<P> On 13 July, the assassination of Jean - Paul Marat--a Jacobin leader and journalist known for his bloodthirsty rhetoric--by Charlotte Corday, a Girondin, resulted in further increase of Jacobin political influence . Georges Danton, the leader of the August 1792 uprising against the king, undermined by several political reversals, was removed from the Committee and Robespierre, "the Incorruptible", became its most influential member as it moved to take radical measures against the Revolution's domestic and foreign enemies . </P> <P> The Reign of Terror ultimately weakened the revolutionary government, while temporarily ending internal opposition . The Jacobins expanded the size of the army, and Carnot replaced many aristocratic officers with soldiers who had demonstrated their patriotism, if not their ability . The Republican army repulsed the Austrians, Prussians, British, and Spanish . At the end of 1793, the army began to prevail and revolts were defeated with ease . The Ventôse Decrees (February--March 1794) proposed the confiscation of the goods of exiles and opponents of the Revolution, and their redistribution to the needy . However, this policy was never fully implemented . </P> <P> Three approaches attempt to explain the Reign of Terror imposed by the Jacobins in 1793--94 . The older Marxist interpretation argued the Terror was a necessary response to outside threats (in terms of other countries going to war with France) and internal threats (of traitors inside France threatening to frustrate the Revolution). In this interpretation, as expressed by the Marxist historian Albert Soboul, Robespierre and the sans - culottes were heroes for defending the revolution from its enemies . François Furet has argued that foreign threats had little to do with the terror . Instead, the extreme violence was an inherent part of the intense ideological commitment of the revolutionaries--their utopian goals required exterminating opposition . Soboul's Marxist interpretation has been largely abandoned by most historians since the 1990s . Hanson (2009) takes a middle position, recognising the importance of the foreign enemies, and sees the terror as a contingency that was caused by the interaction of a series of complex events and the foreign threat . Hanson says the terror was not inherent in the ideology of the Revolution, but that circumstances made it necessary . </P> <P> Introduction of a nationwide conscription for the army in February 1793 was the spark that in March made the Vendée, already rebellious since 1790 because of the changes imposed on the Roman Catholic Church by the Civil Constitution of the Clergy (1790), ignite into civil (guerrilla) war against the French Revolutionary government in Paris . </P>

Which of the following economic and political factors led most directly to revolution in france 1848