchant), Sony, Toshiba, and Wang . The early calculators used hundreds of germanium transistors, which were cheaper than silicon transistors, on multiple circuit boards . Display types used were CRT, cold - cathode Nixie tubes, and filament lamps . Memory technology was usually based on the delay line memory or the magnetic core memory, though the Toshiba "Toscal" BC - 1411 appears to have used an early form of dynamic RAM built from discrete components . Already there was a desire for smaller and less power - hungry machines . </P> <P> The Olivetti Programma 101 was introduced in late 1965; it was a stored program machine which could read and write magnetic cards and displayed results on its built - in printer . Memory, implemented by an acoustic delay line, could be partitioned between program steps, constants, and data registers . Programming allowed conditional testing and programs could also be overlaid by reading from magnetic cards . It is regarded as the first personal computer produced by a company (that is, a desktop electronic calculating machine programmable by non-specialists for personal use). The Olivetti Programma 101 won many industrial design awards . </P> <P> Another calculator introduced in 1965 was Bulgaria's ELKA 6521, developed by the Central Institute for Calculation Technologies and built at the Elektronika factory in Sofia . The name derives from ELektronen KAlkulator, and it weighed around 8 kg (18 lb). It is the first calculator in the world which includes the square root function . Later that same year were released the ELKA 22 (with a luminescent display) and the ELKA 25, with an in - built printer . Several other models were developed until the first pocket model, the ELKA 101, was released in 1974 . The writing on it was in Roman script, and it was exported to western countries . </P> <P> The Monroe Epic programmable calculator came on the market in 1967 . A large, printing, desk - top unit, with an attached floor - standing logic tower, it could be programmed to perform many computer - like functions . However, the only branch instruction was an implied unconditional branch (GOTO) at the end of the operation stack, returning the program to its starting instruction . Thus, it was not possible to include any conditional branch (IF - THEN - ELSE) logic . During this era, the absence of the conditional branch was sometimes used to distinguish a programmable calculator from a computer . </P>

When did the first pocket calculator come out
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