<Li> The racial or language minority group "is sufficiently numerous and compact to form a majority in a single - member district"; </Li> <Li> The minority group is "politically cohesive" (meaning its members tend to vote similarly); and </Li> <Li> The "majority votes sufficiently as a bloc to enable it...usually to defeat the minority's preferred candidate ." </Li> <P> The first precondition is known as the "compactness" requirement and concerns whether a majority - minority district can be created . The second and third preconditions are collectively known as the "racially polarized voting" or "racial bloc voting" requirement, and they concern whether the voting patterns of the different racial groups are different from each other . If a plaintiff proves these preconditions exist, then the plaintiff must additionally show, using the remaining Senate Factors and other evidence, that under the "totality of the circumstances", the jurisdiction's redistricting plan or use of at - large or multimember elections diminishes the ability of the minority group to elect candidates of its choice . </P>

Who voted against the voting rights act of 1965